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How Does The Effect Of Cholesterol Vary Between The Inner And Outer Membrane?, Dr. John Bell Mar 2013

How Does The Effect Of Cholesterol Vary Between The Inner And Outer Membrane?, Dr. John Bell

Journal of Undergraduate Research

This proposal was designed to use fluorescence spectroscopy to identify in as much detail as possible physical properties of model membranes in effort to understand roles of cholesterol in biological membranes. The following questions were addressed: how does the effect of cholesterol differ between the inner and outer faces of the cell membrane; can fluorescence spectroscopy distinguish between homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures of membrane components; and what is the biophysical mechanism associated with one of the fluorescent probes used (merocyanine 540)? These questions were addressed with three specific aims. All three aims have been accomplished. One paper was published during …

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Resorcinarene-Based Cavitands: From Structural Design And Synthesis To Separations Applications, Na Li Mar 2013

Resorcinarene-Based Cavitands: From Structural Design And Synthesis To Separations Applications, Na Li

Theses and Dissertations

Resorcinarenes are cyclic tetramers that are synthesized by the condensation of resorcinol and various aldehydes. The upper and lower rims can be modified with substituents that provide specific selectivity and other chemical features. In this work, resorcinarene-based macrocyclic ligands with specific selectivities have been designed, synthesized and applied to chiral amine discrimination and transition metal ion separations.These resorcinarenes fall into two categories. In the first type, the upper rims of resorcinarenes were modified with amino acid groups, including chiral alanine groups. The lower rims were modified with --CH3, or --C11H23 groups. The structures were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), …

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Meta-Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of Biological And Non-Biological Treatments For Postpartum Depression, Sarah Jeung Soon Christian Mar 2013

Meta-Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of Biological And Non-Biological Treatments For Postpartum Depression, Sarah Jeung Soon Christian

Theses and Dissertations

I provided an updated, comprehensive review of treatments for mothers diagnosed with postpartum depression. Studies included in this meta-analysis were single-group pre-posttest, non-randomized and randomized controlled studies published from 1986 to 2010 that included face-to-face psychotherapy and psychopharmacology as well as non-traditional methods such as exercise and nurse-assisted counseling. 53 published studies were analyzed. The randomized studies showed a moderate to large effects (d= 0.72 to 1.25, k= 9) when postpartum interventions were compared to a control condition, and smaller effects (d= 0.3 to 0.57, k = 13) to treatment as usual. When postpartum interventions were compared to each other …

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Evidences For Protein-Protein Interactions Between Pstb And Phou In The Phosphate Signaling Complex Of Escherichia Coli, Kristine Dawn Johns Mar 2013

Evidences For Protein-Protein Interactions Between Pstb And Phou In The Phosphate Signaling Complex Of Escherichia Coli, Kristine Dawn Johns

Theses and Dissertations

The PstSCAB2 complex serves the dual function of being a phosphate transporter as well as the primary sensor of phosphate for the Pho regulon. PhoU is an integral protein required for the signal from PstSCAB2 to be transmitted to PhoR. Our hypothesis is that conformational changes of PstSCAB2 during the phosphate transport process are the mechanism by which information about environmental phosphate levels are transduced to the cell. Additionally, we propose that direct protein-protein interactions between PhoU and the alternating conformations of PstSCAB2 mediate PhoU interactions with PhoR. By means of genetic and biochemical approaches, we have found substantial evidence …

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Baumrind's Authoritative Parenting Style: A Model For Creating Autonomous Writers, Rachel Page Payne Mar 2013

Baumrind's Authoritative Parenting Style: A Model For Creating Autonomous Writers, Rachel Page Payne

Theses and Dissertations

Though Quintilian introduced the term in loco parentis in his Institutio Oratoria by suggesting that teachers think of themselves as parents of a student's mind, composition scholars have let parenting as a metaphor for teaching fall by the wayside in recent discussions of classroom authority. Podis and Podis have recently revived the term, though, and investigated the ways writing teachers enact Lakoff's "Strict Father" and "Nurturing Mother" authority models. Unfortunately, their treatment of these two opposite authority styles reduces classroom authority styles to a mutually exclusive binary of two less than satisfactory options. I propose clinical and developmental psychologist Diana …

