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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
"Post Your Version Here!": Performances In/Of Online, Noncommercial, Video-To-Video Adaptations, Lyndsay Michalik
"Post Your Version Here!": Performances In/Of Online, Noncommercial, Video-To-Video Adaptations, Lyndsay Michalik
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Processes of creative adaptation no longer fit traditional, culturally sanctioned forms, like commercial book-to-film adaptation, or vice versa. Meanwhile, internet users are demonstrating how noncommercial, creative text adaptation using video technology has become an everyday art form, a skill set, a form of communication, and a means of cultural commentary. Internet video adapters physically perform in their own videos and they create videos that work performatively online. Negotiating the slippery spaces between copyright, creativity, and cultural commentary, these creators adapt videos in myriad ways, and find spaces to share their adaptations online, despite (for most) a lack of financial return …
Effect Of Cultivar, Storage, Cooking Method And Tissue Type On The Ascorbic Acid, Thiamin, Riboflavin And Vitamin B6 Content Of Sweetpotato [Ipomoea Batatas (L.)] Lam, Wilmer Anibal Barrera
Effect Of Cultivar, Storage, Cooking Method And Tissue Type On The Ascorbic Acid, Thiamin, Riboflavin And Vitamin B6 Content Of Sweetpotato [Ipomoea Batatas (L.)] Lam, Wilmer Anibal Barrera
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The effect of cultivar, curing, storage, tissue type, and cooking method on the ascorbic acid (AA), thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B6 content of sweetpotato was determined. A simplified and sensitive reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methodology was developed for the simultaneous determination of thiamin and riboflavin in sweetpotato. Curing of sweetpotatoes did not significantly change the content of AA, thiamin, and vitamin B6, but resulted in a decrease in riboflavin content. Thiamin and riboflavin contents were mostly stable after curing. However, compared to at harvest, storage for 6 months resulted in a decrease in AA content in cultivars 07-146, …
Pah Degradation In Wetland Soils As Influenced By Redox Potential, Haoxuan Zhang
Pah Degradation In Wetland Soils As Influenced By Redox Potential, Haoxuan Zhang
LSU Master's Theses
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a common contaminant in wetland soils. They are a group of compounds widely distributed in the environment and tend to accumulate in soils. Major contribution to removal of PAHs is biological degradation. For investigating the biodegradation potential of PAHs influenced by tidal actions, equipment was built for simulating the tidal actions, and concentrations of phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[e]pyrene were added to the soils samples which were collected from wetland. Experiments were then conducted over 120 days. Redox potentials and PAHs concentrations were measured and analyzed. Results are concluded: 1) influenced by tidal action, phenanthrene, pyrene, …
Synthesis And Characterization Of Novel Polyester Scaffolds From Sugarcane Industry By-Products For Use In Skin And Bone Tissue Engineering, Akanksha Kanitkar
Synthesis And Characterization Of Novel Polyester Scaffolds From Sugarcane Industry By-Products For Use In Skin And Bone Tissue Engineering, Akanksha Kanitkar
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The aim of this work was to synthesize non-toxic, biodegradable polyesters of aconitic acid, cinnamic acid and glycerol from by-products of the sugarcane industry as scaffolds for skin and bone tissue engineering. Utilizing the by-products, molasses and sugarcane bagasse, not only add value to the cane industry, but also paves path for synthesizing novel bio-based materials from the isolated specialty chemicals. Molasses contain an economically recoverable quantity of aconitic acid and its extraction was studied in detail as a part of this work. The yields of recovered aconitic acid varied from 25–69% depending on the extraction conditions. Under all the …
Legacy Phosphorus Implications In The Lake Pontchartrain Estuary Sediment Due To The 2011 Bonnet Carre Spillway Opening, Nhan Thanh Nguyen
Legacy Phosphorus Implications In The Lake Pontchartrain Estuary Sediment Due To The 2011 Bonnet Carre Spillway Opening, Nhan Thanh Nguyen
LSU Master's Theses
