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Articles 13381 - 13410 of 15224
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Cognitive Strategy Training Effects On Reading Comprehension In Learning-Disabled Readers., Erin Cuccia Agostini
Cognitive Strategy Training Effects On Reading Comprehension In Learning-Disabled Readers., Erin Cuccia Agostini
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that learning disabled children with reading deficits demonstrate a "production deficiency" by failing to spontaneously employ appropriate cognitive strategies in reading situations. Moreover, it was anticipated that providing them with explicit instruction regarding these strategies would improve their comprehension. Thirty learning disabled seventh- and eighth-grade students were randomly assigned to one of three training conditions: (a) summarization, (b) self-questioning, and (c) control. The effectiveness of the training strategies was assessed by having students write an 80-word summary and answer a 10-item multiple choice comprehension test on each of two passages during three …
Crime And Punishment In The Royal Navy: Discipline On The Leeward Islands Station, 1784-1812 (England)., John D. Byrn Jr
Crime And Punishment In The Royal Navy: Discipline On The Leeward Islands Station, 1784-1812 (England)., John D. Byrn Jr
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation is based primarily on the manuscript sources pertaining to the Leeward Islands station between 1784 and 1812 found in the Public Record Office. Its thesis is quite simple: Discipline in the Royal Navy in the age of sail was maintained in much the same fashion that law and order was enforced in the localities of eighteenth-century England. In short, justice afloat was administered according to the principles and practices used in the system of criminal law ashore.
Molecular Cloning And Sequencing Of The Bacillus Stearothermophilus 6-Phosphofructo-1-Kinase Gene And Of A Partial Rabbit Muscle 6-Phosphofructo-1-Kinase Complementary-Dna., Brent Arthur French
Molecular Cloning And Sequencing Of The Bacillus Stearothermophilus 6-Phosphofructo-1-Kinase Gene And Of A Partial Rabbit Muscle 6-Phosphofructo-1-Kinase Complementary-Dna., Brent Arthur French
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
A system is presented for determining the relationships between structure and function in the allosteric enzyme 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK). The ATP-dependent phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate catalyzed by PFK is the first reaction unique to the glycolytic pathway. The structure-function relationships in PFK can now be addressed by site-specific mutagenesis. This is a method for directly testing hypotheses concerning the functions of individual amino acids in a protein molecule. The main body of this dissertation is composed of three sections. The first two sections describe the development of a system by which the structure-function relationships in Bacillus stearothermophilus PFK …
The Effect Of Vocal Modeling On Pitch-Matching Accuracy Of Children In Grades One Through Six., Georgia A. Green
The Effect Of Vocal Modeling On Pitch-Matching Accuracy Of Children In Grades One Through Six., Georgia A. Green
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adult female, adult male, and child vocal modeling on the pitch-matching accuracy of children in grades one through six. Because singing is a basic component of the elementary music curriculum and is a skill which a child will continue to use throughout his/her life, it is important to determine how a child can most successfully develop and use his/her singing voice. Existing literature indicates that those factors which most directly affect a child's singing ability are maturation, auditory discrimination, vocal range, and vocal modeling. Conflicting results exist as to …
Parameters Of Peat Formation In The Mississippi Delta (Holocene)., Elisabeth Catharina Kosters
Parameters Of Peat Formation In The Mississippi Delta (Holocene)., Elisabeth Catharina Kosters
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The Mississippi Delta consists of six major Holocene deltaic complexes, that each had a life-span of about 1500 years. Emphasis of this study is on autochthonous peats of Barataria Basin, a large-scale interdistributary basin, between levees of the LaFourche and St. Bernard/Plaquemine deltas. A 6 m. thick set of lithostratigraphic units constitutes the aggradational basin-fill. Organic-rich beds occur in three phases, each representing an accumulating period that was interrupted by subsidence and the influx of detrital clastics from renewed nearby fluvio-deltaic sedimentation. Peats accumulated in eutrophic, non-domed environments in fresh water swamps and (often floating) marshes and average 81.7% organic …