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Towards A Consummated Life: Kenneth Burke's Concept Of Consummation As Critical Conversation And Catharsis, Cherise Marie Bacalski Mar 2013

Towards A Consummated Life: Kenneth Burke's Concept Of Consummation As Critical Conversation And Catharsis, Cherise Marie Bacalski

Theses and Dissertations

Consummation was the one term about which Kenneth Burke wasn't particularly long-winded - odd considering his claim that it was the apex of his theory of form. Perhaps Burke never explained exactly what consummation was because he himself was never clear on the subject, as he told John Woodcock in an interview toward the end of his career. Burke began conceptualizing his theory of form early on - in his 20s - and published it in his first critical book, Counter-Statement, in 1931. At that time, Burke's theory of form had already taken one evolutionary step - from self-expression, with …

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70'S "Miscegenation" And Blaxploitation: Fran Ross's Interracial Oreo, And The Super Bad Blaxploitation Hero, Corrine Esther Collins Mar 2013

70'S "Miscegenation" And Blaxploitation: Fran Ross's Interracial Oreo, And The Super Bad Blaxploitation Hero, Corrine Esther Collins

Theses and Dissertations

Fran Ross's only novel, Oreo, explores the nature of multiethnic American identities through an empowered female character that embarks on a Theseus-like journey. Ross devotes significant portions of the novel to the introduction of Oreo's family and individual character, in order to carefully outline her interracial and multiethnic upbringing as an African-Jewish American girl. In order to understand Oreo's political and aesthetic sensibilities, this thesis explores the cinematic representations of interracial relationships during the time that Oreo was written, and argues that Fran Ross's main character is in direct conversation with the predominant 70s black movie and political culture of …

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Microbial Responses To Coarse Woody Debris In Juniperus And Pinus Woodlands, Deborah Monique Rigby Mar 2013

Microbial Responses To Coarse Woody Debris In Juniperus And Pinus Woodlands, Deborah Monique Rigby

Theses and Dissertations

The ecological significance of coarse woody debris (CWD) is usually highlighted in forests where CWD constitutes much of an ecosystem's carbon (C) source and stores. However, a unique addition of CWD is occurring in semi-deserts for which there is no ecological analog. To stem catastrophic wildfires and create firebreaks, whole Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) and Pinus edulis (Engelm.) trees are being mechanically shredded into CWD fragments and deposited on soils previously exposed to decades of tree-induced changes that encourage "tree islands of fertility." To investigate consequences of CWD on C and nitrogen (N) cycling, we evaluated microbial metabolic activity and N …

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Advanced
 Biological 
And 
Biomedical 
Applications 
In 
Electrical 
Engineering, Dr. Neal K. Bangerter, Dr. Brian A. Mazzeo Mar 2013

Advanced
 Biological 
And 
Biomedical 
Applications 
In 
Electrical 
Engineering, Dr. Neal K. Bangerter, Dr. Brian A. Mazzeo

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The 
aim 
of 
the 
awarded 
MEG 
grant
 was 
to
 provide
 seed 
funding 
to 
establish
 a
 mentorship 
program 
for
 undergraduate 
students 
wishing
 to
 prepare 
for 
careers 
or 
graduate
 work 
in 
biological
 or 
biomedical
 applications 
of 
electrical
 engineering. 

Such
 a 
program
 has 
been
notably 
absent
in
 the
 College 
of
 Engineering 
at
 BYU.

