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Assignment Of The Ferriheme Resonances Of The High-Spin Forms Of Nitrophorins 1 And 4 By 1H Nmr Spectroscopy: Comparison To Structural Data Obtained From X-Ray Crystallography, Tatiana Kh Shokhireva, Kevin M. Smith, Robert E. Berry, Nikolai V. Shokhirev, Celia A. Balfour, Hongjun Zhang, F. Ann Walker Jan 2007

Assignment Of The Ferriheme Resonances Of The High-Spin Forms Of Nitrophorins 1 And 4 By 1H Nmr Spectroscopy: Comparison To Structural Data Obtained From X-Ray Crystallography, Tatiana Kh Shokhireva, Kevin M. Smith, Robert E. Berry, Nikolai V. Shokhirev, Celia A. Balfour, Hongjun Zhang, F. Ann Walker

Faculty Publications

In this work, we report the assignment of the majority of the ferriheme resonances of high-spin nitrophorins (NPs) 1 and 4 and compare them to those of NP2, published previously. It is found that the structures of the ferriheme complexes of NP1 and NP4, in terms of the orientation of the histidine imidazole ligand, can be described with good accuracy by NMR techniques and that the angle plot proposed previously for the high-spin form of the NPs (Shokhireva, T. Kh.; Shokhirev, N. V.; Walker, F. A. Biochemistry 2003, 42, 679-693) describes the angle of the effective nodal plane of the …

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Potential Effects Of Sediment Dredging On Internal Phosphorus Loading In A Shallow, Subtropical Lake, K. R. Reddy, M. M. Fisher, Y. Wang, J. R. White, R. Thomas James Jan 2007

Potential Effects Of Sediment Dredging On Internal Phosphorus Loading In A Shallow, Subtropical Lake, K. R. Reddy, M. M. Fisher, Y. Wang, J. R. White, R. Thomas James

Faculty Publications

Long-term phosphorus (P) loading to lakes has resulted in accumulation of P in sediments. Internal nutrient loading from sediments of shallow lakes such as Lake Okeechobee, Florida, has become a major concern in restoration programs. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the potential impact of dredging on dissolved reactive P (DRP) flux out of sediments and (2) the equilibrium P concentration (EPCw) of post-dredge sediments. Intact sediment cores from one location representing P-laden mud sediments of the lake were obtained. Four simulated dredging treatments were implemented: control (no dredging-current conditions); top 30 cm; 45 cm; and 55 …

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Hurricane Signals In Salt Marsh Sediments: Inorganic Sources And Soil Volume, R. Eugene Turner, E M. Swenson, C S. Milan, J M. Lee Jan 2007

Hurricane Signals In Salt Marsh Sediments: Inorganic Sources And Soil Volume, R. Eugene Turner, E M. Swenson, C S. Milan, J M. Lee

Faculty Publications

The inorganic content of 51 dated sediment cores from Mississippi River deltaic plain salt marsh wetlands peaks with the landfall of hurricanes. Variations in the inorganic sediment content demonstrate no temporal coherence with changes in either the Mississippi River suspended matter concentration or discharge, or with wetland losses on this coast. The inorganic matter brought to wetlands during hurricanes is sufficient to account for the accumulated inorganic sediment, and the volume averages 9% of the soil volume. A sediment deficit'' hypothesis, which makes a causal connection between a changing inorganic supply and the dramatically high wetland losses on this coast, …

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Managing Coastal Resources In The 21st Century, M P. Weinstein, R C. Baird, D O. Conover, M Gross, M P. Weinstein, D K. Loomis, Z Naveh, S B. Peterson, D J. Reed, E Roe, R L. Swanson, J A. Swart, J M. Teal, R. Eugene Turner, D E. Van, H J. Windt Jan 2007

Managing Coastal Resources In The 21st Century, M P. Weinstein, R C. Baird, D O. Conover, M Gross, M P. Weinstein, D K. Loomis, Z Naveh, S B. Peterson, D J. Reed, E Roe, R L. Swanson, J A. Swart, J M. Teal, R. Eugene Turner, D E. Van, H J. Windt

Faculty Publications

Coastal ecosystems are increasingly dominated by humans. Consequently, the human dimensions of sustainability science have become an integral part of emerging coastal governance and management practices. But if we are to avoid the harsh lessons of land management, coastal decision makers must recognize that humans are one of the more coastally dependent species in the biosphere. Management responses must therefore confront both the temporal urgency and the very real compromises and sacrifices that will be necessary to achieve a sustainable coastal ecosystem, one that is economically feasible, socially just, and ecologically sound.