The Rabbit Phosphofructokinase Genes: Molecular Cloning, Sequencing And Characterization., Ming-Ching Kao
The Rabbit Phosphofructokinase Genes: Molecular Cloning, Sequencing And Characterization., Ming-Ching Kao
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Two rabbit phosphofructokinase (PFK) genomic clones were isolated from a lambda Charon 4A rabbit liver DNA library. A 180-bp rabbit muscle PFK cDNA encoding 60 amino acids in the C-terminal region of RM-PFK was used as a probe. By using the shotgun subcloning approach, we cloned, sequenced and characterized two rabbit PFK genomic clones. The two clones overlapped and represented a total length of 17 kb which encoded the entire RM-PFK protein. The organization of this gene was elucidated by restriction mapping and DNA sequencing. It contains 22 exons, ranging in size from 45 to 190 bp, separated by 21 …
Spacing Of Repetitions And Contextual Interference Effects In Motor Skill Learning., Harry John Meeuwsen
Spacing Of Repetitions And Contextual Interference Effects In Motor Skill Learning., Harry John Meeuwsen
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Three experiments are reported that examined the possibility that the contextual interference effect in motor skill learning is a variation of a multiple trial spacing of repetitions effect. Specifically, the question why a non-spaced condition in a spacing of multiple trials motor learning paradigm has not produced predicted retention deficits. Subjects in all experiments learned to perform a simple motor skill in a criterion movement time. Experiments 1 and 2 examined why spacing of multiple trials did not produce expected retention performance benefits in previous spacing experiments. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 showed that the randomness of the …
An Evaluation Of The Applicability Of Nonlinear Programming Algorithms To A Typical Commercial Process Flowsheeting Simulator. (Volumes I And Ii)., Michael Joseph Richard
An Evaluation Of The Applicability Of Nonlinear Programming Algorithms To A Typical Commercial Process Flowsheeting Simulator. (Volumes I And Ii)., Michael Joseph Richard
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
An efficient methodology for using commercial flowsheeting programs with advanced mathematical programming algorithms has been developed for the optimization of operating plants. The methodology was demonstrated and validated using ChemShare Corporation's DESIGN/2000 simulation of the Freeport Chemical Company's plant for sulfuric acid manufacture and three nonlinear programming techniques; successive linear programming, successive quadratic programming and the generalized reduced gradient method. The application of this methodology begins with the development of a feasible base case simulation. Partial derivatives of the economic model and constraint equations are computed using fully converged simulations. This information is used to formulate an optimization problem which …
An Investigation Of The Inference And Mapping Components Of The Componential Theory Of Analogical Reasoning., Catherine Sheard
An Investigation Of The Inference And Mapping Components Of The Componential Theory Of Analogical Reasoning., Catherine Sheard
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Sternberg's componential theory of analogical reasoning (1977) provides a series of steps that may be followed in order to solve analogies. According to Sternberg, when given a simple analogy (in the form A:B::C: (D$\sb1$, D$\sb2$, D$\sb3$)) the reasoner: (a) encodes the terms of the analogy, (b) infers the relation between A and B, (c) maps the relation between A and C, (d) applies a relation analogous to the inferred one from C to each answer option, choosing the closer option, and (e) responds. The purpose of this research was to further investigate the inference and mapping processes of the componential …
Raison D'Etat And The American Philosophy Of Realism In World Affairs. (Volumes I And Ii)., Gregory T. Russell
Raison D'Etat And The American Philosophy Of Realism In World Affairs. (Volumes I And Ii)., Gregory T. Russell
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which the heritage of political thought shaping European raison d'etat is significant for the theory and practice of post-World War II realism in American foreign policy. Analysis is guided by the hypothesis that the response of postwar realists to the issues raised by an interdependent multistate system differs from the traditional rationale of raison d'etat intended for a Eurocentric international society characterized by common diplomatic objectives and values. Consideration is given to how the continental legacy has been modified and adapted by realist spokesmen to the exigencies of America's …
