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An Irrational Oversight: Applying The Plra's Fee Restrictions To Collateral Prisoner Litigation, Walker Newell Dec 2011

An Irrational Oversight: Applying The Plra's Fee Restrictions To Collateral Prisoner Litigation, Walker Newell

City University of New York Law Review

The Federal Prison Litigation Reform Act precludes prisoners from filing lawsuits in forma pauperis and imposes significant limitations on the recovery of attorney’s fees. Many states have followed the lead of Congress by prohibiting their courts from waiving filing fees in prisoner cases. The federal fee provisions have withstood a barrage of constitutional challenges, with courts uniformly holding that the provisions are rationally related to a legitimate government interest in deterring frivolous inmate litigation. Many courts, however, apply these fee restrictions in a manner that cannot be justified by the analysis generally supporting the constitutionality of the provisions. In both …

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Biosensors For Brain Trauma And Dual Laser Doppler Flowmetry: Enoxaparin Simultaneously Reduces Stroke-Induced Dopamine And Blood Flow While Enhancing Serotonin And Blood Flow In Motor Neurons Of Brain, In Vivo, Patricia A. Broderick, Edwin H. Kolodny Dec 2011

Biosensors For Brain Trauma And Dual Laser Doppler Flowmetry: Enoxaparin Simultaneously Reduces Stroke-Induced Dopamine And Blood Flow While Enhancing Serotonin And Blood Flow In Motor Neurons Of Brain, In Vivo, Patricia A. Broderick, Edwin H. Kolodny

Publications and Research

Neuromolecular Imaging (NMI) based on adsorptive electrochemistry, combined with Dual Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) is presented herein to investigate the brain neurochemistry affected by enoxaparin (Lovenox®), an antiplatelet/antithrombotic medication for stroke victims. NMI with miniature biosensors enables neurotransmitter and neuropeptide (NT) imaging; each NT is imaged with a response time in milliseconds. A semiderivative electronic reduction circuit images several NT’s selectively and separately within a response time of minutes. Spatial resolution of NMI biosensors is in the range of nanomicrons and electrochemically-induced current ranges are in pico- and nano-amperes. Simultaneously with NMI, the LDF technology presented herein operates on line …

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The Murine Caecal Microrna Signature Depends On The Presence Of The Endogenous Microbiota, Natasha Singh, Elize A. Shirdel, Levi Waldron, Regan-Heng Zhang, Igor Jurisica, Elena M. Comelli Dec 2011

The Murine Caecal Microrna Signature Depends On The Presence Of The Endogenous Microbiota, Natasha Singh, Elize A. Shirdel, Levi Waldron, Regan-Heng Zhang, Igor Jurisica, Elena M. Comelli

Publications and Research

The intestinal messenger RNA expression signature is affected by the presence and compo-sition of the endogenous microbiota, with effects on host physiology. The intestine is also characterized by a distinctive micronome. However, it is not known if microbes also impact intestinal gene expression epigenetically. We investigated if the murine caecal microRNA expression signature depends on the presence of the microbiota, and the potential implica-tions of this interaction on intestinal barrier function. Three hundred and thirty four mi-croRNAs were detectable in the caecum of germ-free and conventional male mice and 16 were differentially expressed, with samples from the two groups clustering …

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Attention And Olfactory Consciousness, Andreas Keller Dec 2011

Attention And Olfactory Consciousness, Andreas Keller

Publications and Research

Understanding the relation between attention and consciousness is an important part of our understanding of consciousness. Attention, unlike consciousness, can be systematically manipulated in psychophysical experiments and a law-like relation between attention and consciousness is waiting to be discovered. Most attempts to discover the nature of this relation are focused on a special type of attention: spatial visual attention. In this review I want to introduce another type of attention to the discussion: attention to the olfactory modality. I will first clarify the position of attention to smells in a general taxonomy of attention. I will then review the mechanisms …

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The Evolution And Diversity Of Dna Transposons In The Genome Of The Lizard Anolis Carolinensis, Peter A. Novick, Jeremy D. Smith, Mark Floumanhaft, David A. Ray, Stéphane Boissinot Dec 2011

