Digital Commons Network^™

Hydatellaceae Identified As A New Branch Near The Base Of The Angiosperm Phylogenetic Tree, Jeffery M. Saarela, Hardeep S. Rai, James A. Doyle, Peter K. Endress, Sarah Mathews, Adam D. Marchant, Barbara G. Briggs, Sean W. Graham

Faculty Publications

Although the relationship of angiosperms to other seed plants remains controversial, great progress has been made in identifying the earliest extant splits in flowering-plant phylogeny, with the discovery that the New Caledonian shrub Amborella trichopoda, the water lilies (Nymphaeales), and the woody Austrobaileyales constitute a basal grade of lines that diverged before the main radiation in the clade. By focusing attention on these ancient lines, this finding has re-written our understanding of angiosperm structural and reproductive biology, physiology, ecology and taxonomy. The discovery of a new basal lineage would lead to further re-evaluation of the initial angiosperm radiation, but would …

Nmr Structural Characterization Of Substrates Bound To N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V, Megan A. Macnaughtan, Maria Kamar, Gerardo Alvarez-Manilla, Andre Venot, John Glushka, J. Michael Pierce, James H. Prestegard

Faculty Publications

N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. It is responsible for the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) from the nucleotide sugar donor, uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), to the 6 position of the α-1-6 linked Man residue in N-linked oligosaccharide core structures. GnT-V up-regulation has been linked to increased cancer invasiveness and metastasis and, appropriately, targeted for drug development. However, drug design is impeded by the lack of structural information on the protein and the way in which substrates are bound. Even though the catalytic domain of this type II membrane protein can be expressed in mammalian …

The Modulation Of Stat5a/Gr Complexes During Fat Cell Differentiation And In Mature Adipocytes, James E. Baugh, Z. Elizabeth Floyd, Jacqueline M. Stephens

Faculty Publications

Objective: Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5A has been shown to interact with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in adipocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the subcellular locations and modulation of STAT5A/GR complexes during adipogenesis and in mature adipocytes. Research Methods and Procedures: Both 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A cells were studied by performing subcellular fractionations, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting after various treatments. Results: The formation of nuclear STAT5A/GR complexes was regulated in the cytosol and in the nucleus at distinct times during adipogenesis and in mature adipocytes. STAT5A, but not STAT5B, forms a complex with GR in …

Landscape Context Outweighs Local Habitat Quality In Its Effects On Herbivore Dispersal And Distribution, Kyle J. Haynes, Forrest P. Dillemuth, Bryan J. Anderson, Alyssa S. Hakes, Heather B. Jackson, S. Elizabeth Jackson, James T. Cronin

Faculty Publications

Past studies with spatially structured herbivore populations have emphasized the primacy of intrinsic factors (e.g., patch quality), patch geometry (e.g., patch size and isolation), and more recently landscape context (e.g., matrix composition) in affecting local population abundance and dispersal rate. However, few studies have examined the relative importance of each factor, or how they might interact to affect herbivore abundance or dispersal. Here, we performed a factorial field experiment to examine the independent and interactive effects of patch quality (plant biomass, leaf protein, leaf phenolics) and matrix composition [mudflat or non-host grass (Bromus inermis)] on planthopper (Prokelisia crocea) emigration from …

A Genetic Screen Supports A Broad Role For The Drosophila Insulator Proteins Beaf-32a And Beaf-32b In Maintaining Patterns Of Gene Expression, Swarnava Roy, Yian Yee Tan, Craig M. Hart

Faculty Publications

Chromatin domain insulators are thought to insulate adjacent genes, including their regulatory elements, from each other by organizing chromatin into functionally independent domains. Thus insulators should play a global role in gene regulation by keeping regulatory domains separated. However, this has never been demonstrated. We previously designed and characterized a transgene that is under GAL4 UAS control and encodes a dominant-negative form of the Boundary Element-Associated Factors BEAF-32A and BEAF-32B. The BID transgene encodes the BEAF self-interaction domain but lacks a DNA binding domain. Expression of BID in eye imaginal discs leads to a rough eye phenotype. Here we screen …

