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Ardi: A Co-Construction Method For Participatory Modelling In Natural Resources Management, Michel Etienne, D. Du Toit, S. Pollard Jul 2008

Ardi: A Co-Construction Method For Participatory Modelling In Natural Resources Management, Michel Etienne, D. Du Toit, S. Pollard

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The outcomes of a series of tests of the ARDI (Actors, Resources, Dynamics and Interactions) method in complex cases or conflict-ridden situations is presented. ARDI is part of a companion modelling approach that makes it possible to engage a broad spectrum of stakeholders in the design and development of land and water management plans. It is essentially based on participatory workshops that set out to collaboratively imagine a future open, dynamic management system, capable of adaptation and anticipation, by gathering the various affected stakeholders in a partnership dedicated to preserving the natural resources and promoting a sustainable development. Its originality …

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Reducing Uncertainty In Ecological Niche Models With Ann Ensembles, Andrei Kirilenko, R. S. Hanley Jul 2008

Reducing Uncertainty In Ecological Niche Models With Ann Ensembles, Andrei Kirilenko, R. S. Hanley

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Transformation of spatial distributions of species is a key element for understanding global and regional impact of climate change on environment in the future. Yet little is known about current distributions of species, especially in relation with physical parameters of environment. This is primarily due to limited availability of data on species occurrences, which prevents reconstruction of their geographical distribution with standard methods of spatial statistics. To address this problem, specialized applications called distributional models, based on the hypothesis of fundamental niche, are being developed. We have built a new tool for predicting species’ geographical distributions based on presence-only data. …

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Shared Data Model To Support Environment Sensor Network Data In Hydrologic Models, M. Kumar, C. J. Duffy Jul 2008

Shared Data Model To Support Environment Sensor Network Data In Hydrologic Models, M. Kumar, C. J. Duffy

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

With the advancement of wireless communication and miniaturization of digital electronics, long term observation of remote hydrologic systems using adaptive sensor networks at high spatio-temporal resolutions and across multiple scales, has become a reality. However, for large spatial scales embedded multi-sensor networks with fine temporal sampling rates, the amount and distribution of data generated by these networks becomes unmanageably large. While the sensor network installation itself is generally supported by basic data management software, in the hydrologic sciences there is little support available to directly incorporate the data generated into the hydrologic model. We contend that a seamless transfer of …

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Mud-Flow And Lava-Flow Susceptibility And Hazard Mapping Through Numerical Modelling, Gis Techniques, Historical And Geoenvironmental Analyses, Giulio Iovine Jul 2008

Mud-Flow And Lava-Flow Susceptibility And Hazard Mapping Through Numerical Modelling, Gis Techniques, Historical And Geoenvironmental Analyses, Giulio Iovine

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

A method for mapping mud flows and lava flows, and for evaluating related susceptibility and hazard has recently been tested at different study areas of Southern Italy (located in Campania, Calabria, and Sicily), which have repeatedly been affected by damaging events in historical time. The approach is based on numerical models, GIStechniques, geo-environmental and historical evaluations. Results have been obtained through a statistical approach by simulating a large number of events on a cluster. Employed cellular automata models have first been calibrated, either manually (by trial and error) or by means of Genetic Algorithms, and then validated against past flow …

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Coupled Modelling Of Forest Fires And Floods In Multi-Risk Scenarios Under Scier System, T. Metelka, D. Caballero Jul 2008

Coupled Modelling Of Forest Fires And Floods In Multi-Risk Scenarios Under Scier System, T. Metelka, D. Caballero

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Floods and fires represent one of most devastating natural phenomena in the territory of Europe. Moreover, the combination of natural hazards is recorded in many European countries such as flood followed by land slide, fire followed by flood causing large devastation in complex environment of human lives, health, property and nature. The protection against such combination of natural events requires involvement of sophisticated approaches and advanced technology.

