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Environmental Education Programming For The Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service., John William Branch Jan 2000

Environmental Education Programming For The Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service., John William Branch

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Environmental education is a component of community-based education programs. Environmental education in the United States and in Louisiana was described (Objectives 1 and 2). Because of rapid changes in environmental science, and the responses of citizens to environmental topics, extension faculty need additional programming techniques and more process and strategic skills training. Programming techniques and skills training were reviewed (Objective 3). Extension has included representatives from key state and federal agencies with expertise in, and responsibility for, environmental topics on its environmental education advisory committees. The Delphi technique was utilized in this study, with agency representatives as panelists, to determine …

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First Graders' Efferent And Aesthetic Responses To Informational Trade Books., Kay Monroe Broders Jan 2000

First Graders' Efferent And Aesthetic Responses To Informational Trade Books., Kay Monroe Broders

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The purpose of the study was to describe young children's efferent and aesthetic responses to informational trade books. During the study a first-grade teacher read aloud the trade books to the whole class and four children were interviewed following the read-alouds using a standard open-ended interview approach. A scale developed for the study was used to code the efferent and aesthetic level of the responses as: most efferent, primarily efferent, primarily aesthetic, and most aesthetic. Data were analyzed to answer the following questions: (1) Do children have aesthetic as well as efferent responses to informational trade books? If so, how …

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Coming Home: Homecomings And Return Migration In African -American Folklore And Literature Since 1970., Stephanie Gail Hall Jan 2000

Coming Home: Homecomings And Return Migration In African -American Folklore And Literature Since 1970., Stephanie Gail Hall

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation explores homecoming narratives and the representation of return migration in African-American folklore and in African-American literature written since 1970. Utilizing an interdisciplinary approach, sociological, historical, religious and literary criticism are incorporated to examine African-American church and communal homecomings, personal memoir, and novels as extensions of the Great Migration narrative, leading to a reconfiguration of the South as "home." This study includes an analysis of the structural features of the homecoming narrative, including the "moment of return," the migrant's connection to the Southern landscape, the significance of feast, and rituals of homecoming ceremonies. Subsequent chapters explore the decision to …

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Biological And Molecular Properties Of Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus., Pongtharin Lotrakul Jan 2000

Biological And Molecular Properties Of Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus., Pongtharin Lotrakul

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

In 1994, a sweet potato sample showing leaf curl symptoms was collected from the field in Louisiana. When graft-inoculated, Ipomoea setosa reacted with mild upward leaf curling while I. aquatica reacted with a bright yellow mottle. The putative virus was transmitted by the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype B, and it was designated the United States isolate of Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV-US). Four independent Southern blot hybridizations using the DNA-A of different begomoviruses as probes confirmed the presence of begomovirus-like DNA in the infected plants. Fibrillar inclusions and granular aggregates of geminivirus-like particles were observed in the …

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Glucocorticoid Regulation Of The Leptin Receptor Signaling System In The Rat., Abram Madimabe Madiehe Jan 2000

Glucocorticoid Regulation Of The Leptin Receptor Signaling System In The Rat., Abram Madimabe Madiehe

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Obesity, a recognized health problem, is associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension. Removal of adrenal steroids by adrenalectomy (ADX) slows the development of obesity. Leptin decreases food intake through effects initiated by activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Defects in leptin signaling lead to obesity, which is associated with hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance. In chapter 4, leptin induces phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression and increases glucose production in hepatocytes from lean but not obese Zucker rats. This suggests that hyperleptinemia in obesity causes hyperglycemia. In chapter 5, ADX decreased the levels of PEPCK mRNA, and increased leptin receptor mRNA expression …

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Prospective Memory: Contributions Of Age, Individual Differences, And Metamemory., Celinda M. Reese Jan 2000

Prospective Memory: Contributions Of Age, Individual Differences, And Metamemory., Celinda M. Reese