Alkalilimnicola Ehrlichii Sp. Nov., A Novel, Arsenite-Oxidizing Haloalkaliphilic Gammaproteobacterium Capable Of Chemoautotrophic Or Heterotrophic Growth With Nitrate Or Oxygen As The Electron Acceptor, Shelley E. Hoeft, Jodi Switzer Blum, John F. Stolz, F. Robert Tabita, Brian Witte, Gary M. King, Joanne M. Santini, Ronald S. Oremland

Faculty Publications

A facultative chemoautotrophic bacterium, strain MLHE-1T, was isolated from Mono Lake, an alkaline hypersaline soda lake in California, USA. Cells of strain MLHE-1T were Gram-negative, short motile rods that grew with inorganic electron donors (arsenite, hydrogen, sulfide or thiosulfate) coupled with the reduction of nitrate to nitrite. No aerobic growth was attained with arsenite or sulfide, but hydrogen sustained both aerobic and anaerobic growth. No growth occurred when nitrite or nitrous oxide was substituted for nitrate. Heterotrophic growth was observed under aerobic and anaerobic (nitrate) conditions. Cells of strain MLHE-1T could oxidize but not grow on CO, while CH4 neither …

Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourge And The Quest For Racial Equality From The Civil War To Plessy V. Ferguson, Jane Dailey

Civil War Book Review

One Man's Search for Equality in America

A Mobile Element-Based Evolutionary History Of Guenons (Tribe Cercopithecini), Jinchuan Xing, Hui Wang, Yuhua Zhang, David A. Ray, Anthony J. Tosi, Todd R. Disotell, Mark A. Batzer

Faculty Publications

Background: Guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) are a species-rich group of primates that have attracted considerable attention from both primatologists and evolutionary biologists. The complex speciation pattern has made the elucidation of their relationships a challenging task, and many questions remain unanswered. SINEs are a class of non-autonomous mobile elements and are essentially homoplasy-free characters with known ancestral states, making them useful genetic markers for phylogenetic studies. Results: We identified 151 novel Alu insertion loci from 11 species of tribe Cercopithecini, and used these insertions and 17 previously reported loci to infer a phylogenetic tree of the tribe Cercopithecini. Our results robustly …

Human Genomic Dna Quantitation System, H-Quant: Development And Validation For Use In Forensic Casework, Jaiprakash G. Shewale, Elaine Schneida, Jonathan Wilson, Jerilyn A. Walker, Mark A. Batzer, Sudhir K. Sinha

Faculty Publications

The human DNA quantification (H-Quant) system, developed for use in human identification, enables quantitation of human genomic DNA in biological samples. The assay is based on real-time amplification of AluYb8 insertions in hominoid primates. The relatively high copy number of subfamily-specific Alu repeats in the human genome enables quantification of very small amounts of human DNA. The oligonucleotide primers present in H-Quant are specific for human DNA and closely related great apes. During the real-time PCR, the SYBR® Green I dye binds to the DNA that is synthesized by the human-specific AluYb8 oligonucleotide primers. The fluorescence of the bound SYBR® …

Requirement Of Nhp6 Proteins For Transcription Of A Subset Of Trna Genes And Heterochromatin Barrier Function In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Priscilla Braglia, Sandra L. Dugas, David Donze, Giorgio Dieci

Faculty Publications

A key event in tRNA gene (tDNA) transcription by RNA polymerase (Pol) III is the TFIIIC-dependent assembly of TFIIIB upstream of the transcription start site. Different tDNA upstream sequences bind TFIIIB with different affinities, thereby modulating tDNA transcription. We found that in the absence of Nhp6 proteins, the influence of the 5′-flanking region on tRNA gene transcription is dramatically enhanced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of a tDNA bearing a suboptimal TFIIIB binding site, bat not of a tDNA preceded by a strong TFIIIB binding region, was strongly dependent on Nhpf6 in vivo. Upstream sequence-dependent stimulation of tRNA gene transcription by …