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A Data Mining Approach To Discover Weather Patterns Contributing To Pm10 Exceedances, A. Sfetsos, D. Vlachogiannis Jul 2008

A Data Mining Approach To Discover Weather Patterns Contributing To Pm10 Exceedances, A. Sfetsos, D. Vlachogiannis

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The present study presents a data mining methodology to discover weathercharacteristics that are associated with exceedances of particulate matter (PM) withdiameter less than 10 μm. The proposed approach is an eigenvector one consisting of arotated principal components algorithm coupled with the fuzzy c-means clusteringalgorithm. This study examines only those days where at least one station exhibited anexceedance of the limit of a daily average value of 50 μg/m3. The analysis was conductedusing daily data from the monitoring network of the Grater Athens Area that werecomplemented with meteorological data from the NCEP Global Forecasting System (GFS).The analysis concluded that the PM10 …

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A Note On Attitudes Towards And Expectation From The Decision Support Systems, J. Myšiak, Carlo Giupponi, Y. Depietri, G. Colombini Jul 2008

A Note On Attitudes Towards And Expectation From The Decision Support Systems, J. Myšiak, Carlo Giupponi, Y. Depietri, G. Colombini

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

For long time Decision Support Systems (DSS) have been believed convenient tools for transferring scientific knowledge, ready-to-use and free of political interference, onto policy-making agendas. The concept seemed to appeal to scientists and policy makers alike. The former embraced DSS as a way to get their voice heard, the later were believed to benefit from the easy-to-use interface to intricate models. The enthusiasm had not been shared by all scientists. Many complained about the limited uptake of the tools and their conditional suitability to address practical policy issues, messy and intractable as they often are. Different reasons were suspected for …

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Neural Network Based Method For Predicting Regional Visitor Attendance Levels In Recreational Areas, T. Räsänen, Mikko Kolehmainen Jul 2008

Neural Network Based Method For Predicting Regional Visitor Attendance Levels In Recreational Areas, T. Räsänen, Mikko Kolehmainen

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The number of people in a certain place in desired time period is one of the main questions in many monitoring and management applications. Such information is needed also in tourism which has been one of most growing business areas in recent years. Increasing volume forces development of new practises for the sustainable and efficient management of recreational areas and tourist centres. Regional visitor monitoring provides general tools for managers and decisionmakers to handle multidimensional growth and the development of tourism business. Our study aims to develop predictive approach for solving continuously regional visitor attendance levels using inferred data and …

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Step By Step Calibration Of An Integrated Model System For Irrigation Management, T. Arnold, Thomas Berger, H. Uribe Jul 2008

Step By Step Calibration Of An Integrated Model System For Irrigation Management, T. Arnold, Thomas Berger, H. Uribe

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

To assess how the multiple processes that constitute irrigation land use interact, the basin-level hydrological model WASIM-ETH and a bioeconomic model MP-MAS were embedded into a common framework. Following conceptual integration of theories, we here describe the integration of data and joint calibration and validation of both models. Methodologically, interacting variables are first specified from data, then from model outputs, and then dynamically coupled. Interdisciplinary cross-checks and sensitivity analyses improved calibration. For irrigation management at basin scale, we indicate that physical scarcity of water, which restricts the current land use pattern in drier years, and allocative water scarcity which indicates …

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Evolvable Biological Interfaces: An Outline Of The New Computing System, Igor Balaž, Dragutin T. Mihailović Jul 2008

Evolvable Biological Interfaces: An Outline Of The New Computing System, Igor Balaž, Dragutin T. Mihailović

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

In this paper, we represent architecture of a new individual-based model of evolvable biological interfaces. The model is based on three parts: mutable coding sequence, individual agents produced by the coding sequence and external environment represented by various virtual substances. Agents are able to recognize external substances and to perform transformations on them. However, unlike general computational scheme currently used in evolutionary computation which is based on predefined list of actions, where each action have predefined fitness value defined strictly within current problem, the recognition and corresponding transformation in this model are organized in completely different way. Here we merged …

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Managing Insular Tropical Environment Through Data And Knowledge Bases By Using Web Services: A Case Study On Corals And Herbarium Of La Réunion Island, Noel Conruyt, D. Sebastien, D. Payet, Y. Geynet, D. Caron, David Grosser Jul 2008