Classical And Statistical Thermodynamics Of Gas Solubility In Polar Fluids., Christopher Paul Williams
Classical And Statistical Thermodynamics Of Gas Solubility In Polar Fluids., Christopher Paul Williams
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The solubilities of argon and of three binary gas mixtures of nitrogen and methane, 25%CH$\sb 4$ - 75%N$\sb 2$, 50%CH$\sb 4$ - 50%N$\sb 2$ and 75%CH$\sb 4$ - 25%N$\sb 2$, in water have been measured at a temperature of 323K for pressures up to 124.1 MPa. The data have been correlated using the established forms of the Krichevsky-Kasarnovsky and Krichevsky-Ilinskaya equations and are in agreement with previous studies. The performance of the Krichevsky-Ilinskaya equation has been improved by using Wilson's equation in place of the two-suffix Margules equation to predict the non-ideality associated with the solute gas in the solution. …
Insulin Receptors Of Erythrocytes And Liver Membranes In Dogs., Karen Johnson Wolfsheimer
Insulin Receptors Of Erythrocytes And Liver Membranes In Dogs., Karen Johnson Wolfsheimer
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Insulin receptor assays using canine liver membranes and erythrocytes were validated for use in evaluating insulin receptor binding parameters within a healthy population of dogs. Association, dissociation, saturability and specificity were demonstrated for insulin receptors of canine liver membranes and erythrocytes. Assay precision was evaluated by measuring interassay coefficient of variation (liver membrane = 25.0%; erythrocytes = 9.3%). Because the number of high-affinity receptor sites and high-affinity K$\sb{\rm D}$ were determined using physiological concentrations of insulin, they were considered to be more physiologically important than the total number of receptor sites, low-affinity K$\sb{\rm D}$ and Ke, which were derived using …
Factors Affecting Developmental College Readers' Abilities To Mobilize And Use Prior Knowledge., Rhonda Holt Atkinson
Factors Affecting Developmental College Readers' Abilities To Mobilize And Use Prior Knowledge., Rhonda Holt Atkinson
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of the study was to examine differences in comprehension scores and recall of expository text by developmental college readers following manipulation of traditional and technological factors affecting use of mobilized prior knowledge. This research differed from previous research in three ways. First, it endeavored to determine if a visible link between old and new knowledge would enhance comprehension and recall. Second, it compared traditional (verbal statements) and technological (computer-mediated) methods of linking prior knowledge and new information. Third, it featured the use of individual brainstorming as a means of mobilizing schemata. The literature review focused on theory and …
Effects Of Instruction In Use Of Sentence Connectives And Text Structure On Passage Recall., Edith Appell Slaton
Effects Of Instruction In Use Of Sentence Connectives And Text Structure On Passage Recall., Edith Appell Slaton
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of instruction in cause/effect text structure at both the macrostructure level or the microstructure level on fifth- and sixth-grade readers' recall of main ideas from scrambled and normal passages. Instruction at the macrostructure level was in how to construct a graphic organizer, that is, a selection of only key ideas from a passage arranged hierarchically and connected by lines that show how the ideas are related. Instruction at the microstructure level was in how to combine causally related sentences using the sentence connective because. Instruction was presented with six tutorial …
Correction Of Manganese Deficiency In Soybeans, Glycine Max (L.) Merr., David Paul Bligh
Correction Of Manganese Deficiency In Soybeans, Glycine Max (L.) Merr., David Paul Bligh
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. 'Centennial', grown on Iberia silty clay (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Vertic Haplaquoll) responded to foliar-applied Mn (0.2 and 0.4 kg ha$\sp{-1}$ as Mn chelate, 12% Mn) and soil-applied Mn (15.3 and 30.6 kg ha$\sp{-1}$ as MnSO$\sb4\cdot$3H$\sb2$O, 27.3% Mn). Mn deficiency symptoms were corrected but reappeared in foliar-treated plots within three weeks. Symptoms disappeared following a soaking rain but reappeared as soil dried. A greenhouse investigation evaluated the effects of 12 levels of soil-applied Mn ranging from 0 to 20.5 mg Mn kg$\sp{-1}$ soil as MnSO$\sb4\cdot$3H$\sb2$O, 27.3% Mn, on growth of soybeans. Mn deficiency symptoms appeared …
