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Pushing The Limits Of Sars-Cov-2 Survival: How Sars-Cov-2 Responds To Quaternary Ammonium Compounds And Wastewater, Benjamin Hawthorne Ogilvie Apr 2021

Pushing The Limits Of Sars-Cov-2 Survival: How Sars-Cov-2 Responds To Quaternary Ammonium Compounds And Wastewater, Benjamin Hawthorne Ogilvie

Theses and Dissertations

SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for the current global pandemic, COVID-19. Because this virus is novel, little is known about its sensitivity to disinfection. In this study, we performed suspension tests against SARS-CoV-2 using three commercially available quaternary ammonium compound (Quat) disinfectants and one laboratory-made 0.2% benzalkonium chloride solution. Three of the four formulations completely inactivated the virus within 15 seconds of contact, even in the presence of a soil load or when diluted in hard water. We conclude that Quats rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2, making them potentially useful for controlling SARS-CoV-2 spread in hospitals and the community. In addition to …


Crashcourse Literature: Public Humanities By Reception, Emma Luthi Price Apr 2021

Crashcourse Literature: Public Humanities By Reception, Emma Luthi Price

Theses and Dissertations

CrashCourse Literature and other educational YouTube videos are essential mechanisms for connecting students and the general public to the humanities. Public humanities projects are in an intellectual tug-of-war between what academia and the diverse developing public want them to be, but that contention can and should be mediated using new media tools like CrashCourse Literature. CrashCourse Literature's emphasis on bringing the reader to the text and the text to the reader, echoes the goals of reception theory. Reception theory focuses on finding meaning in a literary text using the reader's horizon of expectations more than an a traditional, essentialist, "original' …


La Imagen De La Mujer Y La Naturaleza En La Música Vasca En Las Canciones De "Loretxoa" E "Itsasoa Gara", Maider Valdes Huerga Apr 2021

La Imagen De La Mujer Y La Naturaleza En La Música Vasca En Las Canciones De "Loretxoa" E "Itsasoa Gara", Maider Valdes Huerga

Theses and Dissertations

“La imagen de la mujer y la naturaleza en la música vasca” se enfoca en la visión ecocrítica del pueblo vasco presente en su cultura. En este caso, se analizarán dos canciones vascas de la época contemporánea para ello. Este trabajo ha surgido de una gran investigación, tanto por el aspecto ecocrítico como por el cultural. El análisis surge con intención de cubrir ese “vacío” que parece existir en la literatura europea con respecto a la visión ecocrítica de sus sociedades, utilizando la cultura vasca como base. En el trabajo se combinan tanto aspectos ecocríticos como culturales o incluso históricos …


Evolution And Selection: From Suppression Of Metabolic Deficiencies To Bacteriophage Host Range And Resistance, Daniel Kurt Arens Apr 2021

Evolution And Selection: From Suppression Of Metabolic Deficiencies To Bacteriophage Host Range And Resistance, Daniel Kurt Arens

Theses and Dissertations

The evolution and adaptation of microorganisms is so rapid it can be seen in the time frame of days. The root cause for their evolution comes from selective environmental pressures that see organisms with beneficial mutations survive otherwise deadly encounters or outperform members of its population who fail to adapt. This does not always result in strict improvement of the individual as in the case of antibiotic resistant bacteria who often display fitness tradeoffs to avoid death (see Reviews [1-3]). For example, when an ampicillin resistance gene (ampC) containing plasmid that is occasionally found in the wild was transformed into …


Ice Cream Formulation Optimization Using "Consumer-Friendly" Hydrocolloid Stabilizers, Benjamin Todd Woodward Apr 2021

Ice Cream Formulation Optimization Using "Consumer-Friendly" Hydrocolloid Stabilizers, Benjamin Todd Woodward

Theses and Dissertations

Hydrocolloid stabilizers are commonly used in ice cream formulations to provide body and reduce ice crystal growth during storage. We conducted a retail survey of 65 different vanilla ice cream brands and found the majority of manufacturers primarily use 1 or more of 4 different hydrocolloid sources: guar gum, carrageenan, locust and carob bean gum, or cellulose gum or gel. However, many consumers view hydrocolloids as unnatural, and the presence of hydrocolloids on an ingredient declaration may negatively affect purchase intent. Our survey of 705 consumers showed significant differences in purchase intent for vanilla ice cream, based on ingredient declarations …