Managing Insular Tropical Environment Through Data And Knowledge Bases By Using Web Services: A Case Study On Corals And Herbarium Of La Réunion Island, Noel Conruyt, D. Sebastien, D. Payet, Y. Geynet, D. Caron, David Grosser

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Decision-makers who want to manage Insular Tropical Environment more efficiently need to narrow the gap between the production of scientific knowledge in universities or other labs and its pragmatic use by the general public. One key environmental problem is to preserve biodiversity of ecosystems that are under human pressure. As we only protect what we know, a solution is to share expert knowledge about habitats and species on the Web for educating the public about their richness and beauty. Data and knowledge bases are part of a biodiversity information system that we have built to deal with this research enhancement …

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Modelling The Portalet Landslide Mobility (Formigal, Spain), J. A. Fernández-Merodo, G. Herrera, P. Mira, J. Mulas, M. Pastor, L. Noferini, D. Mecatti, G. Luzi Jul 2008

Modelling The Portalet Landslide Mobility (Formigal, Spain), J. A. Fernández-Merodo, G. Herrera, P. Mira, J. Mulas, M. Pastor, L. Noferini, D. Mecatti, G. Luzi

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The Portalet landslide is a large, active slope failure located on the upper part of theGállego River valley, in the Central Spanish Pyrenees (Sallent de Gállego, Huesca). Thelandslide is located on a southwest-facing hillside of Petrasos Peak, close to the ski resort ofFormigal. The dimensions of the landslide are 500 m long and up to 700 m wide at the toeextended over an area of 0.35 km2 that shows superficial cracking and distinct grounddisplacements. Displacements are quite important (several cm in a month) from summer2004 when the construction of a parking area was carried out by digging the foot of …

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Towards Model Evaluation Using Self-Organizing Maps, M. Herbst, M. C. Casper Jul 2008

Towards Model Evaluation Using Self-Organizing Maps, M. Herbst, M. C. Casper

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Basically, any statement on hydrological model behaviour depends on our possibilities to differentiate between model time series. Applied within a model identification context, aggregating statistical performance measures are inadequate to capture details on time series characteristics as essentially different model results can be produced with close to identical performance measure values. It has been readily shown that the loss of information on the residuals imposes important limitations on model identification and -diagnostics and thus constitutes an element of the overall model uncertainty. In this contribution we present an approach using a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) to circumvent the identifiability problem induced …

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Research Activities In Renewable Energy Sources Integration With Gis At Ciemat, J. Domínguez, I. Pinedo, J. A. Gonzalez Jul 2008

Research Activities In Renewable Energy Sources Integration With Gis At Ciemat, J. Domínguez, I. Pinedo, J. A. Gonzalez

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Since 1994, CIEMAT has been involved in several research activities regardingthe integration of renewable energy sources (RES) as well as resource assessment based onGeographic Information Technologies. One of the first projects was SOLARGIS whichaimed to demonstrate the viability of applying GIS to the RES integration in ruralelectrification programs. This research line has been improved since then, through thepermanent actualization and update of the methodology. In this sense, the collaborationwith UPM (Polytechnic University of Madrid) has been decisive. Nowadays, CIEMAT GISteam is applying this methodology to Latin America countries like Cuba or Colombia, inthe general framework of Renewable Energy Integration GIS …

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An Application Of Data Mining To Pm10 Level Medium-Term Prediction, E. Pasero, A. Montuori, W. Moniaci, G. Raimondo Jul 2008

An Application Of Data Mining To Pm10 Level Medium-Term Prediction, E. Pasero, A. Montuori, W. Moniaci, G. Raimondo

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The study described in this paper, analyzed the urban air pollution principalcauses and identified the best subset of features (meteorological data and air pollutantsconcentrations) for each air pollutant in order to predict its medium-term concentration (inparticular for the PM10). An information theoretic approach to feature selection has beenapplied in order to determine the best subset of features by means of a proper backwardselection algorithm. The final aim of the research is the implementation of a prognostic toolable to reduce the risk for the air pollutants concentrations to be above the alarm thresholdsfixed by the law. The implementation of this tool …

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Effect Of Mud Rheology On Its Inertial Dam-Break Flow, B. Nsom, K. Bouchlaghem, N. Latrache Jul 2008