Feeding And Microspatial Relationships Of Meiobenthic Harpacticoid Copepods With Microbial Flora., Alan William Decho
Feeding And Microspatial Relationships Of Meiobenthic Harpacticoid Copepods With Microbial Flora., Alan William Decho
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Feeding processes and their relationship to microspatial patterns were examined for several harpacticoid species. Field evidences and laboratory radiolabel experiments suggest that diatoms comprise a major portion of the food resources ingested by harpacticoids. Bacteria and mucus-exopolymer secretions (associated with the bacteria and diatoms) are also ingested, coincidently while ingesting diatoms. Also, significant ontogenetic shifts in food resource utilization occur from naupliar to adult stages. Field grazing rate studies were conducted on an intertidal mudflat over different portions of a tidal cycle using several harpacticoid species (Scottolana canadensis, Microarthridion littorale, Paronychocamptus huntsmani). Highest grazing rates for S. canadensis occurred just …
An Experimental Investigation Into Carbon-Dioxide-Induced Organic Deposition., Josh Chia-Hsine Fu
An Experimental Investigation Into Carbon-Dioxide-Induced Organic Deposition., Josh Chia-Hsine Fu
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Wettability change (or a relative permeability effect) has long been considered a mechanism for enhanced oil recovery. Reports show that adsorption of petroleum heavy ends, mainly asphaltenes and resins, onto a rock surface can alter its wettability. Reports also show that high concentrations of CO$\sb2$ will induce the formation of a solid phase in CO$\sb2$/crude mixtures. However, the propensity of a reservoir system for CO$\sb2$-induced hydrocarbon precipitation and how this deposition affects the rock wettability has not been yet investigated. Once variables such as oil composition, pressure, temperature, brine chemistry, and surface mineralogy are adequately defined it becomes possible to …
Design Of A Generic Manufacturing Cell Control System., Derya Pamukcu
Design Of A Generic Manufacturing Cell Control System., Derya Pamukcu
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The feasibility of design and demonstration of a cell control system to function in the fully integrated manufacturing environment independent of the parts produced or the manufacturing processes involved was investigated. A hierarchical control structure was used. Free standing implementations of a cell controller, a workstation controller, and programmable device interfaces were designed. The system is data driven, and was designed to use the manufacturing databases that exist in the computer integrated manufacturing environment. Operation of the cell controller and its interaction with the rest of the system was demonstrated in real-time by simulating the computer integrated manufacturing environment on …
Regulation Of Dextransucrase Secretion By Proton Motive Force In Leuconostoc Mesenteroides., David Roland Otts
Regulation Of Dextransucrase Secretion By Proton Motive Force In Leuconostoc Mesenteroides., David Roland Otts
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The relationship between proton motive force and the secretion of the enzyme dextransucrase (E.C. 2.4.1.5) in Leuconostoc mesenteroides was investigated. The transmembrane pH gradient was determined by measurement of the uptake of radiolabeled benzoate or methylamine while the membrane potential was determined by measurement of the uptake of radiolabeled tetraphenylphosphonium bromide. Leuconostoc mesenteroides was able to maintain a constant proton motive force of $-130$ mV when grown in fermenters at constant pH while a value of $-140$ mV was determined from concentrated cell suspensions. The contribution of the membrane potential and transmembrane pH gradient to the proton motive force varied …
Physiological Aspects Of Bovine Mammary Involution: A Biochemical And Morphological Investigation., Lorraine Marie Sordillo
Physiological Aspects Of Bovine Mammary Involution: A Biochemical And Morphological Investigation., Lorraine Marie Sordillo
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Quarter milk secretion samples and blood serum for compositional analysis were collected weekly from 29 cows beginning at drying off and continuing until 2 weeks postpartum. Quarter biopsies were taken from 5 additional animals at weekly intervals beginning at drying off through parturition. Histological and cytological parameters of tissues were correlated with biochemical characteristics of secretions. Increased tight junction permeability and decreased synthetic ability of secretory epithelium became evident by changes in mammary secretion composition and tissue morphology during the first 2 weeks of involution. Somatic cell counts, serum albumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin G, pH, total protein, and serum concentrations of …