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Sap Flow Characteristics Of Neotropical Mangroves In Flooded And Drained Soils, Ken W. Krauss, P. Joy Young, Jim L. Chambers, Thomas W. Doyle, Robert R. Twilley Jan 2007

Sap Flow Characteristics Of Neotropical Mangroves In Flooded And Drained Soils, Ken W. Krauss, P. Joy Young, Jim L. Chambers, Thomas W. Doyle, Robert R. Twilley

Faculty Publications

Effects of flooding on water transport in mangroves have previously been investigated in a few studies, most of which were conducted on seedlings in controlled settings. In this study, we used heat-dissipation sap probes to determine if sap flow (Js) attenuates with radial depth into the xylem of mature trees of three south Florida mangrove species growing in Rookery Bay. This was accomplished by inserting sap probes at multiple depths and monitoring diurnal flow. For most species and diameter size class combinations tested, Js decreased dramatically beyond a radial depth of 2 or 4 cm, with little sap flow beyond …

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Sediments Tell The History Of Eutrophication And Hypoxia In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico, N.N. Rabalais, R.E. Turner, B.K.S. Gupta, E. Platon, M.L. Parsons Jan 2007

Sediments Tell The History Of Eutrophication And Hypoxia In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico, N.N. Rabalais, R.E. Turner, B.K.S. Gupta, E. Platon, M.L. Parsons

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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The African Lungfish (Protopterus Dolloi): Ionoregulation And Osmoregulation In A Fish Out Of Water, Michael P. Wilkie, Tammie P. Morgan, Fernando Galvez, Richard W. Smith, Makiko Kajimura, Yuen K. Ip, Chris M. Wood Jan 2007

The African Lungfish (Protopterus Dolloi): Ionoregulation And Osmoregulation In A Fish Out Of Water, Michael P. Wilkie, Tammie P. Morgan, Fernando Galvez, Richard W. Smith, Makiko Kajimura, Yuen K. Ip, Chris M. Wood

Faculty Publications

Although urea production and metabolism in lungfish have been thoroughly studied, we have little knowledge of how internal osmotic and electrolyte balance are controlled during estivation or in water. We tested the hypothesis that, compared with the body surface of teleosts, the slender African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi) body surface was relatively impermeable to water, Na +, and Cl- due to its greatly reduced gills. Accordingly, we measured the tritiated water (3H-H2O) flux in P. dolloi in water and during air exposure. In water, 3H-H2O efflux was comparable with the lowest measurements reported in freshwater teleosts, with a rate constant (K) …

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Sex, Seasonal, And Stress-Related Variations In Elasmobranch Corticosterone Concentrations, Charles A. Manire, L. E.L. Rasmussen, Karen P. Maruska, Timothy C. Tricas Jan 2007

Sex, Seasonal, And Stress-Related Variations In Elasmobranch Corticosterone Concentrations, Charles A. Manire, L. E.L. Rasmussen, Karen P. Maruska, Timothy C. Tricas

Faculty Publications

Serum corticosterone was previously studied in numerous elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates and rays), but the role of this steroid, widespread throughout many taxa, has yet to be defined. The goal of this study was to test whether corticosterone varied in response to acute and chronic capture stress, and across the reproductive cycle in the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, and Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina. Serum corticosterone in S. tiburo increased following capture and again 24 h post-capture, possibly caused by interference with 1α-hydroxycorticosterone, the primary stress hormone in elasmobranchs. Higher serum concentrations in males compared to females were observed in both …

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Sex And Seasonal Co-Variation Of Arginine Vasotocin (Avt) And Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Neurons In The Brain Of The Halfspotted Goby, Karen P. Maruska, Mindy H. Mizobe, Timothy C. Tricas Jan 2007

Sex And Seasonal Co-Variation Of Arginine Vasotocin (Avt) And Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Neurons In The Brain Of The Halfspotted Goby, Karen P. Maruska, Mindy H. Mizobe, Timothy C. Tricas