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The influence of age, ability, monitoring, and metamemory on event-based prospective memory was examined using an adapted version of G. O. Einstein and M. A. McDaniel's (1990) task. Two samples of younger and older adults who differed in educational attainment and verbal ability were compared. Contrary to previous research (Cherry & LeCompte, 1999), the age/ability groups did not differ on prospective memory performance. On-line monitoring ratings were not related to prospective memory but posttest monitoring ratings were. Age differences in reports of task-irrelevant thoughts emerged from the on-line monitoring data. Although age and ability group differences on self-reports of memory …

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Kate Chopin's Contribution To Realism And Naturalism: Reconsiderations Of W. D. Howells, Maupassant, And Flaubert., Jean Ann Witherow Jan 2000

Kate Chopin's Contribution To Realism And Naturalism: Reconsiderations Of W. D. Howells, Maupassant, And Flaubert., Jean Ann Witherow

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

No one has previously undertaken a detailed examination of Kate Chopin's documented intertextuality with writers such as W. D. Howells, Hamlin Garland, Maupassant, and Flaubert. My purpose is to examine Chopin's works in the context of writers with whom she interacts and so to reveal her impact on the development of literary realism and naturalism. My study reveals that, though her mature writing eliminates sentimentalism, she never abandons romance elements residual from her youth. Her typically subjective narrator removes narrative authority, intensifies our involvement with characters, and validates the marginalized voice. Darwin and the philosophers temper her Catholicism, yet she …

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Stratigraphy, Petrology, And Geochemistry Of A Mid-Oceanic Carbonate Platform: Niue Island, South Pacific., Christopher Waldo Wheeler Jan 2000

Stratigraphy, Petrology, And Geochemistry Of A Mid-Oceanic Carbonate Platform: Niue Island, South Pacific., Christopher Waldo Wheeler

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Mid-oceanic carbonate platforms offer a simple setting to study the essentials of dolomitization. One such platform is Niue Island, a former coral atoll capping a Miocene-age seamount in the South Pacific. Samples from 6 wells (≤303 m depth) and 3 outcrops reveal two dolomite bodies at -300 to -165 m (Lower Dolomite Unit, LDU) and -30 to +50 m (Upper Dolomite Unit, UDU) elevation. Paleomagnetism and strontium isotope chronostratigraphy place the depositional age of the uppermost 340 m at 8.6--1.7 Ma. Generally decreasing accretion rates (62--19 m/Ma) are consistent with subsidence of an extinct seamount. The distribution of early meteoric …

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Consumer And Handler Reactions To Potential Country-Of-Origin Labeling Of Fresh Or Frozen Beef, Alvin Schupp Jan 2000

Consumer And Handler Reactions To Potential Country-Of-Origin Labeling Of Fresh Or Frozen Beef, Alvin Schupp

LSU Agricultural Experiment Station Reports

No abstract provided.

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The Impact Of Price And Yield Variability On Southeastern U.S. Catfish Producer Operations, Richard F. Kazmierczak Jan 2000

The Impact Of Price And Yield Variability On Southeastern U.S. Catfish Producer Operations, Richard F. Kazmierczak

LSU Agricultural Experiment Station Reports

No abstract provided.

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Lipase And Lipoxygenase Activity, Functionality, And Nutrient Losses In Rice Bran During Storage, Fatemeh Malekian Jan 2000

Lipase And Lipoxygenase Activity, Functionality, And Nutrient Losses In Rice Bran During Storage, Fatemeh Malekian

LSU Agricultural Experiment Station Reports

No abstract provided.