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The Influence Of Anthropogenic Development Of Water On Coyotes And Kit Foxes In The Great Basin And Mojave Deserts, Lucas Keith Hall Mar 2013

The Influence Of Anthropogenic Development Of Water On Coyotes And Kit Foxes In The Great Basin And Mojave Deserts, Lucas Keith Hall

Theses and Dissertations

Anthropogenic provisioning of water (water developments) to enhance abundance and distribution of wildlife is a common management practice in arid regions where water is limiting. Despite the long-term and widespread use of water developments, little is known about how they influence distribution, competition dynamics, and behavior of native species. To elucidate the potential influences of water developments on native species, we tested hypotheses concerning the occurrence and behavior of native kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis). First, we tested the indirect effect of water hypothesis (IEWH) which proposes that water developments negatively affect the arid-adapted kit fox by enabling a …

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Application Of Genome Reduction, Next Generation Sequencing, And Kaspar Genotyping In Development, Characterization, And Linkage Mapping Of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms In The Grain Amaranths And Quinoa, Scott Matthew Smith Mar 2013

Application Of Genome Reduction, Next Generation Sequencing, And Kaspar Genotyping In Development, Characterization, And Linkage Mapping Of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms In The Grain Amaranths And Quinoa, Scott Matthew Smith

Theses and Dissertations

The grain amaranths (Amaranthus sp.) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) are important seed crops in South America. These crops have gained international attention in recent years for their nutritional quality and tolerance to abiotic stress. We report the identification and development of functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays for both amaranth and quinoa. SNPs were identified using a genome reduction protocol and next generation sequencing. SNP assays are based on KASPar genotyping chemistry and were detected using the Fluidigm dynamic array platform. A diversity screen consisting of 41 amaranth accessions showed that the minor allele frequency (MAF) of the amaranth …

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Appendix 5: Selected Worldwide Expatriate Killings And Attempted Killings, 1978-2011, Brian Champion, Lee Crowther Mar 2013

Appendix 5: Selected Worldwide Expatriate Killings And Attempted Killings, 1978-2011, Brian Champion, Lee Crowther

Faculty Publications

Appendix 5 documents thirty-eight attempts (successful or otherwise) on fifty expatriates for which some allegation was made that the target's own state, at an official or quasi-official level, was responsible.

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Role Of Amp Kinase In The Regulation Of Cortisol Release From The Adrenal Gland, Dr. Allan M. Judd Mar 2013

Role Of Amp Kinase In The Regulation Of Cortisol Release From The Adrenal Gland, Dr. Allan M. Judd

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Throughout the three years the funding of this proposal was utilized , I (Dr. Judd) have weekly laboratory meetings and journal clubs for undergraduate and graduate students in the laboratory. At the journal club, recently published articles related to their research projects are presented by the students and the hypothesis, techniques, data, and conclusions of each of the manuscripts discussed. I also interact with these students to help them plan their presentation and lead the discussion of the manuscript at the end of the presentation. The articles that are chosen for discussion are generally published in “Endocrinology” , the premiere …

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A Hierarchical Multi-Output Nearest Neighbor Model For Multi-Output Dependence Learning, Richard Glenn Morris Mar 2013

A Hierarchical Multi-Output Nearest Neighbor Model For Multi-Output Dependence Learning, Richard Glenn Morris

Theses and Dissertations

Multi-Output Dependence (MOD) learning is a generalization of standard classification problems that allows for multiple outputs that are dependent on each other. A primary issue that arises in the context of MOD learning is that for any given input pattern there can be multiple correct output patterns. This changes the learning task from function approximation to relation approximation. Previous algorithms do not consider this problem, and thus cannot be readily applied to MOD problems. To perform MOD learning, we introduce the Hierarchical Multi-Output Nearest Neighbor model (HMONN) that employs a basic learning model for each output and a modified nearest …

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Taxonomic Clarification And Phylogeography Of Fluminicola Coloradensis Morrison, A Widely Ranging Western North American Pebblesnail, Hsiu-Ping Liu, Jessica Walsh, Robert Hershler Mar 2013

Taxonomic Clarification And Phylogeography Of Fluminicola Coloradensis Morrison, A Widely Ranging Western North American Pebblesnail, Hsiu-Ping Liu, Jessica Walsh, Robert Hershler