The Whole Is Greater Than Its Parts: Ensembling Improves Protein Contact Prediction, Wendy M. Billings, Connor J. Morris, Dennis Della Corte Apr 2021

The Whole Is Greater Than Its Parts: Ensembling Improves Protein Contact Prediction, Wendy M. Billings, Connor J. Morris, Dennis Della Corte

Faculty Publications

The prediction of amino acid contacts from protein sequence is an important problem, as protein contacts are a vital step towards the prediction of folded protein structures. We propose that a powerful concept from deep learning, called ensembling, can increase the accuracy of protein contact predictions by combining the outputs of different neural network models. We show that ensembling the predictions made by different groups at the recent Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction (CASP13) outperforms all individual groups. Further, we show that contacts derived from the distance predictions of three additional deep neural networks—AlphaFold, trRosetta, and ProSPr—can be substantially …


Compiler-Assisted Software Fault Tolerance For Bare Metal And Rtos Applications On Embedded Platforms, Benjamin James Apr 2021

Compiler-Assisted Software Fault Tolerance For Bare Metal And Rtos Applications On Embedded Platforms, Benjamin James

Theses and Dissertations

In the presence of ionizing particles and other high-energy atomic sources, many electronic and computer systems fail. Single event upsets (SEUs) can be mitigated through hardware and/or software methods. Previous research at BYU has introduced COAST, a compiler-based tool that can automatically add software protection schemes to improve fault coverage of programs. This thesis will expand on the work already done with the COAST project by proving its effectiveness across multiple platforms and benchmarks. The ability to automatically add fault protection to arbitrary user programs will be very valuable for many application designers. The results presented herein show that mean …


Understanding English Literature And Composition Graduates' Experiences Entering The Workforce Following Graduation, Trina Hansen Harding Apr 2021

Understanding English Literature And Composition Graduates' Experiences Entering The Workforce Following Graduation, Trina Hansen Harding

Theses and Dissertations

As college degrees become more common and the cost of these degrees increases, so does the debate about the worthwhileness and value of a college education, and of specific college degrees. One side of the debate uses statistical data about starting salaries and unemployment rates to claim that degrees within the humanities and liberal arts do not provide a good return on investment while the other side claims that a liberal arts education fosters the broad so-called "soft skills” that employers value most. However, both sides of the debate have neglected the perspectives of the graduates themselves, particularly as they …


A Qualitative Exploration Of Instructional Designers' Transition From Preparation To Practice, Bryan B. Tanner Apr 2021

A Qualitative Exploration Of Instructional Designers' Transition From Preparation To Practice, Bryan B. Tanner

Theses and Dissertations

Much of the recent instructional design (ID) practice research can be parsed into three key categories: ID professionals, ID preparation, and the isolated differences between novice and expert designers (Sugar, 2014). However, not one of these three categories examines the transition experience of ID practitioners from their preparation to practice in the world of business. The purpose of this qualitative study was to gain further understanding of the practical lived experiences of five instructional designers in their first years in the business world as they negotiated different sets of expectations placed upon them. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to …


The Slow Violence Of Eco-Apocalypse In The Poetry Of José Emilio Pacheco, Niels H. Christensen Apr 2021

The Slow Violence Of Eco-Apocalypse In The Poetry Of José Emilio Pacheco, Niels H. Christensen

Theses and Dissertations

Over the course of his fifty-year career, Mexican writer José Emilio Pacheco has almost habitually written poetry about environmental themes especially those related to pollution, extraction, deforestation, and other related themes of destruction. Simultaneously, his work has engaged with questions of temporality, namely the passing of time and the inherent violence of such questions. In this essay, I examine a selection of Pacheco's poetry from the 1970s to the early 2000s, demonstrating Pacheco's marrying of the two concepts: environmental degradation and time. This marriage results in a provocative synthesis of eco-apocalypse, a phenomenon that details a paradoxical end that never …


From Captive To Captor: Hannah Duston And The Indian Removal Act, Olivia Cronquist Apr 2021