Novel Free Ceramides As Components Of The Soldier Defense Gland Of The Formosan Subterranean Termite (Coptotermes Formosanus), Masaya Ohta, Fumito Matsuura, Gregg Henderson, Roger A. Laine

Faculty Publications

Of the lipid extracts of the defense secretion from the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, on high-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis, no glycolipids or phospholipids were detected, but free fatty acids and three novel ceramides were found (termed TL-1, TL-2, and TL-3). Free fatty acids were confirmed to be lignoceric acid (C24:0) and hexacosanoic acid (C26:0), as described previously [Chen, J., G. Henderson, and R. A. Laine. 1999. Lignoceric acid and hexacosanoic acid: major components of soldier frontal gland secretions of the Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus). J. Chem. Ecol. 25: 817-824]. TL-1, TL-2, and TL-3 were characterized as ceramides …

Tools For Evaluating Lipolexis Oregmae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) In The Field: Effects Of Host Aphid And Host Plant On Mummy Location And Color Plus Improved Methods For Obtaining Adults, Raghuwinder Singh, Marjorie A. Hoy

Faculty Publications

Lipolexis oregmae Gahan was introduced into Florida in a classical biological control program directed against the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), on citrus. Prior to evaluating distribution, host range, and potential nontarget effects of L. oregmae in Florida, we evaluated the role of other potential host aphids and host plants on mummy production and location. Under laboratory conditions, this parasitoid produced the most progeny on the target pest, the brown citrus aphid on citrus. This parasitoid, unlike the majority of aphidiids, did not produce mummies on any of the host plants tested when reared in black citrus aphid T. …

Analysis Of A Decade In Library Literature: 1994-2004, Kelly D. Blessinger, Michelle Frasier-Robinson

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to analyze trends in publication and citation in library and information science journals over a decade (1994-2004) of the literature. This examination revealed the areas of concentration within the research, frequently published subjects through the years, and the characteristics of the top-cited authors and resources during this time. This information allows those in the field to follow the trends in publication, gives researchers the tools to determine which journals might give their work the most exposure and recognition, and can help libraries to make collection management decisions in this subject area.

Mobile Element-Based Forensic Genomics, David A. Ray, Jerilyn A. Walker, Mark A. Batzer

Faculty Publications

Mobile elements are commonly referred to as selfish repetitive DNA sequences. However, mobile elements represent a unique and underutilized group of molecular markers. Several of their characteristics make them ideally suited for use as tools in forensic genomic applications. These include their nature as essentially homoplasy-free characters, they are identical by descent, the ancestral state of any insertion is known to be the absence of the element, and many mobile element insertions are lineage specific. In this review, we provide an overview of mobile element biology and describe the application of certain mobile elements, especially the SINEs and other retrotransposons, …

Distribution Of The Hiv Resistance Ccr5-Δ32 Allele Among Egyptians And Syrians, Abdel Halim Salem, Mark A. Batzer

Faculty Publications

A mutant allele of the β-chemokine receptor gene CCR5 bearing a 32-basepair (bp) deletion that prevents cell invasion by the primary transmitting strain of HIV-1 has recently been characterized. Individuals homozygous for the mutation are resistant to infection, even after repeated high-risk exposure, but this resistance appears not absolute, as isolated cases of HIV-positive deletion homozygotes are emerging. The consequence of the heterozygous state is not clear, but it may delay the progression to AIDS in infected individuals. In order to evaluate the frequency distribution of CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism among Egyptians, a total of 200 individuals (154 from Ismailia and 46 …

Production Of F1 Interspecies Hybrid Offspring With Cryopreserved Sperm From A Live-Bearing Fish, The Swordtail Xiphophorus Helleri, Huiping Yang, Leona Hazlewood, Sheila J. Heater, Paula A. Guerrero, Ronald B. Walter, Terrence R. Tiersch