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

Herein we clarify the taxonomy of Fluminicola coloradensis Morrison (1940), which was described for populations in the Green River and Bonneville basins but has also been treated as restricted to the former watershed and conspecific with (currently unassigned) Snake River basin populations of Fluminicola hindsi sensu Taylor (1966). Bayesian analyses of DNA sequences from 2 mitochondrial genes congruently resolved F. coloradensis and Snake River basin populations of F. hindsi sensu Taylor as a strongly supported, shallowly structured clade. Haplotypes were extensively shared by Bonneville, Snake River and Green River populations; AMOVA did not detect significant variation among basins for either …

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Toward Scalable Human Interaction With Bio-Inspired Robot Teams, Daniel Sundquist Brown Mar 2013

Toward Scalable Human Interaction With Bio-Inspired Robot Teams, Daniel Sundquist Brown

Theses and Dissertations

Bio-inspired swarming behaviors provide an effective decentralized way of coordinating robot teams. However, as robot swarms increase in size, bandwidth and time constraints limit the number of agents a human can communicate with and control. To facilitate scalable human interaction with large robot swarms it is desirable to monitor and influence the collective behavior of the entire swarm through limited interactions with a small subset of agents. However, it is also desirable to avoid situations where a small number of agent failures can adversely affect the collective behavior of the swarm. We present a bio-inspired model of swarming that exhibits …

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Mtor Pathway Activation Following Resistance Exercise With Vibration In Human Subjects, Michael G. Leavitt Mar 2013

Mtor Pathway Activation Following Resistance Exercise With Vibration In Human Subjects, Michael G. Leavitt

Theses and Dissertations

Functional adaptations in human skeletal muscle following a period of resistance exercise are the result of regular activation of cellular signaling pathways that elevate muscle protein synthesis. It has been reported that the addition of whole body vibration (WBV) to a resistance exercise program enhances performance. Such improvements in muscle function may be the result of increased activation of cellular signaling pathways associated with muscle growth. Purpose: We have investigated whether an acute bout of resistance exercise in combination with WBV results in a greater activation of the mTOR signaling pathway compared to resistance exercise alone. Methods: Eight untrained college-age …

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Mood And Memory: An Association Between Pattern Separation And Depression, Don J. Shelton Mar 2013

Mood And Memory: An Association Between Pattern Separation And Depression, Don J. Shelton

Theses and Dissertations

Depression is associated with reduced declarative memory performance and decreased hippocampal volume. Depression has also been associated with decreased levels of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Computational models propose that neurogenesis is critical for the computational process of pattern separation, whereby distinct memory representations are created for very similar stimuli and events. It has been proposed that depression negatively impacts pattern separation abilities; however, a link between depression and performance in pattern separation memory tasks has yet to be investigated. Accordingly, we designed a study to investigate the relationship between pattern separation performance and the severity of depression symptoms. …

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End Matter, Vol. 6 Mar 2013

End Matter, Vol. 6

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.

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Quantifying The Nonlinear, Anisotropic Material Response Of Spinal Ligaments, Daniel J. Robertson Feb 2013

Quantifying The Nonlinear, Anisotropic Material Response Of Spinal Ligaments, Daniel J. Robertson

Theses and Dissertations

Spinal ligaments may be a significant source of chronic back pain, yet they are often disregarded by the clinical community due to a lack of information with regards to their material response, and innervation characteristics. The purpose of this dissertation was to characterize the material response of spinal ligaments and to review their innervation characteristics.


Review of relevant literature revealed that all of the major spinal ligaments are innervated. They cause painful sensations when irritated and provide reflexive control of the deep spinal musculature. As such, including the neurologic implications of iatrogenic ligament damage in the evaluation of surgical procedures …

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Vaccination Perceptions And Barriers Of School Employees: A Pilot Study, Kim Cranney Houle Feb 2013

Vaccination Perceptions And Barriers Of School Employees: A Pilot Study, Kim Cranney Houle