From Captive To Captor: Hannah Duston And The Indian Removal Act, Olivia Cronquist

Theses and Dissertations

In 1697 Massachusetts settler Hannah Duston was taken captive by a group of Abenaki Indians. Duston and her companions escaped captivity by using a tomahawk to kill ten of her captors. Within her captivity narrative, Duston inhabits the role of captor rather than captive, providing a literary framework for reading and understanding the process of Indian Removal in the nineteenth century. Like white captives in the early colonial period, Native Americans in the nineteenth century faced pressure to assimilate, forced marches through unfamiliar territory, and acts of shocking violence like the Wounded Knee Massacre. During this time period, the United …


Processing Nihilism: The Struggle For Valuative Supremacy In Javier Marí­As' Berta Isla, Kristen A. Brimhall Apr 2021

Processing Nihilism: The Struggle For Valuative Supremacy In Javier Marí­As' Berta Isla, Kristen A. Brimhall

Theses and Dissertations

Nihilism is a popular and heavily studied topic which is prominently displayed in Javier Marí­as' novel Berta Isla. In this article, both Nietzschean and Heideggerian concepts of nihilism will be identified and analyzed within the context of Marí­­as's novel. Through textual analysis, the origin of nihilism will be explored as it relates to the will to power and valuative schema of the individual. It will be suggested that nihilism stems from valuative thinking induced by the herd-mentality of a community and that the fulfillment of such is the acceptance of absolute truth grounded in being and becoming.


Gravel Liquefaction Assessment With The Dynamic Penetration Test At Non-Liquefaction Sites In Valdez, Alaska And L'Aquila, Italy, Nicholas James Linton Apr 2021

Gravel Liquefaction Assessment With The Dynamic Penetration Test At Non-Liquefaction Sites In Valdez, Alaska And L'Aquila, Italy, Nicholas James Linton

Theses and Dissertations

The development of a reliable, and cost-effective in-situ method for characterizing the liquefaction potential of gravelly soils is a considerable challenge for engineers and researchers. The ability to accurately characterize the liquefaction potential of gravelly soils is an important consideration at port facilities and dams for example. The Dynamic Penetration Test (DPT) provides a reliable and cost-effective method for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of gravelly soils. Probabilistic liquefaction triggering curves based on DPT field data have been developed from data collected at 47 sites in China. However, using the DPT-based liquefaction curves for locations outside of the Chengdu plain in …


"Al This Loude Fare:" The Echo Of Renown In Chaucer's The House Of Fame, Madeline Nicole Anderson Apr 2021

"Al This Loude Fare:" The Echo Of Renown In Chaucer's The House Of Fame, Madeline Nicole Anderson

Theses and Dissertations

This paper approaches The House of Fame through the emerging lens of sound studies and discusses how Chaucer used the developing sonic theories of his day and other literary works as a catalyst for his discussion of fame in his dream vision. Chaucer's poem shows the fragile and uncontrollable characteristics of lasting fame by comparing it to the Boethian metaphor of sound functioning similarly to rippling water. The construction of The House of Fame ultimately becomes an example of this medieval sonic theory as it engages with, incorporates, and echoes themes and ideas from other texts. In exploring the process …


Creating Community For Parents: Faith, Trauma, And Online Talk, Erica Ellsworth Miller Apr 2021

Creating Community For Parents: Faith, Trauma, And Online Talk, Erica Ellsworth Miller

Theses and Dissertations

Childhood trauma and stress can lead to widespread changes in brain function that can lead to lifelong learning and living difficulties and disability that impact parental stress levels. Increasingly, parents are turning to social media to find systems of support. This Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis explores the online talk of 17 participants to better understand how they make meaning out of their participation in an online, faith-based parenting community designed for parents raising children with complex trauma exposure. Findings based on the data analysis included five overarching main themes: a) A community of experts; b) The community dethrones the experts; c) …


Ptsd Symptoms Among Parents And Service Providers Of Individuals With Significant Disabilities, Bruna Fusco Gonçalves Apr 2021

Ptsd Symptoms Among Parents And Service Providers Of Individuals With Significant Disabilities, Bruna Fusco Gonçalves