The Evolution And Diversity Of Dna Transposons In The Genome Of The Lizard Anolis Carolinensis, Peter A. Novick, Jeremy D. Smith, Mark Floumanhaft, David A. Ray, Stéphane Boissinot

Publications and Research

DNA transposons have considerably affected the size and structure of eukaryotic genomes and have been an important source of evolutionary novelties. In vertebrates, DNA transposons are discontinuously distributed due to the frequent extinction and recolonization of these genomes by active elements. We performed a detailed analysis of the DNA transposons in the genome of the lizard Anolis carolinensis, the first non-avian reptile to have its genome sequenced. Elements belonging to six of the previously recognized superfamilies of elements (hAT, Tc1/Mariner, Helitron, PIF/Harbinger, Polinton/Maverick, and Chapaev) were identified. However, only four (hAT, Tc1/Mariner, Helitron, and Chapaev) of these superfamilies have successfully …

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College Senate Minutes December 1, 2011, Bronx Community College Senate Dec 2011

College Senate Minutes December 1, 2011, Bronx Community College Senate

BCC Governance Archives

Minutes for the meeting of the College Senate on December 1, 2011.

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Multiple Sclerosis Is Not A Disease Of The Immune System, Angelique Corthals Dec 2011

Multiple Sclerosis Is Not A Disease Of The Immune System, Angelique Corthals

Publications and Research

Multiple sclerosis is a complex neurodegenerative disease, thought to arise through autoimmunity against antigens of the central nervous system. The autoimmunity hypothesis fails to explain why genetic and environmental risk factors linked to the disease in one population tend to be unimportant in other populations. Despite great advances in documenting the cell and molecular mechanisms underlying MS pathophysiology, the autoimmunity framework has also been unable to develop a comprehensive explanation of the etiology of the disease. I propose a new framework for understanding MS as a dysfunction of the metabolism of lipids. Specifically, the homeostasis of lipid metabolism collapses during …

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Impaired Structural Connectivity Of Socio-Emotional Circuits In Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study, Stephanie H. Ameis, Jin Fan, Conrad Rockel, Aristotle N. Voineskos, Nancy J. Lobaugh, Latha Soorya, A. Ting Wang, Eric Hollander, Evdokia Anagnostou Nov 2011

Impaired Structural Connectivity Of Socio-Emotional Circuits In Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study, Stephanie H. Ameis, Jin Fan, Conrad Rockel, Aristotle N. Voineskos, Nancy J. Lobaugh, Latha Soorya, A. Ting Wang, Eric Hollander, Evdokia Anagnostou

Publications and Research

Background Abnormal white matter development may disrupt integration within neural circuits, causing particular impairments in higher-order behaviours. In autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), white matter alterations may contribute to characteristic deficits in complex socio-emotional and communication domains. Here, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tract based spatial statistics (TBSS) to evaluate white matter microstructure in ASD. Methods/Principal Findings DTI scans were acquired for 19 children and adolescents with ASD (∼8–18 years; mean 12.4±3.1) and 16 age and IQ matched controls (∼8–18 years; mean 12.3±3.6) on a 3T MRI system. DTI values for fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity and axial …

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Phylogenomics Of Reichenowia Parasitica, An Alphaproteobacterial Endosymbiont Of The Freshwater Leech Placobdella Parasitica, Sebastian Kvist, Apurva Narechania, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Bella Fuks, Mark E. Siddall Nov 2011

Phylogenomics Of Reichenowia Parasitica, An Alphaproteobacterial Endosymbiont Of The Freshwater Leech Placobdella Parasitica, Sebastian Kvist, Apurva Narechania, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Bella Fuks, Mark E. Siddall