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A Novel Experimental Approach To The Explication Of Information Processing Differences Between High And Low Anxious Individuals., Gina M. Manguno-Mire Jan 2000

A Novel Experimental Approach To The Explication Of Information Processing Differences Between High And Low Anxious Individuals., Gina M. Manguno-Mire

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The information processing perspective of cognition and emotion has been a fruitful area of research inquiry in recent years. As a result of this recent spate of interest, emotional processing biases in anxiety have been consistently demonstrated, indicating that anxious individuals possess a processing priority for threatening information. This study is an attempt to further examine the processing biases which characterize anxious and nonanxious individuals. Pilot work was conducted to investigate the utility of a novel approach, the affective categorization task, to examine the affective meaning of lexical stimuli. Pilot research using the affective categorization task with socially anxious individuals …

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A Domesticated Landscape: Native American Plant Cultivation On The Northwest Coast Of North America., Douglas Eugene Deur Jan 2000

A Domesticated Landscape: Native American Plant Cultivation On The Northwest Coast Of North America., Douglas Eugene Deur

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

By all accounts, the peoples of the Northwest Coast of North America did not cultivate plants at the time of European contact. This dissertation provides an interdisciplinary assessment of evidence to the contrary, and presents a critique of the literature from which this orthodoxy has been derived. As a primary line of evidence, this thesis describes estuarine gardens found on this coast during the contact period. Northwest Coast peoples created gardens of Pacific silverweed (Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica), springbank clover (Trifolium wormskjoldii) and other plants with edible, starchy roots within estuarine plots. Ethnographic sources suggest that these gardens were maintained …

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Creation And Characterization Of 25 Kda Outer Membrane Protein (Omp25) Deletion Mutants In Brucella Species., Matthew David Edmonds Jan 2000

Creation And Characterization Of 25 Kda Outer Membrane Protein (Omp25) Deletion Mutants In Brucella Species., Matthew David Edmonds

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The genus Brucella is composed of Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogens that impact man and animals. Brucella species express a 25 kDa major outer membrane protein termed Omp25. To determine the role of Omp25 in virulence, mutants were created in Brucella abortus (BA25), Brucella melitensis (BM25), and Brucella ovis (BO25) that contain disruptions in the omp25 gene (Deltaomp25 mutants). In the murine brucellosis model, each Deltaomp25 mutant was attenuated when compared to the virulent parental strain. To assess the ability of the B. abortus and B. melitensis mutants to colonize and induce abortions in the ruminant host, cattle and goats in …

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Insecticide Resistance And Resistance Mechanisms In The Southern House Mosquito, Culex Quinquefasciatus., Jeffrey Dwayne Stancil Jan 2000

Insecticide Resistance And Resistance Mechanisms In The Southern House Mosquito, Culex Quinquefasciatus., Jeffrey Dwayne Stancil

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Significant resistance to malathion and resmethrin was found in insecticide-treated field populations of adult Culex quinquefasciatus , Say, compared with a laboratory and non-treated field strain. Resistance to both insecticides varied during the active control season and was associated with the frequency of insecticide application. Geographic variations in resistance levels were noted, and significant differences occurred between separate populations within the same mosquito control districts. Four model substrates were assessed for their suitability in detecting elevated esterase activity associated with malathion resistance. Esterase activities towards all substrates were significantly higher in field stains than a laboratory strain. Esterase activities toward …

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Consumers' Reasoned Behavior Toward American Alligator Leather Products., Yingjiao Xu Jan 2000

Consumers' Reasoned Behavior Toward American Alligator Leather Products., Yingjiao Xu

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study determined consumers' perception of and attitude toward American alligator leather products and evaluated factors affecting consumers' purchase intention of the products. The Fishbein and Ajzen (1975, 1980) theory of reasoned behavior served as the theoretical framework for the study. The influence of six variables on purchase intention was measured: attitude toward purchase based on product attributes, subjective norm with respect to purchase, traditional attitude toward fashion products (fashion involvement), personality traits (self-confidence and self-consciousness), price perception (price-quality schema and prestige sensitivity), and demographics. The correlation between consumers' usage of media for fashion information and purchase intention was also …

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The Rhetoric Of The Benign Scapegoat: President Reagan And The Federal Government., Stephen Wayne Braden Jan 2000

The Rhetoric Of The Benign Scapegoat: President Reagan And The Federal Government., Stephen Wayne Braden