Faculty Publications

Despite study of sperm cryopreservation in more than 200 fish species, production of broods from cryopreserved sperm in live-bearing fish has not been demonstrated. This has not been due to a lack of effort, but instead is a result of the unique morphology, biology, and biochemistry of reproduction in viviparous fishes. For example, sperm of Xiphophorus helleri have a cylindrical nucleus, can swim for days after being activated, have glycolytic capabilities, and can reside in the female reproduction tract for months before fertilization. These traits are not found in fishes with external fertilization. The long-standing research use of the genus …

Early Out-Of-Season Induced Spawning Of Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus (Rafinesque) Conditioned In Heated Earthen Ponds, R. Paul Lang, Terrence R. Tiersch

Faculty Publications

This study documents early out-of-season induced spawning of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. During the early spring (February-April) of 1999, 2000 and 2001, ponds containing (1) male and female channel catfish (mixed-sex ponds) or (2) male channel and blue catfish I. furcatus only, or female channel catfish only (single-sex ponds) were heated to 24-30°C to encourage gonadal maturation and spawning. Unheated ponds were stocked with males and females and were monitored during the duration of heating. When natural spawning occurred in the heated ponds, the fish were captured by seining and unspawned females were injected with 100 μg kg-1 of synthetic …

The Psbq Protein Defines Cyanobacterial Photosystem Ii Complexes With Highest Activity And Stability, Johnna L. Roose, Yasuhiro Kashino, Himadri B. Pakrasi

Faculty Publications

Light-induced conversion of water to molecular oxygen by Photosystem II (PSII) is one of the most important enzymatic reactions in the biosphere. PSII is a multisubunit membrane protein complex with numerous associated cofactors, but it continually undergoes assembly and disassembly due to frequent light-mediated damage as a result of its normal function. Thus, at any instant, there is heterogeneity in the subunit compositions of PSII complexes within the cell. In particular, cyanobacterial PSII complexes have five associated extrinsic proteins, PsbO, PsbP, PsbQ, PsbU, and PsbV. However, little is known about the interactions of the more recently identified PsbQ protein with …

Degradation Of Stat5 Proteins In 3t3-L1 Adipocytes Is Induced By Tnf-Α And Cycloheximide In A Manner Independent Of Stat5a Activation, Z. Elizabeth Floyd, Brant M. Segura, Fang He, Jacqueline M. Stephens

Faculty Publications

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a multifunctional cytokine that has been implicated as a causative factor in obesity-linked insulin resistance. It is commonly accepted that macrophage-derived TNF-α acts in a paracrine manner on adjacent adipocytes to inhibit the expression of various adipocyte genes and to attenuate insulin signaling. Several studies have revealed that signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 proteins are modulated during adipogenesis and can modulate the transcription of some adipocyte genes. In this study, we demonstrate that TNF-α treatment, in the presence of cycloheximide, also results in the rapid turnover of STAT5A and STAT5B in a process …

Physiological, Ecological, And Phylogenetic Characterization Of Stappia, A Marine Co-Oxidizing Bacterial Genus, Carolyn F. Weber, Gary M. King

Faculty Publications

Bacteria play a major role in marine CO cycling, yet very little is known about the microbes involved. Thirteen CO-oxidizing Stappia isolates obtained from existing cultures, macroalgae, or surf samples representing geographically and ecologically diverse habitats were characterized using biochemical, physiological, and phylogenetic approaches. All isolates were aerobic chemoorganotrophs that oxidized CO at elevated (1,000 ppm) and ambient-to-subambient concentrations (<0.3 ppm). All contained the form I (OMP) coxL gene for aerobic CO dehydrogenase and also the form II (BMS) putative coxL gene. In addition, some strains possessed cbbL, the large subunit gene for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, suggesting the possibility of lithotrophic or mixotrophic metabolism. All isolates used a wide range of sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and aromatics for growth and grew at salinities from 5 to 45 ppt. All but one isolate denitrified or respired nitrate. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that several isolates could not be distinguished from Stappia aggregata and contributed to a widely distributed species complex. Four isolates (of strains GA15, HI, MIO, and M4) were phylogenetically distinct from validly described Stappia species and closely related genera (e.g., Ahrensia, Pannonibacter, Pseudovibrio, and Roseibium). Substrate utilization profiles, enzymatic activity, and membrane lipid composition further distinguished these isolates and supported their designations as new Stappia species. The observed metabolic versatility of Stappia likely accounts for its cosmopolitan distribution and its ability to contribute to CO cycling as well as other important biogeochemical cycles. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Effect Of Anatomic Motion On Proton Therapy Dose Distributions In Prostate Cancer Treatment, Xiaodong Zhang, Lei Dong, Andrew K. Lee, James D. Cox, Deborah A. Kuban, Ron X. Zhu, Xiaochun Wang, Yupeng Li, Wayne D. Newhauser, Michael Gillin, Radhe Mohan