Publications and Research

Although several commensal alphaproteobacteria form close relationships with plant hosts where they aid in (e.g.,) nitrogen fixation and nodulation, only a few inhabit animal hosts. Among these, Reichenowia picta, R. ornata and R. parasitica, are currently the only known mutualistic, alphaproteobacterial endosymbionts to inhabit leeches. These bacteria are harbored in the epithelial cells of the mycetomal structures of their freshwater leech hosts, Placobdella spp., and these structures have no other obvious function than housing bacterial symbionts. However, the function of the bacterial symbionts has remained unclear. Here, we focused both on exploring the genomic makeup of R. parasitica and on …

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Developing A Community-Based Genetic Nomenclature For Anole Lizards, Kenro Kusumi, Rob J. Kulathinal, Arhat Abzhanov, Stéphane Boissinot, Nicholas G. Crawford, Brant C. Faircloth, Travis C. Glenn, Daniel E. Janes, Jonathan B. Losos, Douglas B. Menke, Steven Poe, Thomas J. Sanger, Christopher J. Schneider, Jessica Stapley, Juli Wade, Jeanne Wilson-Rawls Nov 2011

Developing A Community-Based Genetic Nomenclature For Anole Lizards, Kenro Kusumi, Rob J. Kulathinal, Arhat Abzhanov, Stéphane Boissinot, Nicholas G. Crawford, Brant C. Faircloth, Travis C. Glenn, Daniel E. Janes, Jonathan B. Losos, Douglas B. Menke, Steven Poe, Thomas J. Sanger, Christopher J. Schneider, Jessica Stapley, Juli Wade, Jeanne Wilson-Rawls

Publications and Research

Background Comparative studies of amniotes have been hindered by a dearth of reptilian molecular sequences. With the genomic assembly of the green anole, Anolis carolinensis available, non-avian reptilian genes can now be compared to mammalian, avian, and amphibian homologs. Furthermore, with more than 350 extant species in the genus Anolis, anoles are an unparalleled example of tetrapod genetic diversity and divergence. As an important ecological, genetic and now genomic reference, it is imperative to develop a standardized Anolis gene nomenclature alongside associated vocabularies and other useful metrics. Results Here we report the formation of the Anolis Gene Nomenclature Committee (AGNC) …

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Progesterone-Induced Changes In The Phosphoryl Potential During The Meiotic Divisions In Amphibian Oocytes: Role Of Na/K-Atpase, Gene A. Morrill, Terry L. Dowd, Adele B. Kostellow, Raj K. Gupta Nov 2011

Progesterone-Induced Changes In The Phosphoryl Potential During The Meiotic Divisions In Amphibian Oocytes: Role Of Na/K-Atpase, Gene A. Morrill, Terry L. Dowd, Adele B. Kostellow, Raj K. Gupta

Publications and Research

Background Progesterone triggers resumption of the first meiotic division in the Rana pipiens oocyte by binding to the N-terminal external loop of the catalytic subunit of Na/K-ATPase, releasing a cascade of lipid second messengers. This is followed by internalization of specific membrane proteins, plasma membrane depolarization and nuclear membrane breakdown, culminating in arrest at second metaphase. Results Progesterone initiates an increase in phosphoryl potential during the first meiotic division, resulting in the accumulation of high energy protein phosphate by second metaphase arrest. 31P-NMR, with saturation transfer, demonstrates that the phosphocreatine level rises ~2 fold and that the "pseudo" first order …

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Cervical Remodeling/Ripening At Term And Preterm Delivery: The Same Mechanism Initiated By Different Mediators And Different Effector Cells, Juan M. Gonzalez, Zhong Dong, Roberto Romero, Guillermina Girardi Nov 2011

Cervical Remodeling/Ripening At Term And Preterm Delivery: The Same Mechanism Initiated By Different Mediators And Different Effector Cells, Juan M. Gonzalez, Zhong Dong, Roberto Romero, Guillermina Girardi

Publications and Research

Background Premature cervical remodeling/ripening is believed to contribute to preterm delivery (PTD), the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite considerable research, the causes of term and PTD remain unclear, and there is no effective treatment for PTD. We previously demonstrated that complement activation plays a causative role in cervical remodeling that leads to PTD in mice. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we found that complement activation is not required for the physiological process that leads to term delivery in mice. Neither increased C3 cervical deposition nor increased C3a and C5a serum levels were observed at term. In addition, macrophages infiltration …

