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Singing Stone, A Natural History Of The Escalante Canyons By Thomas Lowe Fleischner, C. Riley Nelson

Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.

Microtopography Of Microbiotic Crusts On The Colorado Plateau, And Distribution Of Component Organisms, D. B. George, D. W. Davidson, K. C. Schliep, L. J. Patrell-Kim

Western North American Naturalist

We analyzed the microtopography of microbiotic soil crusts at 3 sites on the Colorado Plateau of southern Utah and investigated distributions of cyanobacteria and several lichens in distinctive microhabitats created by this topography. At all 3 sites the long axes of linear soil mounds were oriented nonrandomly in a NNW–SSE direction. The conspicuous and consistent orientation of soil mounds may result from a combination of physical and biotic processes. Subtle differences across sites in mound orientation and organismal distribution suggest that these variables may be useful in comparing disturbance histories of crusts retrospectively.

Differences in colonization frequencies, abundances, and distributions …

Breeding Ecology Of White-Faced Ibis (Pleagadis Chihi) In The Upper Klamath Basin, California, Michael R. Taft, David M. Mauser, Todd W. Arnold

Western North American Naturalist

The White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi) is a California state and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service species of special management concern. We studied White-faced Ibis breeding ecology from May through July 1995 on Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in the upper Klamath Basin of California. A total of 2029 pairs nested in 3 colonies exclusively in early-successional hardstem bulrush (Scirpus acutus). Nest initiation dates ranged from 10 May to 12 June, and mean clutch size was 3.16. Reproductive success averaged 87% apparent nest success (n = 115), 82% hatchability, 97% whole and partial brood survival, …

Algae Of Devils Hole, Nevada, Death Valley National Park, William D. Shepard, Dean W. Blinn, Ray J. Hoffman, Paul T. Kantz

Western North American Naturalist

We examined algal flora in the aquatic system of Devils Hole, Nevada. The water is seasonally warm, near neutral in pH, and rich in dissolved carbonate, indicative of deeply circulating groundwater flowing through carbonate rock. Most algae were benthic, with only a few planktonic representatives. Eighty-four terminal identifications in 44 genera were recorded, with diatoms and blue-green algae the most speciose groups. Diatoms were major contributors to the grazing food web. Large, mat-forming filamentous algae have an important influence on the physicochemical and general structure of the benthic substrates in Devils Hole.

Full Issue, Vol. 60 No. 4

Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.

Ecological Impacts Of Seed Harvester Ants On Soil Attributes In A Larrea-Dominated Shrubland, Simon A. Lei

Western North American Naturalist

The influence of seed harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) colonies on soil properties and soil surface and moisture characteristics was investigated through comparison of adjacent, nonnest (reference, 4 m beyond ant colony) areas in Las Vegas, Nevada. Effects of ant colonies on both terrace and slope sites were investigated. Soil moisture content and soil bulk density in a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)–dominated shrubland were significantly lower, while soil temperature, soil organic matter, and percent pore space were significantly higher in soils with ant nests relative to adjacent reference soils. Soil pH and texture did not differ significantly …

Oreohelices Of Utah, I. Rediscovery Of The Uinta Mountainsnail, Oreohelix Eurekensis Uinta Brooks, 1939 (Stylommatophora: Oreohelicidae), George V. Oliver, William R. Bosworth Iii

Western North American Naturalist

Oreohelix eurekensis uinta had not been found since its original discovery and had never been reported as a living taxon, and this had led to speculation that it is extinct. However, searches for O. e. uinta had been confounded by multiple errors in the original definition of the type locality. The type locality has now been relocated and is here redefined, and O. e. uinta is reported for the 1st time as a living taxon. Although the holotype has been lost, existing specimens believed to be paratypes have been examined, and correction of errors in the literature concerning its size …

Breeding Behavior Of The Plumbeous Vireo In New Mexico, Timothy E. Demarco, Christopher B. Goguen, David R. Curson, Nancy E. Mathews

Western North American Naturalist

The Plumbeous Vireo (Vireo plumbeus) is a poorly studied songbird species that breeds within the interior western United States and Mexico. We studied the breeding behavior of Plumbeous Vireos within pinyon-juniper habitats in northeastern New Mexico in 1996 and 1997. Over both years we located and monitored 40 nests and conducted behavioral observations throughout the nesting cycle. From these observations we described and compared basic behavioral traits of male and female vireos during their nest-building, egg-laying, incubation, and nestling stages, and their response to potential predators near the nest. Male vireos displayed potential nest sites to females, but …

Egg Mass Deposition By Arizona Toads, Bufo Microscaphus, Along A Narrow Canyon Stream, Andrew Dahl, Michael P. Donovan, Terry D. Schwaner

Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.