Theses and Dissertations

In conducting this study, the ultimate goal was to determine whether parents and other caregivers of individuals with disabilities are experiencing higher levels of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms as compared to the general population. Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), intellectual disabilities and other disabilities are more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors such as hitting, kicking, biting, screaming, and self-injurious behavior. Research has also shown that parents of children with special needs have higher levels of stress, and special education teachers are leaving the field due to burnout. In addition to comparing PTSD levels of these caregivers with …


The Effects Of Dynamic Written Corrective Feedback On The Accuracy And Complexity Of Writing Produced By L2 Graduate Students, Lisa Rohm Apr 2021

The Effects Of Dynamic Written Corrective Feedback On The Accuracy And Complexity Of Writing Produced By L2 Graduate Students, Lisa Rohm

Theses and Dissertations

What started as a discussion of the efficacy of explicit grammar instruction has over time led to a debate about the need for and effectiveness of written corrective feedback (WCF) within the field of English language teaching (ELT). Dynamic written corrective feedback (DWCF) is a relatively new strategy developed by Dr. Norman Evans to provide WCF to English as a second language (ESL) students through systematic, coded feedback. While previous studies on DWCF have looked at its effects among other groups, few studies have examined DWCF in the context of ESL students studying at the graduate level. This study analyzes …


Disabled Epistemologies: Failures Of Knowledge And Care In Shakespeares's Merchant Of Venice And Othello, Amie Elisabeth Wambach Apr 2021

Disabled Epistemologies: Failures Of Knowledge And Care In Shakespeares's Merchant Of Venice And Othello, Amie Elisabeth Wambach

Theses and Dissertations

The presence of disabled characters like blind Gobbo in The Merchant of Venice and epileptic Othello are handy physical metaphors for the failures of epistemology that occur in both plays. Disability is often construed as a sort of saboteur of knowledge—disability of all kinds inhibiting the ability to perceive the world as an abled person would. But disability also produces a new, necessary sort of knowledge in order to survive and thrive in an unaccommodating world. A disabled epistemology suggests that knowing is contingent on individual, specific experience of the world. Tied to this issue of disabled epistemology is the …


Combined Trajectory, Propulsion And Battery Mass Optimization For Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long-Endurance Aircraft, Nathaniel Spencer Gates Apr 2021

Combined Trajectory, Propulsion And Battery Mass Optimization For Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long-Endurance Aircraft, Nathaniel Spencer Gates

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis presents the work of two significant projects. In the first project, a suite of benchmark problems for grid energy management are presented which demonstrate several issues characteristic to the dynamic optimization of these systems. These benchmark problems include load following, cogeneration, tri-generation, and energy storage, and each one assumes perfect foresight of the entire time horizon. The Gekko Python package for dynamic optimization is introduced and two different solution methods are discussed and applied to solving these benchmarks. The simultaneous solve mode out-performs the sequential solve mode in each benchmark problem across a wide range of time horizons …


Improving The Oral Narrative And Expository Language Of Kindergarten Students And Reducing The Matthew Effect, Taylor Camille Magleby Apr 2021

Improving The Oral Narrative And Expository Language Of Kindergarten Students And Reducing The Matthew Effect, Taylor Camille Magleby

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a tier-2 combined oral narrative and expository language intervention on kindergarteners' narrative and expository skills in comparison to an alternate decoding intervention and no treatment control condition. This study included 54 kindergarten students. After being administered the PEARL Kindergarten Screener at the beginning of the school year, eight students were found as at-risk for future reading comprehension difficulty and were matched to nine students not-at-risk, and all assigned to a language treatment group. Additional students not-at-risk for future reading comprehension difficulty were randomly assigned to an alternate decoding treatment …


The Practice Of Belonging: Can Learning Entrepreneurship Accelerate And Aid The Social Inclusion Of Refugees In The United States, Jabra F. Ghneim Apr 2021

The Practice Of Belonging: Can Learning Entrepreneurship Accelerate And Aid The Social Inclusion Of Refugees In The United States, Jabra F. Ghneim