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Migration And Invasion Of Brain Tumors, Richard A. Able, Jr., Veronica Dudu, Maribel Vazquez Nov 2011

Migration And Invasion Of Brain Tumors, Richard A. Able, Jr., Veronica Dudu, Maribel Vazquez

Publications and Research

Recent advances in molecular biology have led to new insights in the development, growth and infiltrative behaviors of primary brain tumors (Demuth and Berens, 2004; Huse and Holland, 2010; Johnson et al., 2009; Kanu et al., 2009). These tumors are derived from various brain cell lineages and have been historically classified on the basis of morphological and, more recently, immunohistochemical features with less emphasis on their underlying molecular pathogenesis (Huse and Holland, 2010). The detailed molecular characterization of brain tumors has laid the groundwork for augmentation of standard treatment with patient-specific designed targeted therapies (Johnson et al., 2009; Kanu et …

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Towards A Metatheory Of Budgeting, Dan Williams, Thad D. Calabrese Nov 2011

Towards A Metatheory Of Budgeting, Dan Williams, Thad D. Calabrese

Publications and Research

In this paper. we suggest that many budget theories actually are about appropriating and not about budgeting. We trace this development back to the classic budgeting question posed by V.O. Keys in 1940. To clarify the issue, we examine early normative theories of budgeting, and apply many contemporary theories about budgeting to the budgeting process advocated for in this early work. By analyzing current theories, we show that budget theories are, in many cases, simply focused on parts of the budget process or on the role of techniques in decision making. Our analyses suggest that rather than theories competing with …

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Little Ecological Divergence Associated With Speciation In Two African Rain Forest Tree Genera, Thomas Lp Couvreur, Holly Porter-Morgan, Jan J. Wieringa, Lars W. Chatrou Oct 2011

Little Ecological Divergence Associated With Speciation In Two African Rain Forest Tree Genera, Thomas Lp Couvreur, Holly Porter-Morgan, Jan J. Wieringa, Lars W. Chatrou

Publications and Research

Background The tropical rain forests (TRF) of Africa are the second largest block of this biome after the Amazon and exhibit high levels of plant endemism and diversity. Two main hypotheses have been advanced to explain speciation processes that have led to this high level of biodiversity: allopatric speciation linked to geographic isolation and ecological speciation linked to ecological gradients. Both these hypotheses rely on ecology: in the former conservation of ecological niches through time is implied, while in the latter adaptation via selection to alternative ecological niches would be a prerequisite. Here, we investigate the role of ecology in …

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Classified Information: The Newsletter Of The Lloyd Sealy Library, Lloyd Sealy Library, Cuny John Jay College Of Criminal Justice Oct 2011

Classified Information: The Newsletter Of The Lloyd Sealy Library, Lloyd Sealy Library, Cuny John Jay College Of Criminal Justice

Reports and Publications from John Jay College

Classified Information was a publication that informed the College about Library services, personnel, upcoming events, new technologies, and available resources.

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Was The Black Death In India And China?, George D. Sussman Oct 2011

Was The Black Death In India And China?, George D. Sussman

Publications and Research

Firsthand accounts of the Black Death in Europe and the Middle East and many subsequent historians have assumed that the pandemic originated in Asia and ravaged China and India before reaching the West. One reason for this conviction among modern historians is that the plague in the nineteenth century originated and did its worst damage in these countries. But a close examination of the sources on the Delhi Sultanate and the Yuan Dynasty provides no evidence of any serious epidemic in fourteenth-century India and no specific evidence of plague among the many troubles that afflicted fourteenth-century China.