Status Of Descurainia Torulosa (Brassicaceae), Jerald S. Bricker, Gregory K. Brown, Tricia L. Patts Lewis

Western North American Naturalist

Descurainia torulosa was established in 1983 based on material collected in northwestern Wyoming. The species is now known from 2 disjunct populations in southwestern Wyoming, and recent collections have expanded the known distribution within the northern portion of its range. The north-south disjunct distribution and apparent habitat differences have stimulated questions concerning the degree of relatedness between the disjunct elements to the point that the southern populations have been suggested to be a distinct taxon. Recognition of D. torulosa as a distinct species has also been questioned. This paper is based on field examination of D. torulosa populations, study of …

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Acetaminophen, Cyclooxygenase 2, And Fever, Daniel L. Simmons, David Wagner, Kenneth Westover

Faculty Publications

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used antipyretic agents that most probably exert their antifever effect by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX)–2. Thus, COX-2–selective drugs or null mutation of the COX-2 gene reduce or prevent fever. Acetaminophen is antipyretic and analgesic, as are NSAIDs, but it lacks the anti-inflammatory and anticoagulatory properties of these drugs. This has led to the speculation that a COX variant exists that is inhibitable by acetaminophen. An acetaminophen-inhibitable enzyme is inducible in the mouse J774.2 monocyte cell line. Induction of acetaminophen-inhibitable prostaglandin E2 synthesis parallels induction of COX-2. Thus, inhibition of pharmacologically distinct COX-2 enzyme activity by …

Civilization And Interdependent Specialists: Cooperative Systems, Symbioses, Moral Syndromes, And A Sense Of Wholeness, Ross R. Maxwell

Comparative Civilizations Review

No abstract provided.

Joane Nagel American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power And The Resurgence Of Identity And Culture, Thomas D. Hall

Comparative Civilizations Review

No abstract provided.

On The Assignment Of Gender To Chicano Anglicisms: Processes And Results, Robert N. Smead

Faculty Publications

The creation of neologisms through linguistic borrowing is a complex process. For donor language models to be transformed into host language replicas, phonological and morphological adaptation must take place. Part and parcel of that adaptation is the assignment of gender to loanwords in a host language like Spanish. The present article examines gender assignment in two corpora of loanwords (New Mexican and Southern Colorado Spanish: N=212 and General Chicano Spanish: N=595). Through the application of variable rule methodology (GoldVarb 2), five factors are posited as significant. Two of these categorically determine gender assignment when present: (1) the biological sex of …

Using Hydrothermal Time Concepts To Model Seed Germination Response To Temperature Dormancy Loss And Priming Effects In Elymus Elymoides, Phil S. Allen, Susan E. Meyer, Susan B. Debaene-Gill

Faculty Publications

Hydrothermal time (HTT) describes progress toward seed germination under various combinations of incubation water potential (Ψ) and temperature (T). To examine changes in HTT parameters during dormancy loss, seeds from two populations of the bunchgrass Elymus elymoides were incubated under seven temperature regimes following dry storage at 10, 20 and 30 °C for intervals from 0 to 16 weeks. Fully after-ripened seeds were primed for 1 week at a range of s. Data on germination rate during priming were used to obtain a HTT equation for each seed population, while data obtained following transfer to water were used to calculate …

Biological Implications Of A Discrete Mathematical Model For Collagen Deposition And Alignment In Dermal Wound Repair, J. C. Dallon, J. A. Sherratt, P. K. Maini, M. W. Ferguson

Faculty Publications

We develop a novel mathematical model for collagen deposition and alignment during dermal wound healing. We focus on the interactions between fibroblasts, modelled as discrete entities, and a continuous extracellular matrix composed of collagen and a fibrin based blood clot. There are four basic interactions assumed in the model: fibroblasts orient the collagen matrix, fibroblasts produce and degrade collagen and fibrin and the matrix directs the fibroblasts and determines the speed of the cells. Several factors which influence the alignment of collagen are examined and related to current anti-scarring therapies using transforming growth factor " The most influential of these …