Estimation Of Direct And Maternal Additive And Heterotic Genetic Effects For Preweaning Traits In Beef Cattle., Chi Lawrence Tawah
Estimation Of Direct And Maternal Additive And Heterotic Genetic Effects For Preweaning Traits In Beef Cattle., Chi Lawrence Tawah
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Progency records from 4 generations of a rotational crossbreeding experiment were fitted to a regression equation to obtain estimates of direct and maternal additive (Ig, Mg) and heterotic (Ih, Mh) genetic effects of preweaning traits for Angus (A), Brahman (B), Charolais (C), Hereford (H) breeds and their combinations. These estimates were fitted to prediction equations to compare preweaning performance of breed groups under different mating systems. Heterosis estimates were used to compute expected heterosis for each rotational cross. The C had the largest Ig estimate for BWT (5.2 kg), ADG (.074 kg/d) and WWT (22.1 kg) while H had the …
Acceptability And Effectiveness Of Group Contingencies For Improving Spelling Achievement., Timothy Lawrence Turco
Acceptability And Effectiveness Of Group Contingencies For Improving Spelling Achievement., Timothy Lawrence Turco
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This 12-week study conceptually merged cooperative learning and group contingency approaches to classroom interventions to assess how varying task and incentive structures affect fifth-grade students' spelling achievement, social status, and perceptions of treatment procedures. The study used two groups (treatment and control group) of fifth-grade students. The students in the treatment group were actively involved with one of six group contingency procedures designed to improve spelling performances. The conditions for students in the treatment groups varied on dimensions of task structure (group or individual) and incentive structure (interdependent, dependent, or no incentive). Treatment acceptability, spelling achievement, and peer nominated social …
Mary Augusta Ward: An Annotated Bibliography Of Secondary Writings, 1888-1985., Jeffrey Smith
Mary Augusta Ward: An Annotated Bibliography Of Secondary Writings, 1888-1985., Jeffrey Smith
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation is an annotated bibliography of the secondary writings on the major fiction and nonfiction of Mary Augusta Ward, spanning the years 1888-1985. The bibliography is comprised of book reviews, articles from scholarly journals, book length biographies and critical studies, parodies, reminiscences, biographical sketches, letters, chapters on Mrs. Ward taken from books not primarily about her, reviews of works about Mrs. Ward which contain comments about her, dissertations, and critical introductions to editions of her novels.
The Relationship Between Supervisory Methods And Teacher Self-Concept As A Teacher And As A Person., Annis Dowden Tarver
The Relationship Between Supervisory Methods And Teacher Self-Concept As A Teacher And As A Person., Annis Dowden Tarver
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This study was designed to test the relationship between methods of supervision used during the supervisory conference and teacher self-concept as a teacher and as a person. The method of supervision, the independent variable in the research design, was either clinical supervision using the Hunter (1980) method or traditional supervision. The clinical method of supervision used specific, diagnostic, and prescriptive feedback given by the supervisor during a series of supervisory conferences that followed the five types of supervisory conferences proposed by Hunter. The traditional method of supervision used general and non-specific feedback given by the supervisor during a series of …
Boundary Effects On The Drag Of A Cylinder In Axial Motion At Low Reynolds Number., Elias George Wehbeh
Boundary Effects On The Drag Of A Cylinder In Axial Motion At Low Reynolds Number., Elias George Wehbeh
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This work is an experimental study of the Stokes drag on a right circular cylinder moving with constant velocity through a Newtonian viscous fluid. The cylinder velocity is parallel to its longitudinal axis, and the fluid is bounded on the outside by a fixed coaxial cylindrical tube of circular cross section. The length to diameter ratio of the moving cylinder ranges from 1.0 to 390, the ratio of the width of the annular gap to the cylinder length ranges from 0.0077 to 0.86, and the ratio $\alpha$ of the cylinder diameter to the tube diameter ranges from 0.022 to 0.91. …