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The September 11 Digital Archive, Stephen Brier, Joshua Brown Oct 2011

The September 11 Digital Archive, Stephen Brier, Joshua Brown

Publications and Research

This article focuses on the creation and subsequent development of the September 11 Digital Archive (www.911digitalarchive.org), currently one of the largest digital repositories of historical materials on the September 11 attacks. The article reflects on archival and methodological questions and on issues raised by the efforts of staff members at the Center for History and New Media (CHNM) at George Mason University and at the American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning (ASHP) at the City University of New York Graduate Center to preserve and present via the Internet digital resources related to the epochal events of …

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Unbound (Bioavailable) Igf1 Enhances Somatic Growth, Sebastien Elis, Yingjie Wu, Hayden-William Courtland, Dara Cannata, Hui Sun, Mordechay Beth-On, Chengyu Liu, Hector Jasper, Horacio Domené, Liliana Karabatas, Clara Guida, Jelena Basta-Pljakic, Luis Cardoso, Clifford J. Rosen, Jan Frystyk, Shoshana Yakar Sep 2011

Unbound (Bioavailable) Igf1 Enhances Somatic Growth, Sebastien Elis, Yingjie Wu, Hayden-William Courtland, Dara Cannata, Hui Sun, Mordechay Beth-On, Chengyu Liu, Hector Jasper, Horacio Domené, Liliana Karabatas, Clara Guida, Jelena Basta-Pljakic, Luis Cardoso, Clifford J. Rosen, Jan Frystyk, Shoshana Yakar

Publications and Research

SUMMARY Understanding insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) biology is of particular importance because, apart from its role in mediating growth, it plays key roles in cellular transformation, organ regeneration, immune function, development of the musculoskeletal system and aging. IGF1 bioactivity is modulated by its binding to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and the acid labile subunit (ALS), which are present in serum and tissues. To determine whether IGF1 binding to IGFBPs is necessary to facilitate normal growth and development, we used a gene-targeting approach and generated two novel knock-in mouse models of mutated IGF1, in which the native Igf1 gene was replaced by …

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Temporal Sensitivity Changes With Extended Training In A Bisection Task In A Transgenic Rat Model, Bruce L. Brown, Sophie Hohn, Alexis Faure, Stephan Von Horsten, Pascale Le Blanc, Nathalie Desvignes, Nicole El Massioui, Valerie Doyere Sep 2011

Temporal Sensitivity Changes With Extended Training In A Bisection Task In A Transgenic Rat Model, Bruce L. Brown, Sophie Hohn, Alexis Faure, Stephan Von Horsten, Pascale Le Blanc, Nathalie Desvignes, Nicole El Massioui, Valerie Doyere

Publications and Research

The present study investigated temporal perception in a Huntington disease transgenic rat model using a temporal bisection procedure. After initial discrimination training in which animals learned to press one lever after a 2-s tone duration, and the other lever after a 8-s tone duration for food reward, the bisection procedure was implemented in which intermediate durations with no available reinforcement were interspersed with trials with the anchor durations. Bisection tests were repeated in a longitudinal design from 4 to 8 months of age.The results showed that response latencies evolved from a monotonic step-function to an inverted U-shaped function with repeated …

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Prenatal Cocaine Exposure Increases Synaptic Localization Of A Neuronal Rasgef, Grasp-1 Via Hyperphosphorylation Of Ampar Anchoring Protein, Grip, Kalindi Bakshi, Mary Kosciuk, Robert G. Nagele, Eitan Friedman, Hoau-Yan Wang Sep 2011

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure Increases Synaptic Localization Of A Neuronal Rasgef, Grasp-1 Via Hyperphosphorylation Of Ampar Anchoring Protein, Grip, Kalindi Bakshi, Mary Kosciuk, Robert G. Nagele, Eitan Friedman, Hoau-Yan Wang

Publications and Research

Prenatal cocaine exposure causes sustained phosphorylation of the synaptic anchoring protein, glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP1/2), preventing synaptic targeting of the GluR2/3-containing alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs; J. Neurosci. 29: 6308–6319, 2009). Because overexpression of GRIP-associated neuronal rasGEF protein (GRASP-1) specifically reduces the synaptic targeting of AMPARs, we hypothesized that prenatal cocaine exposure enhances GRASP-1 synaptic membrane localization leading to hyper-activation of ras family proteins and heightened actin polymerization. Our results show a markedly increased GRIP1-associated GRASP-1 content with approximately 40% reduction in its rasGEF activity in frontal cortices (FCX) of 21-day-old (P21) prenatal cocaineexposed rats. This cocaine effect …