Effect Of Mud Rheology On Its Inertial Dam-Break Flow, B. Nsom, K. Bouchlaghem, N. Latrache

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

This paper considers the flow generated by the collapse of a dam retainingargillaceous mud when the inertial effects are dominant against the viscous ones, in themomentum balance equation. This flow configuration was studied by Ritter [1892] forinviscid fluids. The more realistic case where the channel is inclined and rough wasconsidered by Su and Barnes [1970] who extended Whitham’s [1955] and Dressler’sapproximate solution [1952; 1954] by using a perturbation series. In this paper, the mud ismodelled using a Herschel-Bulkley rheological equation and the flow develops in ahorizontal smooth channel on the basis of the shallow water assumption. Applying theprinciples of conservation …

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Geomechanical Modelling Of Triggering Mechanisms For Rainfall-Induced Triangular Shallow Landslides Of The Flow-Type, L. Cascini, S. Cuomo, M. Pastor, J. A. Fernández-Merodo Jul 2008

Geomechanical Modelling Of Triggering Mechanisms For Rainfall-Induced Triangular Shallow Landslides Of The Flow-Type, L. Cascini, S. Cuomo, M. Pastor, J. A. Fernández-Merodo

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Landslides of the flow-type are frequently triggered by rainfall as shallowlandslides in different types of soils and geo-environmental contexts. When involving openslopes, these landslides often occur in triangular source areas where initial slides turn intoavalanches through further failures and/or eventual soil entrainment. Similar phenomenaare frequently observed in layered snow deposits and they are also recognised in ashydeposits on Mars. Significant examples are systematically recorded in Southern Italy wherepyroclastic deposits overlie carbonate massifs. Particularly, in May 1998, rainfall triggeredmany destructive triangular shallow landslides of the flow-type along the slopes of Pizzod’Alvano massif (Sarno-Quindici event). The available data-set allowed their failure andpost-failure …

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Xplorah, A Multi-Scale Integrated Land Use Model, Hedwig Van Delden, E. R. Gutiérrez, Jasper Van Vliet, Jelle Hurkens Jul 2008

Xplorah, A Multi-Scale Integrated Land Use Model, Hedwig Van Delden, E. R. Gutiérrez, Jasper Van Vliet, Jelle Hurkens

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Processes of land use change and their drivers take place at different spatial and temporal scales. The fact that these processes are very often interacting with each other throughout these scales provides major challenges to modellers. Xplorah is a tailor made Spatial Decision Support System for the three major islands of Puerto Rico. It aims to assess the impact of different scenarios on the development of the island. The system encompasses an integrated set of dynamically linked models working at different scales and incorporating knowledge from numerous disciplines. This paper describes the integrated model as well as its individual components. …

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Influence Of The Uncertainties Of Monitoring Data On Model Calibration And Evaluation, A. Ullrich, Martin Volk, G. Schmidt Jul 2008

Influence Of The Uncertainties Of Monitoring Data On Model Calibration And Evaluation, A. Ullrich, Martin Volk, G. Schmidt

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The model-based prediction of the impact of different land management on nutrient loading requires measured nutrient flux data. Thereby the accurate calibration and evaluation of the models need an adequate data base in form of monitoring data. Uncertainties in the monitoring data influence the calibration and thus the parameter settings which affect the modelling results. Hence, we compared three different time-based sampling strategies and four different load estimation methods for model calibration and compared the results. For our study we used the river basin model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Study area is the intensively used loess-dominated Parthe watershed …

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Connecting Science And Decision-Making: A Conceptual Framework Through Organisation Knowledge Management, T. F. Siew Jul 2008

Connecting Science And Decision-Making: A Conceptual Framework Through Organisation Knowledge Management, T. F. Siew

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

There often exist controversies between scientists and practitioners with regard tothe development and implementation of an applicable and transferable decision supportsystems (DSS) in the field of environmental or natural resources management. Thechallenge is to support decision-making through the implementation of a DSS across spatialscale as well as under different institutional and political conditions. Apart from thedevelopment and implementation of IT-based systems, the problem solutions also requireholistic approaches that promote and enhance the cooperation and consensus betweenscience and decision-making spheres. The objective of this paper is to develop a conceptualframework for integrating science and decision-making spheres through organisationknowledge management. Considering the …