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Ronald Reagan deservedly attained the moniker "The Great Communicator" due to his rhetorical prowess. This dissertation addresses an aspect, governmental scapegoating, of Reagan's rhetorical strategy. Traditional scapegoating theory claims that the scapegoat is either killed or driven from the community. However, I claim that Reagan profited by making a unique use of the scapegoat, one that was benign, the government remained essentially unscathed. The means to analyze Reagan's discourse is Kenneth Burke's cycle of guilt, victimage, redemption and rebirth. Ten speeches of President Reagan are analyzed: both of his Inaugural Addresses, his Economic Recovery Speech, and his seven State of …

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The Viola Compositions Of Ernst Mahle And Their Idiomatic And Pedagogical Characteristics., Sonia Feres-Lloyd Jan 2000

The Viola Compositions Of Ernst Mahle And Their Idiomatic And Pedagogical Characteristics., Sonia Feres-Lloyd

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Ernst Mahle was born in Germany, in 1929, but has lived in Brazil since 1951, where he is one of the most important composers of his generation. Besides his work as a composer, he has been developing a very important pedagogical work in Piracicaba, a city in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Influenced by the teachings of Hans Joachim Koellreutter, Mahle, together with other influential art supporters from that city, founded the Escola de Musica de Piracicaba, in 1953. Mahle believes that it is very important to teach music when children are young. He also encourages practice in musical …

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The Effects Of The Laboratory On College Students' Understanding Of Evolution: Implications For Conceptual Change., Lorna Benita Holtman Jan 2000

The Effects Of The Laboratory On College Students' Understanding Of Evolution: Implications For Conceptual Change., Lorna Benita Holtman

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study investigated eighty junior and senior college students' understanding of evolutionary biology concepts in lecture-only and lecture-laboratory settings. The evolution lab stressed the processes of evolution, and involved simulations, experiments, discussions, report writing, and reading. Test scores do not reveal everything about the actual process of learning in the laboratory. This study examined conceptual change patterns over a period of one semester using in-depth interviews with eight participants. The study revealed that the lecture-laboratory group performed better than the lecture-only group on certain shared items on the objective examination. The interview participants showed various patterns of conceptual change; that …

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The Welfare And Distribution Impacts Of International Agricultural Trade Policies: An Analysis Of Turkey's Integration Into The European Union., Cemal Atici Jan 2000

The Welfare And Distribution Impacts Of International Agricultural Trade Policies: An Analysis Of Turkey's Integration Into The European Union., Cemal Atici

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The objective of this dissertation is to examine the agricultural trade policies of Turkey and determine the impact of various relevant policy scenarios on the welfare and distribution of income within the agricultural sector as well as between producers and consumer groups. The main goal of this research is to quantify the impact of trade liberalization resulting from multilateral agricultural trade agreements and the formation of regional trading blocs on Turkish agriculture and, consequently, the income distribution effects in the various producer and consumer groups. The study utilizes a partial equilibrium framework Modele Internationale Simplifie de Simulation (MISS) to analyze …

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Interaction Of Antimicrobial Peptides With Model Cell Membranes., Lucille Dionne Smith Wright Jan 2000

Interaction Of Antimicrobial Peptides With Model Cell Membranes., Lucille Dionne Smith Wright

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This research was part of a multidisciplinary effort aimed at the elucidation of the mechanism of membrane lysis by model peptides. The focus of the dissertation was to characterize the average size dimensions of model cell membranes before and after being treated by model peptides. Experiments with neutral dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) vesicles and negatively charged dioleoylphosphabdylcholine/dioleoylphosphabdylglycerol (DOPC/DOPG) vesicles were conducted using the model peptides (KLAKKLA) 3 and (KLGKKLG)3. A melittin study was conducted alongside for comparison. Changes in membrane integrity were studied as a function of lipid-to-peptide (L:P) ratio using three techniques: kinetic light scattering (KLS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and …

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Evaluation Of Insecticide Resistance In Louisiana Adult Mosquitoes And The Efficacies Of Selected Larvicides., Stacy Lee Bearden Jan 2000

Evaluation Of Insecticide Resistance In Louisiana Adult Mosquitoes And The Efficacies Of Selected Larvicides., Stacy Lee Bearden