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Drosophila Insulin And Target Of Rapamycin (Tor) Pathways Regulate Gsk3 Beta Activity To Control Myc Stability And Determine Myc Expression In Vivo, Federica Parisi, Sara Riccardo, Margaret Daniel, Mahesh Saqcena, Nandini Kundu, Annalisa Pession, Daniela Grifoni, Hugo Stocker, Esteban Tabak, Paola Bellosta Sep 2011

Drosophila Insulin And Target Of Rapamycin (Tor) Pathways Regulate Gsk3 Beta Activity To Control Myc Stability And Determine Myc Expression In Vivo, Federica Parisi, Sara Riccardo, Margaret Daniel, Mahesh Saqcena, Nandini Kundu, Annalisa Pession, Daniela Grifoni, Hugo Stocker, Esteban Tabak, Paola Bellosta

Publications and Research

Background Genetic studies in Drosophila melanogaster reveal an important role for Myc in controlling growth. Similar studies have also shown how components of the insulin and target of rapamycin (TOR) pathways are key regulators of growth. Despite a few suggestions that Myc transcriptional activity lies downstream of these pathways, a molecular mechanism linking these signaling pathways to Myc has not been clearly described. Using biochemical and genetic approaches we tried to identify novel mechanisms that control Myc activity upon activation of insulin and TOR signaling pathways. Results Our biochemical studies show that insulin induces Myc protein accumulation in Drosophila S2 …

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Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibition Alters Gene Expression And Improves Isoniazid – Mediated Clearance Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis In Rabbit Lungs, Selvakumar Subbian, Liana Tsenova, Paul O'Brien, Guibin Yang, Mi-Sun Koo, Blas Peixoto, Dorothy Fallows, Veronique Dartois, George Muller, Gilla Kaplan Sep 2011

Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibition Alters Gene Expression And Improves Isoniazid – Mediated Clearance Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis In Rabbit Lungs, Selvakumar Subbian, Liana Tsenova, Paul O'Brien, Guibin Yang, Mi-Sun Koo, Blas Peixoto, Dorothy Fallows, Veronique Dartois, George Muller, Gilla Kaplan

Publications and Research

Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is hampered by the long duration of antibiotic therapy required to achieve cure. This indolent response has been partly attributed to the ability of subpopulations of less metabolically active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to withstand killing by current anti-TB drugs. We have used immune modulation with a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor, CC-3052, that reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by increasing intracellular cAMP in macrophages, to examine the crosstalk between host and pathogen in rabbits with pulmonary TB during treatment with isoniazid (INH). Based on DNA microarray, changes in host gene expression during CC-3052 treatment of Mtb infected …

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The Communicator, September 12, 2011, Bronx Community College Sep 2011

The Communicator, September 12, 2011, Bronx Community College

The Communicator

The Communicator newspaper published on September 12, 2011.

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Differences Between Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense Groups 1 And 2 In Their Resistance To Killing By Trypanolytic Factor 1, Paul Capewell, Nicola J. Veitch, C. Michael R. Turner, Jayne Raper, Matthew Berriman, Stephen L. Hajduk, Annette Macleod Sep 2011

Differences Between Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense Groups 1 And 2 In Their Resistance To Killing By Trypanolytic Factor 1, Paul Capewell, Nicola J. Veitch, C. Michael R. Turner, Jayne Raper, Matthew Berriman, Stephen L. Hajduk, Annette Macleod

Publications and Research

Background: The three sub-species of Trypanosoma brucei are important pathogens of sub-Saharan Africa. T. b. brucei is unable to infect humans due to sensitivity to trypanosome lytic factors (TLF) 1 and 2 found in human serum. T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense are able to resist lysis by TLF. There are two distinct sub-groups of T. b. gambiense that differ genetically and by human serum resistance phenotypes. Group 1 T. b. gambiense have an invariant phenotype whereas group 2 show variable resistance. Previous data indicated that group 1 T. b. gambiense are resistant to TLF-1 due in-part to reduced …

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In The Name Of Citizenship: The Writing Classroom And The Promise Of Citizenship, Amy J. Wan Sep 2011

In The Name Of Citizenship: The Writing Classroom And The Promise Of Citizenship, Amy J. Wan

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.