Faculty Publications

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) are critical regulators of reproductive behaviors that exhibit tremendous plasticity, but co-variation in discrete GnRH and AVT neuron populations among sex and season are only partially described in fishes. We used immunocytochemistry to examine sexual and temporal variations in neuron number and size in three GnRH and AVT cell groups in relation to reproductive activities in the halfspotted goby (Asterropteryx semipunctata). GnRH-immunoreactive (-ir) somata occur in the terminal nerve, preoptic area, and midbrain tegmentum, and AVT-ir somata within parvocellular, magnocellular, and gigantocellular regions of the preoptic area. Sex differences were found among all …

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Decoupling Natural And Anthropogenic Fire Regimes: A Case Study In Everglades National Park, Florida, Matthew G. Slocum, William J. Platt, Brian Beckage, Bob Panko, James B. Lushine Jan 2007

Decoupling Natural And Anthropogenic Fire Regimes: A Case Study In Everglades National Park, Florida, Matthew G. Slocum, William J. Platt, Brian Beckage, Bob Panko, James B. Lushine

Faculty Publications

Anthropogenic fire regimes obscure natural fire regimes, reducing the ability to manage fire-frequented habitats ecologically. To address this problem, we attempted to decouple natural and anthropogenic fire regimes by comparing them to seasonal climatic patterns and landscape characteristics in Everglades National Park (1948-1999). Of the total area burned by lightning fires, 57% resulted from ignitions seven days within onset of the wet season, 11% from ignitions starting 7-21 days before onset, and 36% from ignitions > 7 days after onset. In contrast, of the total area burned by incendiary fires, 89% resulted from ignitions > 7 days before onset, and 40% resulted …

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Outside Inside Out: Perspectives On Social Anxiety, Kevin Andrew Hagan Jan 2007

Outside Inside Out: Perspectives On Social Anxiety, Kevin Andrew Hagan

LSU Master's Theses

“Outside Inside Out” is a study of how the visual perspective of an installation design can be used to create interaction, animation, and multiple messages. Traditionally, graphic designers have tended to present their messages either as flat printed materials, such as newspapers and billboards, or as videos/animations on television and the Internet. While both of these mediums provide an adequate means to convey a message, they fall short in presenting information to the audience in a non-obtrusive, interactive form. By using a technique I developed called “Passive Interactivity,” designers can use a viewer’s visual perspective to create interaction, animation, and …

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Landscapes Of Power And Identity: Comparative Histories In The Sonoran Desert And The Forests Of Amazonia From Colony To Republic, Andrew Sluyter Jan 2007

Landscapes Of Power And Identity: Comparative Histories In The Sonoran Desert And The Forests Of Amazonia From Colony To Republic, Andrew Sluyter

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Descriptions Of Soronia Complex (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Nitidulinae) Larvae Of New Zealand With Comments On Life History And Taxonomy, Chris Carlton, Richard A.B. Leschen Jan 2007

Descriptions Of Soronia Complex (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Nitidulinae) Larvae Of New Zealand With Comments On Life History And Taxonomy, Chris Carlton, Richard A.B. Leschen

Faculty Publications

We provide the first descriptions of larvae of the nitidulid beetles Soronia oculata Reitter and Hisparonia hystrix (Sharp), compare them with similar larvae of other nitidulids, and comment on the utility of larval data in phylogenetic studies. Soronia oculata larvae are quite similar to many other larvae within the Soronia genus complex, but those of H. hystrix are distinctly different, namely by having an unfringed, spinose mandibular prostheca, striations of mola obscured by blunt teeth, and malar setae that are course and restricted to the distal half. This supports the recent transfer of the species to a monotypic genus. Larvae …

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Louisiana Agriculture Winter, 2007, Lsu Agcenter Jan 2007

Louisiana Agriculture Winter, 2007, Lsu Agcenter

Louisiana Agriculture

No abstract provided.