A Rhetorical Analysis Of Selected Republican Speeches In The 1856 Presidential Election Campaign., Linda Jean Webster
A Rhetorical Analysis Of Selected Republican Speeches In The 1856 Presidential Election Campaign., Linda Jean Webster
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The Republican party organized its first presidential campaign in 1856. The party was composed of men from a wide variety of political backgrounds, primarily from free soil and anti-slavery groups. The rhetoric of this first Republican campaign represented the efforts of these individual speakers to reconcile their free soil arguments with the official party platform. Although the party was loosely organized and poorly funded, many respected orators participated in the campaign. As background for the rhetorical analysis, the major political and historical events of the decade are identified in the first two chapters. Bleeding Kansas, abolitionism, and the reorganization of …
The Management Of Dying: Tasks And Social Relationships In Patient Care., Jeffrey Michael Clair
The Management Of Dying: Tasks And Social Relationships In Patient Care., Jeffrey Michael Clair
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
A grounded theory approach guides the interpretation of observational, semi-structured interviews, content analysis, and taped discourse data collected from a 48 bed oncology unit with 288 study patients. Data are presented to explicate generated concepts of regressive intervention and the dying role. Data indicate that when physicians no longer perceive their goals of cure achievable, they distance themselves from patients. Physicians use certain devices to facilitate this gradual or abrupt, but purposeful, withdrawal from patients' curative regimens. These devices are specified in discourse transcripts as use of the medical record, silence, and alternative interactions (family members). Physician-authority, cautious optimistic conversational …
Development Of A Soft-Tissue Infection Model In The Cow., Cyril Roy Clarke
Development Of A Soft-Tissue Infection Model In The Cow., Cyril Roy Clarke
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The ultimate goals of this study were to develop and define a subcutaneous tissue chamber as a suitable device for establishing a Pasteurella haemolytica soft-tissue infection model in cattle and to use this model to study the in vivo efficacy and distribution of a potentiated sulfa antimicrobial. Developmental studies resulted in the selection of a suitable tissue chamber design that maximized the chamber penetration of an intravenously administered lipid-soluble drug. This chamber could be sampled with ease and contained enough chamber fluid to allow repetitive sampling. Cytological and chemical investigation revealed that the composition of fluid within chambers approached the …
A Supply Response Model For Rice And Soybeans In The Mississippi Delta., David Leon Hoppenstedt
A Supply Response Model For Rice And Soybeans In The Mississippi Delta., David Leon Hoppenstedt
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This study examines the economic sources of variation in the supply of rice and soybeans in the Mississippi Delta. As farmers alter their land allocations to various crops, they cause fluctuations in the supply of agricultural products. Traditional theory posits that acreage planted is a function of lagged prices, but does not explicitly recognize some technological constraints. One prevalent technological constraint is that the monocropping of particular crops results in a significant decrease in land productivity. The model in this study attempts to improve the specification of the technological constraint of declining soil productivity due to monocropping. Two different statistical …
Modeling The Uptake Of Sulfur By Cotton, Soybean, And Wheat In Three Alluvial Soils Of Louisiana., Jorge Ariel Delgado
Modeling The Uptake Of Sulfur By Cotton, Soybean, And Wheat In Three Alluvial Soils Of Louisiana., Jorge Ariel Delgado
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The Barber and Cushman (1981) mechanistic model of element uptake by plants was used to help elucidate the mechanisms that govern the movement of S in soils and S uptake by plants. Sulfur uptake predicted by the model was compared to measured S uptake by 'Stoneville 825' cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), 'Centenial' soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), and 'Coker 916' wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on Gallion very fine sandy loam (Typic Hapludalf), Mhoon silty clay loam (Typic Fluvaquent), and Norwood silt loam (Typic Udifluvent) under glasshouse conditions. Predicted S uptake by the model was significantly correlated with observed uptake. …