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Proteases In Malaria Parasites - A Phylogenomic Perspective, Hong Cai, Rui Kuang, Jianying Gu, Yufeng Wang Sep 2011

Proteases In Malaria Parasites - A Phylogenomic Perspective, Hong Cai, Rui Kuang, Jianying Gu, Yufeng Wang

Publications and Research

Malaria continues to be one of the most devastating global health problems due to the high morbidity and mortality it causes in endemic regions. The search for new antimalarial targets is of high priority because of the increasing prevalence of drug resistance in malaria parasites. Malarial proteases constitute a class of promising therapeutic targets as they play important roles in the parasite life cycle and it is possible to design and screen for specific protease inhibitors. In this mini-review, we provide a phylogenomic overview of malarial proteases. An evolutionary perspective on the origin and divergence of these proteases will provide …

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Genomic And Karyotypic Variation In Drosophila Parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Figitidae), Vladimir E. Gokhman, J. Spencer Johnston, Chiyedza Small, Roma Rajwani, Shawn J. Hanrahan, Shubha Govind Aug 2011

Genomic And Karyotypic Variation In Drosophila Parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Figitidae), Vladimir E. Gokhman, J. Spencer Johnston, Chiyedza Small, Roma Rajwani, Shawn J. Hanrahan, Shubha Govind

Publications and Research

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 has served as a model insect for over a century. Sequencing of the 11 additional Drosophila Fallen, 1823 species marks substantial progress in comparative genomics of this genus. By comparison, practically nothing is known about the genome size or genome sequences of parasitic wasps of Drosophila. Here, we present the first comparative analysis of genome size and karyotype structures of Drosophila parasitoids of the Leptopilina Förster, 1869 and Ganaspis Förster, 1869 species. The gametic genome size of Ganaspis xanthopoda (Ashmead, 1896) is larger than those of the three Leptopilina species studied. The genome sizes of …

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Age-Related Deficits In Spatial Memory And Hippocampal Spines In Virgin, Female Fischer 344 Rats, Victoria N. Luine, Maureen E. Wallace, Maya Frankfurt Aug 2011

Age-Related Deficits In Spatial Memory And Hippocampal Spines In Virgin, Female Fischer 344 Rats, Victoria N. Luine, Maureen E. Wallace, Maya Frankfurt

Publications and Research

Effects of aging on memory and brain morphology were examined in aged, 21-month-old, and young, 4-month-old, Fischer 344 female rats. Spatial memory was assessed using the object placement task, and dendritic spine density was determined on pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus following Golgi impregnation. Consistent with previous studies, aged females showed poorer object placement performance than young subjects. Young subjects significantly discriminated the location of objects with a 1.5-hour intertrial delay while aged subjects did not. Spine density of basal dendrites on CA1 pyramidal cells was 16% lower in the aged subjects as compared to the young subjects. No differences …

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Insightful Problem Solving In An Asian Elephant, Preston Foerder, Marie Galloway, Tony Barthel, Donald E. Moore Iii, Diana Reiss Aug 2011

Insightful Problem Solving In An Asian Elephant, Preston Foerder, Marie Galloway, Tony Barthel, Donald E. Moore Iii, Diana Reiss

Publications and Research

The ‘‘aha’’ moment or the sudden arrival of the solution to a problem is a common human experience. Spontaneous problem solving without evident trial and error behavior in humans and other animals has been referred to as insight. Surprisingly, elephants, thought to be highly intelligent, have failed to exhibit insightful problem solving in previous cognitive studies. We tested whether three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) would use sticks or other objects to obtain food items placed out-of-reach and overhead. Without prior trial and error behavior, a 7-year-old male Asian elephant showed spontaneous problem solving by moving a large plastic cube, on …

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