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for life and excess P in aquatic systems can trigger algal blooms. Nutrient-rich Mississippi River water is diverted into the Lake Pontchartrain estuary (LPE) periodically through the Bonnet Carré Spillway (BCS) to avoid downstream flooding to the city of New Orleans, Louisiana and can significantly increase the internal P load in the sediment. A sequential P fractionation procedure was performed on sediments collected before the opening and after the closing of the 2011 BCS operation to understand the role of these large river diversions on P dynamics. Before the 2011 BCS opening, 10,368 Mt …
The Visual Novel: Fictional Space And Print After 1900, Michael James Griffin Ii
The Visual Novel: Fictional Space And Print After 1900, Michael James Griffin Ii
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
My dissertation, The Visual Novel: Fictional Space and Print After 1900, examines how and why the novel has assimilated visual mediums—film, art, and the digital—into the genre as a means of adapting to the proliferation of mass media and technology. This project connects a history of the novel (genre) with a history of the book (the genre’s physical form), thereby theorizing and narrating a history of the visual novel. I demonstrate that through fictional space, a critical term used by narratologists and textual studies scholars, visual writing emerges as a hybridized mode of creative composition where we can see most …
Design, Synthesis, And Antibacterial Properties Of Dual-Ligand Inhibitors Of Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase And Mechanism Of Action For The Antibacterial Agent Moiramide B, Molly Anne Silvers
Design, Synthesis, And Antibacterial Properties Of Dual-Ligand Inhibitors Of Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase And Mechanism Of Action For The Antibacterial Agent Moiramide B, Molly Anne Silvers
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
An urgent demand for the development of new antibiotics has been created by the increase in clinical cases involving drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. A novel target for antibacterial development is acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in fatty acid synthesis. The bacterial form of the enzyme consists of three proteins: biotin carboxylase, biotin carboxyl carrier protein, and carboxyltransferase. The research presented in this dissertation describes dual-ligand inhibitors incorporating selective inhibitors against biotin carboxylase and carboxyltransferase that were synthesized by covalently attaching them with saturated hydrocarbon linkers containing 7 and 15 carbon atoms. The ability to inhibit …
Population Genetic And Hybridization Studies Of Three Bornean Bird Species: Mountain Black-Eye (Chlorocharis Emiliae), White-Rumped Shama (Copsychus Malabaricus), And Oriental Magpie-Robin (Copsychus Saularis), Dency Flenny Anak Augustine Gawin Gawin
Population Genetic And Hybridization Studies Of Three Bornean Bird Species: Mountain Black-Eye (Chlorocharis Emiliae), White-Rumped Shama (Copsychus Malabaricus), And Oriental Magpie-Robin (Copsychus Saularis), Dency Flenny Anak Augustine Gawin Gawin
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Mountain Black-eye (Chlorocharis emiliae), Oriental Magpie-Robin (Copsychus saularis) and White-rumped Shama (C. malabaricus) are Bornean passerines with different population dynamics. To determine the effect of these differences on their population structures, I examined mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological characters of populations within each species in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia. Chlorocharis is a white-eye (Zosteropidae), endemic to Borneo, with a unique “sky island” distribution. Molecular and previously obtained morphological data support its traditional division into at least three subspecies. An unexpected result of my comparisons was a marked genetic subdivision between its Sabah and Sarawak populations. C. malabaricus and C. saularis …
Teaching Strategies For Proof Based Geometry, Kristina Marie Chaves
Teaching Strategies For Proof Based Geometry, Kristina Marie Chaves
LSU Master's Theses
This study aims is to discover the best methods for geometry students to master proof writing. Students who are taught how to write proofs in a traditional setting find proofs to be very difficult - struggling throughout the school year writing proofs on their own. Studies have been conducted regarding the use of dynamic geometry software in proof writing. To further study the effects of proof writing using dynamic geometry software, forty-eight freshmen students enrolled in an honors geometry course at a high performing suburban high school in Louisiana were given several proofs to complete, along with self-reflection surveys. During …
Body Language: Pain In Victorian Literature, Laura Jane Faulk
Body Language: Pain In Victorian Literature, Laura Jane Faulk
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