Faculty Publications

Purpose: To determine the dosimetric impact of interfraction anatomic movements in prostate cancer patients receiving proton therapy. Methods and Materials: For each of the 10 patients studied, 8 computed tomography (CT) scans were selected from sets of daily setup CT images that were acquired from a cohort of prostate cancer patients. The images were acquired in the treatment room using the CT-on-rails system. First, standard proton therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans were designed for each patient using standard modality-specific methods. The images, the proton plan, and the IMRT plan were then aligned to the eight CT images based …

Assessing Among-Locus Variation In The Inference Of Seed Plant Phylogeny, J. Gordon Burleigh, Sarah Mathews

Faculty Publications

Large multilocus analyses can greatly reduce sampling error in phylogenetic estimates and help resolve difficult phylogenetic questions. Yet conventional multilocus analyses may be confounded by variation in the phylogenetic signal or processes of evolution among loci. We used nonparametric bootstrapping methods to examine locus-specific variation within a 12-locus seed plant data set and to examine the effects of this variation on estimates of seed plant phylogeny. The observed maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony bootstrap support from phylogenetic analyses of sites within single loci often notably differs from the bootstrap support obtained by sampling an equal number of sites from the …

Yy1 As A Controlling Factor For The Peg3 And Gnas Imprinted Domains, Jeong Do Kim, Angela K. Hinz, Jung Ha Choo, Lisa Stubbs, Joomyeong Kim

Faculty Publications

Imprinting control regions (ICRs) often harbor tandem arrays of transcription factor binding sites, as demonstrated by the identification of multiple YY1 binding sites within the ICRs of Peg3, Nespas, and Xist/Tsix domains. In the current study, we have sought to characterize possible roles for YY1 in transcriptional control and epigenetic modification of these imprinted domains. RNA interference-based knockdown experiments in Neuro2A cells resulted in overall transcriptional up-regulation of most of the imprinted genes within the Peg3 domain and also, concomitantly, caused significant loss in the DNA methylation of the Peg3 differentially methylated region. A similar overall and coordinated expression change …

Evolution Into And Out Of The Andes: A Bayesian Analysis Of Historical Diversification In Thamnophilus Antshrikes, Robb T. Brumfield, Scott V. Edwards

Faculty Publications

The Andean uplift played important roles in the historical diversification of Neotropical organisms, both by producing new high-elevation habitats that could be colonized and by isolating organisms on either side of the mountains. Here, we present a molecular phylogeny of Thamnophlius antshrikes, a clade of 30 species whose collective distribution spans nearly the entirety of lowland habitats in tropical South America, the eastern slope foothills of the Andes, and the tepuis of northern South America. Our goal was to examine the role of the Andes in the diversification of lowland and foothill species. Using parsimony and Bayesian ancestral state reconstructions …

Generation And Characterization Of Rabbit Embryonic Stem Cells, Shufen Wang, Xianghui Tang, Yuyu Niu, Hongwei Chen, Bin Li, Tianqing Li, Xiuzhen Zhang, Zhixin Hu, Qi Zhou, Weizhi Ji