Theses and Dissertations

Schools are group settings where vaccine-preventable diseases can spread quickly, especially if vaccination rates are suboptimal. Vaccination of school children has been the subject of many studies; however, data are lacking regarding the vaccination status, vaccination perceptions, and potential barriers to vaccination for school employees. Method: A questionnaire was developed to measure school employees' perceptions,awareness of current vaccination status, and potential barriers to vaccinations. This study included a convenience sample of 277 employees from a small urban school district located in central Utah. Results: Adult vaccination knowledge is lacking in the school employee population, with over half believing they were …

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"Sealing Their Two Fates With A Fracture": Ted Hughes's "Pyramus And Thisbe" As An Emblem Of The Paradox Of Translation, Carolyn Carter Feb 2013

"Sealing Their Two Fates With A Fracture": Ted Hughes's "Pyramus And Thisbe" As An Emblem Of The Paradox Of Translation, Carolyn Carter

Theses and Dissertations

This work explores how the 20th century English poet Ted Hughes translates one episode from Ovid's Metamorphoses (the "Pyramus and Thisbe" myth included in Hughes's Tales from Ovid) to make it an emblem for his notions about translation. In translating "Pyramus and Thisbe," Hughes removed many of the formal Ovidian elements and amplified the themes of violence and mingling latent in the myth. In doing so, he highlights the concept that communication sometimes necessitates breaking, symbolized primarily by the chink in the wall through which Pyramus and Thisbe whisper to one another. This metaphor for translation corroborates Hughes's discursive …

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Nest-Area Fidelity Of Greater Sage-Grouse In Strawberry Valley, Utah, Riley D. Peck, Rick J. Baxter, Randy T. Larsen, Jerran T. Flinders Feb 2013

Nest-Area Fidelity Of Greater Sage-Grouse In Strawberry Valley, Utah, Riley D. Peck, Rick J. Baxter, Randy T. Larsen, Jerran T. Flinders

Western North American Naturalist

Nest-area fidelity is common among many birds including those in the orders Anseriformes, Ciconiiformes, and Procellariiformes. Successful nesting attempts are often associated with a higher probability that nesting adults will return in a consecutive year. Conversely, unsuccessful birds are often less likely to show fidelity in subsequent years. Despite substantial natural history information from across the range of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), the prevalence of sage-grouse nest-area fidelity remains unclear. Our objectives were to (1) determine if individual female sage-grouse showed fidelity to nesting areas in subsequent years, (2) test whether successful females were more likely to demonstrate …

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Breeding Biology And Bee Guild Of Douglas' Dustymaiden, Chaenactis Douglasii (Asteraceae, Helenieae), James H. Cane, Byron Love, Katharine Swoboda Feb 2013

Breeding Biology And Bee Guild Of Douglas' Dustymaiden, Chaenactis Douglasii (Asteraceae, Helenieae), James H. Cane, Byron Love, Katharine Swoboda

Western North American Naturalist

Douglas’ dustymaiden, Chaenactis douglasii (Hook.) Hook. & Arn., is a widespread, inconspicuous, short-lived perennial wildflower that blooms in early summer and is found in basin sagesteppe to upper montane areas throughout the U.S. Intermountain West. The species is proving practical to grow for seed and is expected to be used for western rangeland rehabilitation. Through manual pollination experiments, C. douglasiiwas found to be only weakly self-fertile; 15% of flowers from geitonogamy and autogamy treatments yielded filled achenes. In contrast, 57% of outcrossed flowers produced achenes filled with endosperm, with every capitulum yielding some fertile seeds. Freely visited flowers from …

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Homing Behavior And Survival Of Pygmy Rabbits After Experimental Translocation, Timothy J. Lawes, Robert G. Anthony, W. Douglas Robinson, James T. Forbes, Glenn A. Lorton Feb 2013

Homing Behavior And Survival Of Pygmy Rabbits After Experimental Translocation, Timothy J. Lawes, Robert G. Anthony, W. Douglas Robinson, James T. Forbes, Glenn A. Lorton