Distribution And Ecology Of Freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) Collected From Springs Of Nevada, Idaho, And Oregon: A Preliminary Study, Okan Külköylüoğlu, Gary L. Vinyard

Western North American Naturalist

Fourteen freshwater ostracod species collected from 24 springs in Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon between 1991 and 1994 were classified. Their ecology, based on major water parameters (i.e., temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity), and biogeographical distribution in North America were studied. Among these 14 species, 9 (Ilyocypris bradyi, I. gibba, Darwinula stevensoni, Candona candida, Heterocypris incongruens, Herpetocypris reptans, H. chevreuxi, Prionocypris canadensis, P. longiforma) are new records for Nevadas ostracod fauna, while 3 (H. reptans, P. canadensis, and Cypria turneri) are new species for Oregon. H. reptans …

Allozyme Variability, Isolation, And Dispersal Of Eusattus Muricatus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Within Silver State Dune Complex, Great Basin, Western North America, Tammy M. Epps, Hugh B. Britten, Richard W. Rust

Western North American Naturalist

Genetics of Eusattus muricatus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) populations within Silver State Dune Complex in the northern Great Basin of North America were assayed using allozyme electrophoresis. Hierarchical F-statistics showed no significant population subdivision among 3 valleys comprising Silver State Dune Complex. A regression of estimated pairwise gene flow (Nm) against pairwise geographic distance was not significant for populations within these valleys, but it was significant over larger distances. A neighbor-joining phenogram did not represent geographic relationships among populations in the 3 valleys but reflected the past geologic history of these dunes. Pairwise divergence times were low (<7000 yr) for populations within Silver State Dune Complex but were high (>18,000 …

Examining Ecological Consequences Of Feral Horse Grazing Using Exclosures, Erik A. Beever, Peter F. Brussard

Western North American Naturalist

Although feral horses have inhabited western North America since the end of the 16th century, relatively little synecological research has been conducted to quantitatively characterize how they interact with ecosystem components. Because feral horses exhibit watering behavior markedly different from that of domestic cattle, it is particularly important to evaluate response of ecosystem elements near water sources to horse use. To assess this response, we performed live-trapping of small mammals and 2-tiered vegetative sampling in 2 mountain ranges in central Nevada in the interior Great Basin, USA. At low elevations, plots around horse-excluded springs exhibited notably greater plant species richness, …

Gary L. Vinyard, Richard W. Rust, Deidre Vinyard

Western North American Naturalist

Editor's Note: This issue of the Western North American Naturalist is dedicated to Gary L. Vinyard, professor of biology at the University of Nevada-Reno and major contributor to conservation of Great Basin organisms and systems. Gary died in 1998, age 49, at the height of his professional career. Articles in this issue were submitted by professional colleagues as well as former students of Dr. Vinyard. Some authors were involved in research with Dr. Vinyard at the time of his death; their papers represent results of their studies. Other authors were invited to submit articles detailing past or present research. All …

Diets Of Sympatric Lahontan Cutthroat Trout And Nonnative Brook Trout: Implications For Species Interactions, Jason B. Dunham, Matthew E. Rahn, Robert E. Schroeter, Stewart W. Breck

Western North American Naturalist

Nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) have been implicated in declines of stream-living Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi), a threatened trout endemic to the Lahontan Basin of northeastern California, southeastern Oregon, and northern Nevada. Brook trout may displace Lahontan cutthroat trout through 2 mechanisms: interspecific predation and competition for food. To evaluate the evidence for these alternatives, we examined stomach contents of 30 trout of each species captured in the North Fork Humboldt River, northeastern Nevada, to compare number, size, and taxonomic composition of prey. Taxonomic dietary overlap was high (81.4%) between brook and Lahontan cutthroat …

Influence Of Substrate Size, Cladophora, And Caddisfly Pupal Cases On Colonization Of Macroinvertebrates In Sagehen Creek, California, Steven D. Ellsworth

Western North American Naturalist

Colonization of stream macroinvertebrates onto artificial substrates was examined in Sagehen Creek, California, during 1993. Substrate size and presence or absence of pupal cases of the caddisfly Anagapetus (Glossosomatidae) were examined as possible influences on macroinvertebrate colonization. Macroinvertebrates were collected from substrates after 60 d of incubation and identified to the lowest feasible taxonomic unit. Dry weight of the filamentous green alga Cladophora also was determined for each substrate.