“Body Language: Pain in Victorian Literature” argues that Victorian authors use the readable sign system of the body and pain to emphasize their characters’ physical features to the reader. As characters physically manifest emotions or experience violence, their appearances change, and these differences depend on physical descriptions. Marks on the body give it texture and depth, creating a layering that encourages the reader to envision and remember it. Character interactions, particularly when they read others’ somatic signs and experience or cause brutality, further flesh out characters, emphasizing their physical presences in the reader’s mind. The somatic sign system depends upon …
The Impact Of Virtual Simulations On Student Comprehension Of Mechanics, Ann Sanchez Couch
The Impact Of Virtual Simulations On Student Comprehension Of Mechanics, Ann Sanchez Couch
LSU Master's Theses
The use of technology in classrooms has become an increasing trend throughout all levels of education. Often times, teachers are left to figure out how to incorporate the many different types of available technologies into their lessons. This study examines the use of one specific type of technology in the classroom: computer simulations, specifically the impact of virtual lab simulations on student understanding of mechanics concepts. In this study, the experimental group and the control group received identical instruction in the form of lectures, practice problems, homework, and tests. The difference between the two groups was the use of virtual …
Audio-Based Visualization Of Expressive Body Movements In Music Performance: An Evaluation Of Methodology In Three Electroacoustic Compositions, Yeamin Oh
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
An increase in collaboration amongst visual artists, performance artists, musicians, and programmers has given rise to the exploration of multimedia performance arts. A methodology for audio-based visualization has been created that integrates the information of sound with the visualization of physical expressions, with the goal of magnifying the expressiveness of the performance. The emphasis is placed on exalting the music by using the audio to affect and enhance the video processing, while the video does not affect the audio at all. In this sense the music is considered to be autonomous of the video. The audio-based visualization can provide the …
Programming Generalization : The Use Of Sufficient Exemplars Within A Discrete Trial Training Early Intervention Program For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Carolyn Barahona
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Discrete Trial Training (DTT), a skill acquisition paradigm using Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) principles, is an empirically validated early intervention method for children with ASD. However, one disadvantage of this treatment is its highly structured method that hinders generalization. Since generalization is essential for independence and overall functioning in children with ASD, programming for generalized behavior change is an important treatment component. Training sufficient exemplars is one generalization programming technique that has led to the transfer of skills across several stimulus contexts. Very few scientific investigations have evaluated the use of sufficient exemplars within a DTT format. Experiment 1 evaluated …
The Physiological Effects Of Resistant Starch On Obesity And Diabetes, Felicia Robin Goldsmith
The Physiological Effects Of Resistant Starch On Obesity And Diabetes, Felicia Robin Goldsmith
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Three studies were performed to determine the effects of RS on body weight and adiposity in HF DIO, diabetic C57BL/6J and GLP-1 receptor KO mice as well as genetically obese ZDF rats. The first study was a dose-response experiment for HM260 (0, 15, or 28 g/100 g diet) against the anti-diabetes drug SG (Januvia®) (0 or 0.4 g/100 g diet) in HF DIO C57BL/6J (n=55) mice injected with STZ in order to assess synergy. The most effective combination was used in the second study, the purpose of which was to determine the mechanistic importance of GLP-1 in GLP-1R KO (n=25) …
The Role Of Viral Glycoproteins And Tegument Proteins In Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Cytoplasmic Virion Envelopment, Dmitry Vladimirovich Chouljenko
The Role Of Viral Glycoproteins And Tegument Proteins In Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Cytoplasmic Virion Envelopment, Dmitry Vladimirovich Chouljenko