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation examines the role that culinary entrepreneurship communities of practice, using Lave and Wenger's Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP) model (Lave & Wenger, 1991), can lead to better social and economic inclusion for Middle Eastern Muslim refugee chefs in Utah. The life history approach was used to construct life histories for two Middle Eastern Muslim refugee chefs in Utah who joined the Spice Kitchen Incubator (SKI) program. SKI is a community of practice funded by the International Rescue Committee to assist refugee chefs in the resettlement process. This was an exploratory study, and given the limited number of cases reviewed, …


Subsistence Practices At Nancy Patterson Village, Elizabeth C. M. Whisenhunt Apr 2021

Subsistence Practices At Nancy Patterson Village, Elizabeth C. M. Whisenhunt

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this thesis was to gain an insight into the macrobotanical subsistence practices of Nancy Patterson Village and see how those practices fit in with the practices of the general Mesa Verde region by analyzing the burnt macrobotanical remains found in processed flotation samples. Previous work done at Nancy Patterson Village showed a shift in the faunal subsistence practices to a greater reliance on domesticated turkey during the Pueblo III period. However, the macro botanical analysis showed a higher richness of wild plant taxa in the Pueblo III period when compared to Pueblo II. The change to a …


Early Rearing Conditions Affect Monoamine Metabolite Levels During Baseline And Periods Of Social Separation Stress: A Non-Human Primate Model (Macaca Mulatta), Elizabeth K. Wood, Natalia Gabrielle, Jacob Hunter, Andrea N. Skowbo, Melanie L. Schwandt, Stephen G. Lindell, Christina S. Barr, Stephen J. Suomi, James Dee Higley Apr 2021

Early Rearing Conditions Affect Monoamine Metabolite Levels During Baseline And Periods Of Social Separation Stress: A Non-Human Primate Model (Macaca Mulatta), Elizabeth K. Wood, Natalia Gabrielle, Jacob Hunter, Andrea N. Skowbo, Melanie L. Schwandt, Stephen G. Lindell, Christina S. Barr, Stephen J. Suomi, James Dee Higley

Faculty Publications

A variety of studies show that parental absence early in life leads to deleterious effects on the developing CNS. This is thought to be largely because evolutionary-dependent stimuli are necessary for the appropriate postnatal development of the young brain, an effect sometimes termed the “experience-expectant brain,” with parents providing the necessary input for normative synaptic connections to develop and appropriate neuronal survival to occur. Principal among CNS systems affected by parental input are the monoamine systems. In the present study, N = 434 rhesus monkeys (233 males, 201 females) were reared in one of two conditions: as mother-reared controls (MR; …


Effects Of Inhaled Combination Corticosteroid Drugs On Aerodynamic Measures Of Phonation And Visual-Perceptual Measures Of Vocal Fold And Arytenoid Tissue In Excised Rabbit Larynges, Christina Lynn Pang Apr 2021

Effects Of Inhaled Combination Corticosteroid Drugs On Aerodynamic Measures Of Phonation And Visual-Perceptual Measures Of Vocal Fold And Arytenoid Tissue In Excised Rabbit Larynges, Christina Lynn Pang

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effects of inhaled corticosteroid drugs (ICs) on the voice due to their frequent use in treating an increasing prevalence of asthma disorders. As part of a larger five-year study, the focus of this thesis is specifically on whether 8 weeks of in vivo exposure to ICs will cause changes in the sustained subglottal pressure, sustained airflow, and visual-perceptual ratings of edema and erythema in excised rabbit larynges. Researchers administered either ICs or a control nebulized isotonic saline solution to 22 rabbits in vivo, sacrificed them, and harvested their larynges for benchtop …


Phonation Threshold Pressure And Phonation Threshold Flow In Rabbits Treated With Inhaled Corticosteroids Versus Controls, Heidi Joan Robison Apr 2021

Phonation Threshold Pressure And Phonation Threshold Flow In Rabbits Treated With Inhaled Corticosteroids Versus Controls, Heidi Joan Robison

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis is part of a larger series of studies being conducted by Kristine Tanner, PhD, Associate Professor in the Department of Communication Disorders at Brigham Young University (BYU). The larger project is funded by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders at the National Institutes of Health. This thesis primarily investigated the effects of combination inhaled corticosteroids (ICs) on aerodynamic measures of the voice. In recent years, an increase in the localized laryngeal side effects from IC treatment, including dysphonia, have been reported. This study employed a between-groups experimental design, with two groups of rabbit larynges having …