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National Accounting Frameworks For Measuring Information And Knowledge Economies, David Thorns, Les Oxley Jul 2008

National Accounting Frameworks For Measuring Information And Knowledge Economies, David Thorns, Les Oxley

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The paper explores the problems and challenges posed by the growth of the information and knowledge economies for national accounting frameworks and measurements. The conventional approach has been to add to rather than reconstruct such indices. One of the consequences is the focus this leads to on “information technologies” and their prevalence and fails to fully appreciate the transformation that is required to enable “information” to be transformed into “new knowledge” and therefore create the “new economy. The paper argues for a recasting of the analysis of the new economy around an appreciation of the changing nature of physical capital …

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Two Interacting Environmental Interfaces: Bifurcation In Coupled Asymmetric Logistic Maps, Dragutin T. Mihailović Jul 2008

Two Interacting Environmental Interfaces: Bifurcation In Coupled Asymmetric Logistic Maps, Dragutin T. Mihailović

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The field of environmental sciences is abundant with various interfaces and it is the right place for application of new fundamental approaches leading towards better understanding of environmental phenomena. For example, following definition of environmental interface by Mihailovic and Balaž [2007], such interface can be placed between natural or artificially built surfaces and atmosphere. In this case, visible radiation provides almost all of the energy received on the environmental interface. Since all the energy transfer processes occurs in the finite time interval the energy balance equation for this environmental interface can be written in terms of finite differences of ground …

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Material Flow Analysis For Eco-Efficiency With Material Flow Network Reference Models – Concepts And Case Study, Bernd Page, Volker Wohlgemuth, M. Raspe Jul 2008

Material Flow Analysis For Eco-Efficiency With Material Flow Network Reference Models – Concepts And Case Study, Bernd Page, Volker Wohlgemuth, M. Raspe

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Material Flow Analysis is a method for determination of material and energy flows in companies for ecobalances and process optimization. Ecobalancing provides a basis for efficient utilization of material resources and energies and for reduction of environmental harmful emissions and waste. Reference models in material flow analysis (e.g. with Material Flow Networks) serve as templates for the development of more refined models in the same domain. They facilitate material flow analyses by reducing effort in time and costs in the model building process by reutilization of predefined structures. In the context of a Thai-German cooperation project a reference model for …

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An Integrated Multimedia Model And Multicriteria Analysis Approach To Managing Sewage Sludge Application On Agricultural Soils: Framework And Methodology, Ana Passuello, Marta Schuhmacher, Vikas Kumar, M. Nadal, J. L. Domingo Jul 2008

An Integrated Multimedia Model And Multicriteria Analysis Approach To Managing Sewage Sludge Application On Agricultural Soils: Framework And Methodology, Ana Passuello, Marta Schuhmacher, Vikas Kumar, M. Nadal, J. L. Domingo

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Sludge application to agricultural soils is a managing practice of increasing use, because of its benefits to soil and crops. The Council Directive 86/278/CEE regulates concentrations of heavy metals for sludge application, but has no restrictions related to organic compounds contamination. The Decision Support System (DSS) presented here, integrates a multimedia risk model of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to human and ecosystem (P), a model concern to areas’ vulnerability to nitrogen (N), and also an economical model (E), to indicate the best decision management for sludge application on agricultural soils. The three dimensional representation of the model allows a simple …

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Opportunities Offered By The Design And The Use Of A Gridded Multi-Scale European Soil Information System In Support Of European Soil Policy, M. Van Liedekerke, P. Panagos Jul 2008

Opportunities Offered By The Design And The Use Of A Gridded Multi-Scale European Soil Information System In Support Of European Soil Policy, M. Van Liedekerke, P. Panagos