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous neurotropic alphaherpesvirus transmitted by contact with mucocutaneous surfaces of infected individuals. HSV-1 enters the host by fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell plasma membrane, followed by translocation of the viral capsids to the nucleus where viral DNA is injected into the host cell nucleus to initiate viral replication. To generate infectious virions, newly assembled capsids travel to the cytoplasm and undergo a process called secondary envelopment by budding into cytoplasmic vesicles derived from the trans-Golgi network. Cytoplasmic envelopment is a complex process involving interactions between a multitude of …
Regulation Of Oocyte Meiotic Resumption Using Camp Modulators In Bovine In Vitro Maturation, Sarah Farmer
Regulation Of Oocyte Meiotic Resumption Using Camp Modulators In Bovine In Vitro Maturation, Sarah Farmer
LSU Master's Theses
In vitro maturation (IVM) is a reproductive technique critical to in vitro embryo production (IVP) in commercial livestock industries, research, and human infertility treatment. Currently, IVP has low efficiency due to an inadequate IVM system in which premature meiotic resumption results in low oocyte viability. Meiotic arrest is regulated primarily by 3’,5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and the most successful methods of improving IVM utilize cAMP modulators to maintain high intra-oocyte cAMP, delaying the onset of maturation. This thesis includes experiments comparing standard bovine IVM to a novel extended IVM method similar to the procedure described by Albuz and colleagues (Albuz …
Impacts Of Feeding Baleage To Beef Calves During The Backgrounding Period, Rachel Morgan Martin
Impacts Of Feeding Baleage To Beef Calves During The Backgrounding Period, Rachel Morgan Martin
LSU Master's Theses
Two hundred forty beef calves (BW = 217 ± 20.6 kg) were used to evaluate performance, blood metabolites, and rumen development from feeding bermudagrass or ryegrass and rye baleage. Calves were stratified by BW, sex, and breed and assigned to one of 12 paddocks (0.40 ha each) with 4 treatment diets and fed for a 60 d backgrounding period. Diets included: early boot stage bermudagrass hay, (BERH); early boot stage ryegrass and rye baleage (ERRG); late bloom stage ryegrass and rye baleage, (LRRG); and early boot stage bermudagrass baleage, (BERB). Calves on BERH, LRRG, and BERB had free choice access …
Reductive Alkylation Of Proteins Towards Structural And Biological Applications, Kevin Jerome Roberson
Reductive Alkylation Of Proteins Towards Structural And Biological Applications, Kevin Jerome Roberson
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a proven technique for protein structure and dynamic studies, typically requiring the incorporation of stable magnetic isotopes to improve sensitivity and assign resonances. Degenerate levels of 13C-incorporation have been the biggest obstacle for mass spectrometry-assisted assignment of 13C-dimethylamine resonances in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Reductive 13C-methylation is an alternative labeling method for proteins not amenable to bacterial host overexpression. Because reductive 13C-methylation adds sparse, isotopic labels, traditional methods of assigning the NMR signals are not applicable. The research presented in the first part of this dissertation explores several methods used to break the …
Animal Scavenging On Human Skeletal Remains In The Southwest United States: A Preliminary Model, Maximilian Hiram Cantu
Animal Scavenging On Human Skeletal Remains In The Southwest United States: A Preliminary Model, Maximilian Hiram Cantu
LSU Master's Theses
Animal scavenging is a major taphonomic process responsible for damage to bone and alternations to postmortem interval estimates. Despite the significant implications animals can have on altering forensics cases, extensive research on animal scavenging has yet to be done. The most notable research on animal scavenging comes from Haglund . Haglund’s extensive research in the Pacific Northwest led him to create a model for the sequence in which animals scavenge and disarticulate a human body after death. The major goal of my research was to apply Haglund’s model to 60 southern Arizona cases in order to see if animals scavenge …
An Analysis Of Osteoarthritis Of The Upper Limbs In The Tchefuncte Site (16st1), Mallory Baldridge
An Analysis Of Osteoarthritis Of The Upper Limbs In The Tchefuncte Site (16st1), Mallory Baldridge
LSU Master's Theses
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disorder of the synovial joints which is frequently linked to activity and age, as well as numerous other etiologies. In particular, osteoarthritis of the shoulder is often shown to correlate with age, while osteoarthritis of the elbow is often shown to correlate with physical activity. The presence and pattern of osteoarthritis has been investigated in numerous Native American populations, but to date, its presence has not been investigated in the skeletal collection from the Tchefuncte site (16ST1), a Tchula Period shell midden site in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. Osteoarthritis of the upper limbs is examined in …