Improvements Of Atmospheric Deposition Sampling Procedures And Further Analysis Of Its Impact On Utah Lake, Seth Michael Barrus Apr 2021

Improvements Of Atmospheric Deposition Sampling Procedures And Further Analysis Of Its Impact On Utah Lake, Seth Michael Barrus

Theses and Dissertations

This study focused on Atmospheric Deposition (AD) loading on Utah Lake. Utah Lake is susceptible to Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) because of its large surface area to volume ratio, proximity to Great Basin dust sources, and various wind patterns from close mountain ranges that blow AD towards the lake. In this study, we continued the collection and analysis of AD samples that started in 2017 and 2018, while reporting additional 2019 and 2020 data. We constructed a sampler on Utah Lake itself, which allowed us to better estimate how AD loads were distributed over the lake. An interpolation assumption was …


Married Mothers' Multiple Roles: Implications For Cardiovascular Health, Tyler C. Graff Apr 2021

Married Mothers' Multiple Roles: Implications For Cardiovascular Health, Tyler C. Graff

Theses and Dissertations

In recent years, the traditional nuclear family, as defined by social role theory with mother at home and father in the workplace, is no longer the norm. Nearly three out of every four women with children under the age of 18 are part of the workforce. Mothers are frequently juggling multiple roles as well as most of the responsibilities that are inherent in these roles. The current project examined diurnal ambulatory blood pressure influences associated with the responsibility of having a greater number of roles. We investigate differences between a self-reported healthy population of 112 married stay-at-home and 112 married …


Recommendations For Perioperative Care Of Adolescents At Risk For Suicide, Rachelle Huber Dustin Rn, Bsn, Blaine A. Winters Dnp, Acnp-Bc Apr 2021

Recommendations For Perioperative Care Of Adolescents At Risk For Suicide, Rachelle Huber Dustin Rn, Bsn, Blaine A. Winters Dnp, Acnp-Bc

Student Works

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death for the adolescent population, and as such, should be addressed when adolescents have any contact with the healthcare system, including perioperative appointments. Although some surgical facilities screen patients with a history of suicide attempt or severe mental health conditions, many adolescents who have died by suicide do not have official mental health diagnoses or history of previous suicide attempt. Because of the impact surgery can have on mental health, each adolescent should be screened for suicide risk during pre-surgical consult appointments to assess suicide risk and take proper precautions, as needed. …


A Hybrid Method For Auralizing Vibroacoustic Systems And Evaluating Audio Fidelity/Sound Quality Using Machine Learning, Andrew Jared Miller Apr 2021

A Hybrid Method For Auralizing Vibroacoustic Systems And Evaluating Audio Fidelity/Sound Quality Using Machine Learning, Andrew Jared Miller

Theses and Dissertations

Two separate methods are presented to aid in the creation and evaluation of acoustic simulations. The first is a hybrid method that allows separate low and high-frequency acoustic responses to be combined into a single broadband response suitable for auralization. The process consists of four steps: 1) creating separate low-frequency and high-frequency responses of the system of interest, 2) interpolating between the two responses to get a single broadband magnitude response, 3) adding amplitude modulation to the high-frequency portion of the response, and 4) calculating approximate phase information. An experimental setup is used to validate the hybrid method. Listening tests …


Norming A Dynamic Assessment Of Narrative Language For Diverse School-Age Children With And Without Language Disorder: A Preliminary Psychometric Study, Ashley Elizabeth Frahm Apr 2021

Norming A Dynamic Assessment Of Narrative Language For Diverse School-Age Children With And Without Language Disorder: A Preliminary Psychometric Study, Ashley Elizabeth Frahm

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to investigate preliminary psychometric normative data of an English dynamic assessment of narrative language for a group of diverse school-age students with and without language disorder. This study included 364 diverse students with and without language disorder ranging from kindergarten through 6th grade. Students were confirmed as having a language disorder if they had an existing active IEP for language, and scores below a certain cutoff point on a nonword repetition (NWR) task and the narrative language measure (NLM). English language proficiency was investigated, and students were classified as being a dual language learner …