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The Role Of The Specific, Profilaggrin-Containing Keratohyalin Granules In The Developing Epidermis Of The Fetal Horse Hoof, Hermann H. Bragulla, Dominique G. Homberger Jan 2007

The Role Of The Specific, Profilaggrin-Containing Keratohyalin Granules In The Developing Epidermis Of The Fetal Horse Hoof, Hermann H. Bragulla, Dominique G. Homberger

Faculty Publications

The adult equine hoof is subdivided into distinct segments with various keratinization modes. In the periople and bulbs of the heel, the epidermis forms a Stratum granulosum with basophilic keratohyalin granules during soft keratinization, whereas in the coronet, wall proper, sole, and frog, the epidermis undergoes hard keratinization by keratinizing and comifying without forming keratohyalin granules. The present study tests the hypothesis that the presence of specific (profilaggrin-containing) keratohyalin granules in the hoof epidermis is correlated with the water-binding capacity and mechanical properties of the hoof horn. To identify these specific profilaggrin-containing keratohyalin granules, tissue samples of fetal hooves were …

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Life Without Water: Expression Of Plant Lea Genes By An Anhydrobiotic Arthropod, Steven C. Hand, Dana Jones, Michael A. Menze, Trudy L. Witt Jan 2007

Life Without Water: Expression Of Plant Lea Genes By An Anhydrobiotic Arthropod, Steven C. Hand, Dana Jones, Michael A. Menze, Trudy L. Witt

Faculty Publications

Anhydrobiotic animals protect cellular architecture and metabolic machinery in the dry state, yet the molecular repertoire supporting this profound dehydration tolerance is not fully understood. For the desiccation-tolerant crustacean, Artemia franciscana, we report differential expression of two distinct mRNAs encoding for proteins that share sequence similarities and structural features with late-embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins originally discovered in plants. Bioinformatic analyses support assignment of the LEA proteins from A. franciscana to group 3. This eucoelomate species is the most highly evolved animal for which LEA gene expression has been reported. It is becoming clear that an ensemble of micromolecules and macromolecules …

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Microbial Carbon Monoxide Consumption In Salt Marsh Sediments, Gary M. King Jan 2007

Microbial Carbon Monoxide Consumption In Salt Marsh Sediments, Gary M. King

Faculty Publications

We have examined sediments from a fringing salt marsh in Maine to further understand marine CO metabolism, about which relatively little is known. Intact cores from the marsh emitted CO during dark oxic incubations, but emission rates were significantly higher during anoxic incubations, which provided evidence for simultaneous production and aerobic consumption in surface sediments. CO emission rates were also elevated when cores were exposed to light, which indicated that photochemical reactions play a role in CO production. A kinetic analysis of marsh surface sediments yielded an apparent Km of about 82 ppm, which exceeded values reported for well-aerated soils …

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Biology And Host Specificity Of Gall-Inducing Acythopeus Burkhartorum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), A Biological-Control Agent For The Invasive Weed Coccinia Grandis (Cucurbitaceae) In Guam And Saipan, Anantanarayanan Raman, Zerlene T. Cruz, Rangaswamy Muniappan, Gadi V.P. Reddy Jan 2007

Biology And Host Specificity Of Gall-Inducing Acythopeus Burkhartorum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), A Biological-Control Agent For The Invasive Weed Coccinia Grandis (Cucurbitaceae) In Guam And Saipan, Anantanarayanan Raman, Zerlene T. Cruz, Rangaswamy Muniappan, Gadi V.P. Reddy

Faculty Publications

An introduced cucurbit Coccinia grandis (Linnaeus) Voigt has grown into problem proportions in Hawaii and the Pacific islands of Guam and Saipan. The biology of Acythopeus burkhartorum OBrien, 1998, a potential biological-control agent of C. grandis, has been described. By inducing the gall a sink for nutrients and by deriving nutrition, A. burkhartorum places C. grandis under stress. Especially during the late larval stage, the weevil displays an unusual behaviour of shredding dry gall tissues with its mandibles to prepare the pupal case and using the shredded sclerenchyma fibres to fill the open and cut ends of the pupal case. …

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Components, Volume 3 (2007), Lsu Center For Computation & Technology Jan 2007

Components, Volume 3 (2007), Lsu Center For Computation & Technology

Components

No abstract provided.