A general linear model indicated a significant positive relationship between both substrate size and presence of pupal cases on richness (P < 0.001). There was no significant effect of cases on the E5 evenness index, which supports the passive sampling model as a mechanism giving rise to the effect of cases on richness. A multivariate general linear model indicated a significant positive effect of Anagapetus cases on Micrasema bactro, Epeorus, and …

Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus Clarki Henshawi) Spawning And Downstream Migration Of Juveniles Into Summit Lake, Nevada, Gary L. Vinyard, Alice Winzeler

Western North American Naturalist

The only remaining self-sustaining native population of lacustrine Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) not affected by nonnative salmonids is in Summit Lake, Humboldt County, Nevada. Annual spawning runs in 1993 and 1994 were monitored at a fish trap on Mahogany Creek, the only spawning tributary for Summit Lake. Number of spawners was similar in both years, with 1290 upstream migrants observed in 1993 and 1255 in 1994. In 1993, 137 postspawners (10.6% of upstream migrants) returned to the lake, and in 1994, 434 postspawners (34.6% of upstream migrants) returned downstream through the fish trap. Two distinct groups …

Full Issue, Vol. 60 No. 3

Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.

A Comparison Of Riparian Condition And Aquatic Invertebrate Community Indices In Central Nevada, Tom B. Kennedy, Adina M. Merenlender, Gary L. Vinyard

Western North American Naturalist

The importance of maintaining healthy riparian communities to sustain natural stream processes and function is well documented. Land management agencies in the West are currently developing methods to assess and monitor riparian community condition to adapt land use practices that would better protect rangeland ecosystems. To determine whether these methods also provide an indication of abiotic and biotic stream condition, we compared the classification system of riparian communities developed by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) to physical parameters of stream condition and to aquatic invertebrate community assemblages. Thirty-three sites in 19 different streams of the Toiyabe Range in central Nevada …

Life History Variation In Recently Established Populations Of Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia Affinis), Craig A. Stockwell, Gary L. Vinyard

Western North American Naturalist

We report life history characteristics for 4 recently established populations of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Mosquitofish from thermally stable habitats, Bonham and Garrett, were characterized by maturity at large sizes, high fat reserves, and large embryos. In contrast, females from a thermally unstable habitat, Wabuska, matured at small sizes and had low fat reserves and small embryos. Females from Parker, a site with no appreciable thermal input, matured at intermediate sizes and had low fat reserves as well as large embryos. These populations shared a common ancestor in 1937; therefore, these results suggest either phenotypic plasticity or rapid …

Effects Of Habitat Fragmentation And Differing Mobility On The Population Structures Of A Great Basin Dragonfly (Sympetrum Corruptum) And Damselfly (Enallagma Carunculatum), Janice L. Simpkin, Hugh B. Britten, Peter F. Brussard

Western North American Naturalist

The population structure of 2 Great Basin odonate species was assessed using protein electrophoresis. Analyses included 7 populations of Sympetrum corruptum (suborder Anisoptera), a migratory and highly mobile dragonfly, and 8 populations of Enallagma carunculatum (suborder Zygoptera), a weak flier that is not known to migrate far from natal water sources. Though we expected the damselfly (E. carunculatum) to show greater genetic isolation than the dragonfly (S. corruptum), both species apparently had high levels of gene flow (theta = 0.0604 for S. corruptum, theta = 0.0485 for E. carunculatum) and showed no evidence for …

Full Issue, Marriage &. Families

Marriage and Families

No abstract provided.

Parents Do Matter: Combating The Myth That Parents Don't Matter, Craig H. Hart

Marriage and Families

No abstract provided.

Centenary Of A Giant, Journal Of Book Of Mormon M. Studies

Journal of Book of Mormon Studies

It has been 100 years since George Reynolds published his massive work, A Complete Concordance of the Book of Mormon. Reynolds worked on this project, begun while serving a prison sentence for polygamy, over 21 years of his life. He tabulated virtually every word used in the Book of Mormon except a few of the most common words, and gave a portion of the sentence in which each cited word appeared. He himself paid all the printing costs.