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Pesticide resistance in Louisiana mosquitoes has never been examined on a state-wide basis. In 1996, first component of this monitoring program examined selected pesticide efficacies and documented current pesticide resistance. Ground ULV-applied FyfanonRTM (96.8% malathion and Pyrocide RTM (96.8% + 1% natural pyrethrum) were applied to caged Culex quinquefasciatus adults (Denham Springs [Livingston Parish] and Lake Charles [Calcasieu Parish]) and Aedes sollicitans (Vermilion Parish). FyfanonRTM caused significantly different (p < 0.05) mortalities among each species and strain within 24hrs (95% Aedes, 48% Denham Springs, and 14% Lake Charles). Pyrocide RTM also produced significantly different mortalities (99%, 70%, and 38%, respectively). Malathion and permethrin were topically applied to 3--5 day old adult mosquitoes from 14 parishes. St. Martin parish Cx. quinquefasciatus was most susceptible to malathion (2.58 mug/mul), and the Vermilion strain was most resistant (417.05 mug/mul). Resistance is based on a ≥5-fold resistance ratio. Calcasieu parish strain was least resistant to permethrin (1.93 mug/mul), and the St. Tammany parish strain was most resistant (40.86 mug/mul). Detecting pesticide resistance by bottle bioassay technique was compared to topical bioassay. Both techniques were effective in detecting resistance for selected Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex species in Louisiana. Ground ULV 97% malathion was applied to caged Cx. quinquefasciatus adults from a mosquito abatement district, agrichemical farmland, and a susceptible colony. No significance (p > 0.05) existed in mosquito mortality between the agrichemical area and the abatement district. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israeliensis (VectoBacRTM WDG and VectoBacRTM 12AS) and Bacillus sphaericus (VectoLexRTM WDG and VectoLexRTM CG) were …

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Activation And Metabolism Of P-Nitrosophenoland 2,2'-Thiobis-Ethanol By Horse Liver And Human Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Toxicological Implications., Billy Fred Dudley Jr Jan 2000

Activation And Metabolism Of P-Nitrosophenoland 2,2'-Thiobis-Ethanol By Horse Liver And Human Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Toxicological Implications., Billy Fred Dudley Jr

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

C-nitroso compounds are reactive intermediates in the toxic sequelae of nitroarene metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) contributes significantly to NADH-dependent C-nitroso reduction by cytosol relative to NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQOR). NADPH-dependent pNSP reduction by liver cytosol of ADH+ animals is mostly dicumarol-sensitive which implicates NQOR as the major NADPH-dependent activity. Although, extensive structural homology between horse and different isozymes of human ADH exist, significant differences occur within the active site, which account for great variability among substrate specificities, kinetic constants, and response to inhibitors. We have studied the metabolic activity of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH), purified class I alphaalpha, beta …

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Manipulations Of Natural System Functions Within The Mississippi Delta: A Simulation-Modeling Study., Jay Franklin Martin Jan 2000

Manipulations Of Natural System Functions Within The Mississippi Delta: A Simulation-Modeling Study., Jay Franklin Martin

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation uses two estuarine spatial models and energy analysis of two river diversions within the Mississippi Delta to test the hypothesis that natural river inputs maximize marsh coverage and have net societal benefits. Substantial advancements including a higher resolution, variable time-step hydrodynamic module, a mass-balance sediment component, and a marsh colonization routine, distinguished the Mississippi Deltas Model (MDM) from the Barataria-Terrebonne Landscape Simulation Model (BTELSS). These advancements made the MDM capable of simulating the progradation of river deltas with varying river regimes. No Action Plans (NAP), simulated by both models, were used as a baseline of comparison for simulations …

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Narrative Structure And Characters In The Nanzi Stories Of Curacao: A Discourse Analysis., Joke Maaten Mondada Jan 2000

Narrative Structure And Characters In The Nanzi Stories Of Curacao: A Discourse Analysis., Joke Maaten Mondada