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Developing Children's Interest In Reading, Suzanne Marie Stauffer Jan 2007

Developing Children's Interest In Reading, Suzanne Marie Stauffer

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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On The Stability Of Periodic Solutions In The Perturbed Chemostat, Frédéric Mazenc, Michael Malisoff, Patrick De Leenheer Jan 2007

On The Stability Of Periodic Solutions In The Perturbed Chemostat, Frédéric Mazenc, Michael Malisoff, Patrick De Leenheer

Faculty Publications

We study the chemostat model for one species competing for one nutrient using a Lyapunov-type analysis. We design the dilution rate function so that all solutions of the chemostat converge to a prescribed periodic solution. In terms of chemostat biology, this means that no matter what positive initial levels for the species concentration and nutrient are selected, the long-term species concentration and substrate levels closely approximate a prescribed oscillatory behavior. This is significant because it reproduces the realistic ecological situation where the species and substrate concentrations oscillate. We show that the stability is maintained when the model is augmented by …

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School Of Renewable Natural Resources Newsletter, Fall 2007, Louisiana State University And Agricultural & Mechanical College Jan 2007

School Of Renewable Natural Resources Newsletter, Fall 2007, Louisiana State University And Agricultural & Mechanical College

Research Matters & RNR Newsletters

The annual newsletter from the School of Renewable Natural Resources was a publication which aimed to update and entertain interested readers with the news and research from RNR faculty, students and staff.

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Some Further Thoughts On "Organic Georgics," Or, The Politics And Poetics Of Johnson's Manure, Michael Rotenbetg-Schwartz Jan 2007

Some Further Thoughts On "Organic Georgics," Or, The Politics And Poetics Of Johnson's Manure, Michael Rotenbetg-Schwartz

1650-1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era

No abstract provided.

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Density, Territory Size, And Long-Term Spatial Dynamics Of A Guild Of Terrestrial Insectivorous Birds Near Manaus, Brazil, Philip C. Stouffer Jan 2007

Density, Territory Size, And Long-Term Spatial Dynamics Of A Guild Of Terrestrial Insectivorous Birds Near Manaus, Brazil, Philip C. Stouffer

Faculty Publications

From 1994 to 2003, I annually surveyed terrestrial insectivorous birds in a 100-ha plot within continuous rainforest near Manaus, Brazil. I used spot-map registrations and radiotagged birds to estimate territory size and density on the plot for 13 species. As in the few previous studies of Amazonian birds, territory sizes were large (mean = 13.0 ha) and densities were low (mean = 3.4 pairs per 100 ha). The most common species, Formicarius colma, was the only species with >10 pairs per 100 ha, and one of four species (with Myrmeciza ferruginea, Conopophaga aurita, and Corythopis torquaius) to have territories of …

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Does The Internet Promote Collaboration And Productivity? Evidence From The Scientific Community In South Africa, R. Sooryamoorthy, Wesley Shrum Jan 2007

Does The Internet Promote Collaboration And Productivity? Evidence From The Scientific Community In South Africa, R. Sooryamoorthy, Wesley Shrum

Faculty Publications

International collaboration among scientists has been passionately advocated by many in the developing world. Among the several conditions that support collaboration among members of a dispersed scientific community, Internet technology is crucial. We examine the relationships among electronic communication, collaboration, and productivity in South Africa, a country that has undergone remarkable change in the sphere of science and technology. We surveyed 275 scientists in selected research institutes and universities in the province of KwaZulu-Natal to address the questions: Is greater use of the Internet associated with international collaboration? Are collaboration and Internet use associated with publication in national and foreign …

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Potato Genotypes With Low Reducing Sugar Content, Arione Da S. Pereira, Roberto Fritsche Neto, Roberta Da S. Silva, Carolina I. Bender, Ana Paula Schünemann, Núbia Marilin L. Ferri, João Luiz Vendruscolo Jan 2007

Potato Genotypes With Low Reducing Sugar Content, Arione Da S. Pereira, Roberto Fritsche Neto, Roberta Da S. Silva, Carolina I. Bender, Ana Paula Schünemann, Núbia Marilin L. Ferri, João Luiz Vendruscolo

Faculty Publications

The objectives of this work were to evaluate potato genotypes for reducing sugar content and post-harvest conditions that favored the identification of those with low content. Eight potato clones, previously selected for light frying color, and the cultivar Atlantic were evaluated in autumn seasons of 2004 and 2005. The experiments were carried out at Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas-RS, Brazil (31°52'S, 52°21'W), in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In 2004, the reducing sugar content was quantified after three conditions: curing the tubers; four weeks of refrigerated storage at 4°C; and refrigeration followed by reconditioning for two weeks. In …