Leptin Regulates Nutrient Reward Via Galanin And Orexin Neurons, Amanda Laque
Leptin Regulates Nutrient Reward Via Galanin And Orexin Neurons, Amanda Laque
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Obesity has become a widespread concern to human health largely over the past three decades. It is thought that obesity is associated with the over consumption of calorically dense diets. The rewarding value of food is mediated through the mesolimbic dopamine system, though is less understood how appetitive control circuits relay information to existing reward circuitry. The adiposity signaling hormone, leptin, is a critical mediator of food intake and fat storage. Leptin signaling, via the long form of the leptin receptor (LepRb), is predominantly carried out within the hypothalamus. Leptin action specific to the lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) modulates reward …
Antioxidant Activities And Phenolic Acids In Different Raw And Boiled Potatoes And Sweet Potatoes, Ya Gao
Antioxidant Activities And Phenolic Acids In Different Raw And Boiled Potatoes And Sweet Potatoes, Ya Gao
LSU Master's Theses
Antioxidants have attracted great interests from food industries and scientists in recent years, because they have the capacity to reduce the harmful oxidation reaction in human body. Phenolic compounds are the common antioxidants that are widely found in fruits and vegetables. In this study, three varieties of potatoes and four varieties of sweet potatoes were used to examine the profiles and contents of phenolics in the raw and boiled potatoes and sweet potatoes. The Red Garnet Sweet Potato (RGSP) was the richest in phenolic content and selected to study the changes of free phenolics, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity …
A Case Study Analysis Of Web 2.0 Technology Use In Higher Education: Effects Of Using A Wiki On Outcomes And Attitudes In Legal Education, Patrick Allan Smith
A Case Study Analysis Of Web 2.0 Technology Use In Higher Education: Effects Of Using A Wiki On Outcomes And Attitudes In Legal Education, Patrick Allan Smith
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Using a case study methodology with descriptive and qualitative techniques at a major law school in the South, this research study explored factors that contribute to the perceived pedagogical value of wiki technology in legal education, as well as attitudes and perceptions of law faculty and students regarding the effectiveness of using wikis as a productivity tool for improving outcomes in authentic group activities in a collaborative environment in legal education. This study also explored the dynamics of the interactions that occurred among users while utilizing wiki technology over a 6-week period. The results suggest that law students exhibit a …
Biogeochemical Controls On Biodegradation Of Mc252 Crude Oil In Coastal Wetland Systems, Matthew Paul Rodrigue
Biogeochemical Controls On Biodegradation Of Mc252 Crude Oil In Coastal Wetland Systems, Matthew Paul Rodrigue
LSU Master's Theses
Weathering of MC252 oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill is taking place in coastal Louisiana marsh and mangrove wetland systems. Alkylated phenanthrenes and dibenzothiophenes, which are the most prominent PAHs found at MC252 contaminated sites, are weathering at rates up to 5% per year relative to alkylated chrysenes 3 years after initial oiling. Flux chambers at marsh locations trapped CO2 that exhibited δ13C signatures lower than indigenous organic matter signifying hydrocarbon mineralization to CO2. Weathering rates at each of these locations are heavily influenced by the biogeochemistry of the surrounding environment. High-resolution nutrient profiles were obtained at different locations …
The Feasibility Of Creating A 3d Digital Skeletal Collection For Research Purposes And Museum Use, Karen Leigh Beebe
The Feasibility Of Creating A 3d Digital Skeletal Collection For Research Purposes And Museum Use, Karen Leigh Beebe
LSU Master's Theses
3D scanners offer many advantages to scientists and museum curators, such as a permanent digital archival record of the scanned object, the non-intrusive nature of 3D laser surface scanning, the ability to create and share a digital collection with other researchers, and the portability of recent scanners. With the purpose of determining the feasibility of creating a 3D research collection in mind, I have scanned and studied skeletal material from Wild Cane Cay and Moho Cay, Belize. I explore how the 3D model compares to the physical bone and the significance of 3D imaging to the anthropological community.