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

During the last years the need for a coherent approach to soil protection has come on the political agenda in Europe and in this context of a European Soil Thematic Strategy (STS), the European policy makers require access to European soil data to assess the state of soils at European level. The creation of European soil datasets is not new but has always been the result of a complex and time-consuming undertaking, the best example being the development of the European Soil Database. In the light of updates to existing soil data and of collection of new soil data simplification …

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On The Role Of Reflection And Representation In Environmental Decision Support Systems, Timothy Maciag, Daryl H. Hepting Jul 2008

On The Role Of Reflection And Representation In Environmental Decision Support Systems, Timothy Maciag, Daryl H. Hepting

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Donald Norman describes how reflection enables us to critically analyse and review details, compare and contrast situational outcomes, and aid in our general decisionmaking abilities. Furthermore, he explains how through reflection, we increase our awareness - become smarter - which inevitably enables us to conduct more satisfying decision-making analyses. In a day and age where information is abundant, the activity of reflection may prove more difficult. This is particularly the case for evaluating alternatives for health and environmentally preferable product selection. Key in supporting consumers in such regard is the design of the user interface, one where the interactions provide …

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Knowledge Workers And The Knowledge Economy, David Thorns, Hong Wang Jul 2008

Knowledge Workers And The Knowledge Economy, David Thorns, Hong Wang

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The paper examines the growth of a new group of workers – knowledge workersseen as critical for the growth of knowledge based economy. The emphasis in much of theliterature is upon formal codified knowledge. This focus does not adequately deal with tacitknowledge which is acquired in informal ways from experience and engagement withothers. Further when issues of measurement are considered it is around information ratherthan knowledge that most measures have been based. Currently there is no internationalagreement on the definition of the ICT sector. The paper reviews definitions adopted by theOECD to show that problem with spillovers from the ICT …

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From Ingis To Namos – Operationalisation And Contextualisation Of Sustainability At The Local Level, D. Rink, A. Haase, S. Kabisch, Dagmar Haase, G. Hartmuth Jul 2008

From Ingis To Namos – Operationalisation And Contextualisation Of Sustainability At The Local Level, D. Rink, A. Haase, S. Kabisch, Dagmar Haase, G. Hartmuth

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Due to its fuzziness the model of sustainable development has to be particularised and contextualised before any positioning with respect to the yardstick of sustainability. Based on a newly put forward conceptualisation of sustainability the realisation of both postulates is shown within the development of a local indicator system for two German cities. Initially, problems of urban development were identified in a bottom-up approach by local stakeholders. These problem areas were contrasted with a set of sustainability rules which had been systematically derived from the basic sustainability norm, stating minimum requirements for sustainable development. At the interface of local problems …

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Rheological Behaviour Of Volcanic Granular Flows, K. Kelfoun Jul 2008

Rheological Behaviour Of Volcanic Granular Flows, K. Kelfoun

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Numerical simulations of volcanic granular flows are increasingly being used for hazard assessment on volcanoes and appear to be essential for future hazard mitigation. A potential problem of such an approach, however, is that the rheological behaviour of such flows is very complex and currently impossible to describe fully from a physical point of view. As we cannot, at present, simulate all the complexity of the interactions at a microscopic level, we have to use simplified rheological laws. The frictional behaviour is often considered as a model that well describes the first order behaviour of such flows. The aim of …

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A Semantic Web Services Platform To Support Disaster And Emergency Management, Maurizio Gloria, Valentina Lersi, Giovanni Minei, Diana Pasquariello, Cristiano Monti, Antonio Saitto Jul 2008

A Semantic Web Services Platform To Support Disaster And Emergency Management, Maurizio Gloria, Valentina Lersi, Giovanni Minei, Diana Pasquariello, Cristiano Monti, Antonio Saitto

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The importance of telecommunications services for the management and controlof critical situations dedicated to security of citizens has always been recognized: inparticular, in this work we describe the solution designed and developed in an Italianresearch project, called CI6 (Centro Integrato per Servizi di Emergenza Innovativi). Focusof this project was to develop an integrated centre able to provide important informationsconcerning the state and possibile evolution of the crisis for decision makers. Theknowledge base is managed by means of homogeneous schema to represent information(ontology of domain) and by means of semantic rules defined by the analysis of thedomain. The communication layer has …

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