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Using Open Source Software In Developing A Web-Accessible Database Of Sweetpotato Germplasm Collections In Kenya, Arthur Villordon, Wambui Njuguna, Simon Gichuki, Philip Ndolo, Don Labonte Jan 2007

Using Open Source Software In Developing A Web-Accessible Database Of Sweetpotato Germplasm Collections In Kenya, Arthur Villordon, Wambui Njuguna, Simon Gichuki, Philip Ndolo, Don Labonte

Faculty Publications

Web-accessible germplasm databases allow stakeholders to interactively search and locate information in real time. These databases can also be configured to permit designated users to remotely add, delete, or update information. These resources assist in decision-making activities that are related to germplasm documentation, conservation, and management. We report the development of a web-accessible database of Kenyan sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) varieties using open source software. Kenya is located in eastern Africa, a region that is considered one of the centers of diversity for sweetpotato. We describe the software applications used in developing the germplasm database as well as the web interface …

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Sorghum Stay-Green Qtl Individually Reduce Post-Flowering Drought-Induced Leaf Senescence, Karen Harris, P. K. Subudhi, Andrew Borrell, David Jordan, Darrell Rosenow, Henry Nguyen, Patricia Klein, Robert Klein, John Mullet Jan 2007

Sorghum Stay-Green Qtl Individually Reduce Post-Flowering Drought-Induced Leaf Senescence, Karen Harris, P. K. Subudhi, Andrew Borrell, David Jordan, Darrell Rosenow, Henry Nguyen, Patricia Klein, Robert Klein, John Mullet

Faculty Publications

Sorghum is an important source of food, feed, and biofuel, especially in the semi-arid tropics because this cereal is well adapted to harsh, drought-prone environments. Post-flowering drought adaptation in sorghum is associated with the stay-green phenotype. Alleles that contribute to this complex trait have been mapped to four major QTL, Stg1-Stg4, using a population derived from BTx642 and RTx7000. Near-isogenic RTx7000 lines containing BTx642 DNA spanning one or more of the four stay-green QTL were constructed. The size and location of BTx642 DNA regions in each RTx7000 NIL were analysed using 62 DNA markers spanning the four stay-green QTL. RTx7000 …

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Spatial Ecology, Habitat Selection, And Survival Of Wild Turkey Gobblers In A Managed Bottomland Hardwood Forest, Blake Anthony Grisham Jan 2007

Spatial Ecology, Habitat Selection, And Survival Of Wild Turkey Gobblers In A Managed Bottomland Hardwood Forest, Blake Anthony Grisham

LSU Master's Theses

Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) males were captured and radio-tagged in a bottomland hardwood forest of south-central Louisiana. Turkeys were monitored year round from fixed telemetry stations on Sherburne Wildlife Management Area, Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge, and Bayou des Ourses to observe seasonal patterns of space use, habitat selection and survival from 2005-07. The largest seasonal home range was in fall/winter (966.41 ha; Oct 1-Feb 28). Spring home range (767.77 ha; Mar 1- May 31) size was lower than reported in previous studies and was a function of female availability. Season and age interacted to influence core area size (F5/63 …

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Characteristics Of Reduced Fat Milks As Influenced By The Incorporation Of Folic Acid, K. Achanta, C. A. Boeneke, K. J. Aryana Jan 2007

Characteristics Of Reduced Fat Milks As Influenced By The Incorporation Of Folic Acid, K. Achanta, C. A. Boeneke, K. J. Aryana

Faculty Publications

Folic acid plays an important role in the prevention of neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida and anencephaly), heart defects, facial clefts, urinary abnormalities, and limb deficiencies. Milk and milk products serve as a potential source for folic acid fortification because of the presence of folate-binding proteins that seem to be involved in folate bioavailability. Although milk is not a good source of folic acid, fortification could help in the prevention of the above-mentioned defects. The objective of this study was to examine the physicochemical characteristics of reduced fat milks fortified with folic acid. Reduced fat milks were prepared using …

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