Examining The Psychometrics Of The Psychopathology Inventory For Mentally Retarded Adults-Ii For Adults With Mild And Moderate Intellectual Disabilities, Brian Christopher Belva
Examining The Psychometrics Of The Psychopathology Inventory For Mentally Retarded Adults-Ii For Adults With Mild And Moderate Intellectual Disabilities, Brian Christopher Belva
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
With growing recognition of the occurrence of psychological disorders in individuals with intellectual disability (ID), researchers and clinicians alike have placed emphasis on developing measures to assess for psychopathologies in this population. Despite an increased interest in the topic, there is still a dearth of psychometrically robust measures available to assess for psychopathology in adults with mild and moderate ID. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a revised measure for psychopathology in individuals with mild and moderate ID, the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults – Second Edition (PIMRA-II). Internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and …
The Effect Of Habituation And Changes In Cognition On Anxious Children's Performance On The Wisc-Iv, Franziska Noack
The Effect Of Habituation And Changes In Cognition On Anxious Children's Performance On The Wisc-Iv, Franziska Noack
LSU Master's Theses
Researchers have shown that children with anxiety disorders perform worse on intelligence tests than children with no diagnosable disorders. At this point, two theories have been put forth to describe the direction of this relationship: anxiety results in lowered test performance, and underlying cognitive deficits result in the development of anxiety. Lowered test performance as a result of anxiety may either be due to attention-deficits due to state anxiety or anxiety-elicited difficulties with long-term retention and learning. The purpose of this study was to further examine the first theory: that clinical levels of anxiety can hamper intelligence test performance in …
Does The Timing Of Feedback Affect Student Learning?, Tamara J. Hebert
Does The Timing Of Feedback Affect Student Learning?, Tamara J. Hebert
LSU Master's Theses
Online homework is becoming a common type of assignment for math courses in secondary and post-secondary schools in the U.S. This study attempts to determine whether in this setting immediate feedback offers any advantage over delayed feedback in promoting learning gains in high school math. To this end, a study involving two comparable groups of students was performed, one group receiving immediate and the other delayed feedback. Both groups received their feedback in a computer-assisted environment. No significant difference in achievement between the two feedback groups was found.
Comparison Of Immune Responses During Gastrointestinal Helminth Self-Cure Expulsion Between Resistant Gulf Coast Native And Susceptible Suffolk Sheep, Javier Jesus Garza
Comparison Of Immune Responses During Gastrointestinal Helminth Self-Cure Expulsion Between Resistant Gulf Coast Native And Susceptible Suffolk Sheep, Javier Jesus Garza
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The immune response to the self-cure phenomenon seen during gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasitism of small ruminants was compared between sheep breeds that are resistant or susceptible to Haemonchus contortus infection. Fifty-four Gulf Coast Native (resistant) and Suffolk (susceptible) lambs were allowed to acquire a natural GIN infection on pasture and were then randomly allocated into 4 groups. After being moved to parasite free housing for 2 months, lambs were given a challenge infection of 20,000 H. contortus L3. Fecal egg counts (FEC) were monitored throughout the study and animals were necropsied at 0, 1, 3, and 7 days post infection …
Avian Biogeography And Conservation In Eastern Indonesia, John C. Mittermeier
Avian Biogeography And Conservation In Eastern Indonesia, John C. Mittermeier
LSU Master's Theses
Evaluating the conservation status of threatened species requires a sequential process of 1) taxonomic classification, 2) distributional mapping, and 3) evaluation of species according to criteria established by the IUCN Red List. Knowledge gaps in the first two phases of this process have been termed the Linnaean and Wallacean Shortfalls, respectively. The Indonesian archipelago is one of the most biologically diverse areas of the planet, as well as one of the most threatened and poorly studied, and the Linnaean and Wallacean Shortfalls pose substantial challenges for conservation in the region. Here I address each of the three stages of categorizing …