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation develops a new approach to the analysis of narratives by combining the analysis of narrative structure and character analysis. Through the in-depth analysis of two stories of a collection of 32 Nanzi stories (from Curacao), which are spider/trickster stories in Papiamentu, I develop a method to analyze the structure of the Nanzi stories. My method is based on the determination of narrative division into (1) episodes, organized as macro-propositions under a macro-structure (Van Dijk 1982; 1992); (2) different sections (six), based on narrative and free clauses (Labov 1972); and, (3) major events (Barthes 1975; Chatman 1978). By applying …

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Rhetoric, Prudence, And The "Morrill Act" Of 1862., Jason Brian Munsell Jan 2000

Rhetoric, Prudence, And The "Morrill Act" Of 1862., Jason Brian Munsell

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The Morrill Act was the political telos of numerous rhetorical messages calling for pedagogical changes in higher education. This study examines the role of prudence in four of them. The method is a mode of textual criticism that attempts to capture the bifurcated sense of rhetorical invention: The immediate rhetorical situation, and the cultural grammar that constrains the rhetor performatively. The author illustrates how the relevant rhetorical strategies/gestures within each text and the text's textual context pointed to a certain conception of prudence. Historically, the author argues that the struggles between different notions of prudence impacted political, pedagogical action. Theoretically, …

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A Method To Discriminate Species From Hydroacoustic Fish Sampling Systems., Rui De Paula E Silva Jan 2000

A Method To Discriminate Species From Hydroacoustic Fish Sampling Systems., Rui De Paula E Silva

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Samples of species and size composition obtained by trawling were matched with the corresponding echo-distributions from two hydroacoustic and trawl surveys in the western Indian Ocean, off Mozambique, and in two surveys in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In the Mozambique surveys, a Simrad EY-M echosounder was used and the data was analyzed by applying the Craig & Forbes algorithm. In the Gulf of Mexico surveys, a BioSonics Dual-beam System (Model 102 echosounder, ESP echo-integrator, and ESP dual-beam processor) was used. The results obtained show that, provided that a particular hydroacoustic and trawl sample yielded a stable size-distribution of the …

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The Effects Of Equine Somatotropin (Est) On Reproductive Function In The Domestic Mare., Richard Anthony Cochran Jan 2000

The Effects Of Equine Somatotropin (Est) On Reproductive Function In The Domestic Mare., Richard Anthony Cochran

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The effects of somatotropin on ovarian reproductive function has become a keen research area in mammalian species over the past decade. However, to date, very little information is available as to the effects of somatotropin administration on reproduction in the domestic mare. Therefore, the purpose of these experiments was (1) to determine the potential effects (if any) of administration of exogenous equine somatotropin on ovarian follicular development and plasma and follicular fluid hormone concentrations in cyclic and noncyclic mares, (2) to determine the mechanism(s) of action of somatotropin treatment on these parameters in the mare, (3) to develop an efficient …

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A Study On The Relationship Between Eggshell Color, Egg Specific Gravity, And The Cuticle Of The Eggs Of Broiler Breeds, Byron Anthony Connor Dec 1999

A Study On The Relationship Between Eggshell Color, Egg Specific Gravity, And The Cuticle Of The Eggs Of Broiler Breeds, Byron Anthony Connor

Honors Capstones

No abstract provided.

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Lithic Utilization Strategies At The Hoover Site, 16ta5, Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, Josetta A. Leboeuf Dec 1999

Lithic Utilization Strategies At The Hoover Site, 16ta5, Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, Josetta A. Leboeuf

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Lithic artifacts are frequently abundant at many prehistoric sites in the Lower Mississippi Valley and adjacent areas of the Northern Gulf Coast despite limited resources. These assemblages are beginning to receive the attention required to make meaningful interpretation which in turn can be used as comparable data sets. An understanding of the behavior associated with the full range of the reduction process was sought during the study of the lithic materials from the Hoover site (16TA5) near Ponchatoula. Louisiana. This was achieved through observations on raw material procurement. reduction sequences. tool use. maintenance and discard. and how these tools relate …

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