Faculty Publications

We described the derivation of four stable pluripotent rabbit embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines, one (RF) from blastocysts fertilized in vivo and cultured in vitro and three (RP01, RP02, and RP03) from parthenogenetic blastocysts. These ESC lines have been cultivated for extended periods (RF >1 year, RP01 >8 months, RP02 >8 months, and RP03 >6 months) in vitro while maintaining expression of pluripotent ESC markers and a normal XY or XX karyotype. The ESCs from all lines expressed alkaline phosphatase, transcription factor Oct-4, stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEA-1, SSEA-3, and SSEA-4), and the tumor-related antigens (TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81). Similar to human …

Gene Sampling Strategies For Multi-Locus Population Estimates Of Genetic Diversity (Θ), Matthew D. Carling, Robb T. Brumfield

Faculty Publications

Background. Theoretical work suggests that data from multiple nuclear loci provide better estimates of population genetic parameters than do single loci, but just how many loci are needed and how much sequence is required from each has been little explored. Methodology/Principle Findings. To investigate how much data is required to estimate the population genetic parameter θ(4 Neμ) accurately under ideal circumstances, we simulated datasets of DNA sequences under three values of θ per site (0.1, 0.01, 0.001), varying in both the total number of base pairs sequenced per individual and the number of equal-length loci. From these datasets we estimated …

Soil Nutrients Influence Spatial Distributions Of Tropical Trees Species, Robert John, James W. Dalling, Kyle E. Harms, Joseph B. Yavitt, Robert F. Stallard, Matthew Mirabello, Stephen P. Hubbell, Renato Valencia, Hugo Navarrete, Martha Vallejo, Robin B. Foster

Faculty Publications

The importance of niche vs. neutral assembly mechanisms in structuring tropical tree communities remains an important unsettled question in community ecology [Bell G (2005) Ecology 86:1757-1770]. There is ample evidence that species distributions are determined by soils and habitat factors at landscape (<104 >km2) and regional scales. At local scales (<1 >km2), however, habitat factors and species distributions show comparable spatial aggregation, making it difficult to disentangle the importance of niche and dispersal processes. In this article, we test soil resource-based niche assembly at a local scale, using species and soil nutrient distributions obtained at high spatial resolution in three …

A Large-Scale Deforestation Experiment: Effects Of Patch Area And Isolation On Amazon Birds, Gonçalo Ferraz, James D. Nichols, James E. Hines, Philip C. Stouffer, Richard O. Bierregaard, Thomas E. Lovejoy

Faculty Publications

As compared with extensive contiguous areas, small isolated habitat patches lack many species. Some species disappear after isolation; others are rarely found in any small patch, regardless of isolation. We used a 13-year data set of bird captures from a large landscape-manipulation experiment in a Brazilian Amazon forest to model the extinction-colonization dynamics of 55 species and tested basic predictions of island biogeography and metapopulation theory. From our models, we derived two metrics of species vulnerability to changes in isolation and patch area. We found a strong effect of area and a variable effect of isolation on the predicted patch …

5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Is Bound In Intersubunit Areas Of Rat Liver Folate-Binding Protein Glycine N-Methyltransferase, Zigmund Luka, Svetlana Pakhomova, Lioudmila V. Loukachevitch, Martin Egli, Marcia E. Newcomer, Conrad Wagner

Faculty Publications

Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is a key regulatory enzyme in methyl group metabolism. It is abundant in the liver, where it uses excess S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to methylate glycine to N-methylglycine (sarcosine) and produces S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), thereby controlling the methylating potential of the cell. GNMT also links utilization of preformed methyl groups, in the form of methionine, to their de novo synthesis, because it is inhibited by a specific form of folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Although the structure of the enzyme has been elucidated by x-ray crystallography of the apoenzyme and in the presence of the substrate, the location of the folate inhibitor in …

A New Species Of Ophiomegistus Banks (Acari: Paramegistidae) From Papua New Guinea, Hans Klompen, Christopher C. Austin

Faculty Publications

A new species of Ophiomegistus, O. spectabilis, is described from New Guinea. This represents the 13th species of this genus from New Guinea skinks. A re-evaluation of host and locality data for the genus shows a host range restricted to squamates, especially skinks, but no obvious specificity for individual skink species. Specificity for small geographical areas seems more likely. Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press.