Western North American Naturalist

Habitat fragmentation is hypothesized to influence movements of animals between isolated habitat fragments and to affect survival of animals moving between fragments. Translocation experiments can provide quantitative information on movements and survival. We assessed potential barriers to dispersal and survival of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis), a species of conservation concern that is hypothesized to be sensitive, after translocation, to fragmentation of its sagebrush habitats. We measured homing tendency and estimated survival of pygmy rabbits after short-distance (1–2 km) experimental translocations at sites in southeastern Oregon. We captured, radio-tagged, and translocated 59 pygmy rabbits across 3 landscape categories of …

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Site-Occupancy Monitoring Of An Ecosystem Indicator: Linking Characteristics Of Riparian Vegetation To Beaver Occurrence, Stewart W. Breck, Michael I. Goldstein, Sanjay Pyare Feb 2013

Site-Occupancy Monitoring Of An Ecosystem Indicator: Linking Characteristics Of Riparian Vegetation To Beaver Occurrence, Stewart W. Breck, Michael I. Goldstein, Sanjay Pyare

Western North American Naturalist

Establishing sampling frameworks to monitor the occurrence of ecological indicators, and to identify the covariates that influence occurrence, are high priority needs for natural-resource restoration and management efforts. We utilized occupancy modeling to identify patterns of beaver occurrence and factors influencing these patterns (i.e., type and amount of vegetation cover) in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River ecosystem. We used rafts and kayaks to access a stratified random sample of sites (i.e., 100 m long sections of river bank) and used repeated sampling procedures to sample for beaver sign (i.e., lodges, cuttings, tracks, and beaver observed). We quantified the …

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Flowering Branches Cause Injuries To Second-Year Main Stems Of Artemisia Tridentata Nutt. Subspecies Tridentata, Lance S. Evans, Angela Citta, Stewart C. Sanderson Feb 2013

Flowering Branches Cause Injuries To Second-Year Main Stems Of Artemisia Tridentata Nutt. Subspecies Tridentata, Lance S. Evans, Angela Citta, Stewart C. Sanderson

Western North American Naturalist

Eccentricity of stems of Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (big sagebrush) has been reported previously. Analysis of samples observed over 2 years documented that each stem terminal produces about 8–10 branches each year, and during second-year growth, 3–8 of these develop into short, flowering, determinate branches. Each flowering branch produces hundreds of seeds and then dies at the end of the season, while the other vegetative branches persist. However, growth of the determinate flowering branches causes the death of vascular cambium surrounding their attachment points on the main stem. This death then results in the observed eccentric growth of the stem. In …

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Population Genetics Of Neviusia Cliftonii (Shasta Snow-Wreath): Patterns Of Diversity In A Rare Endemic, Jennifer Dewoody, Len Lindstrand Iii, Valerie D. Hipkins, Julie Kierstead Nelson Feb 2013

Population Genetics Of Neviusia Cliftonii (Shasta Snow-Wreath): Patterns Of Diversity In A Rare Endemic, Jennifer Dewoody, Len Lindstrand Iii, Valerie D. Hipkins, Julie Kierstead Nelson

Western North American Naturalist

Neviusia cliftonii (Rosaceae), the Shasta snow-wreath, is an endemic shrub found in the vicinity of Shasta Lake, Shasta County, California. First described 20 years ago, the species is of conservation concern due to its restricted range, a low number of known populations, and the potential impacts on or threats to many of these populations. To assess the genetic structure of N. cliftonii, 21 of the 23 known populations were sampled for isozyme analysis. Genetic and multivariate analyses were used to assess levels of genet (genotypic) diversity, allelic variation, and population differentiation. When assessed at 17 loci, a total of 48 …

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Associations Of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages With Environmental Variables In The Upper Clear Creek Watershed, California, Larry R. Brown, Jason T. May, Marissa Wulff Feb 2013

Associations Of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages With Environmental Variables In The Upper Clear Creek Watershed, California, Larry R. Brown, Jason T. May, Marissa Wulff

Western North American Naturalist

Benthic macroinvertebrates are integral components of stream ecosystems and are often used to assess the ecological integrity of streams. We sampled streams in the upper Clear Creek drainage in the Klamath–Siskiyou Ecoregion of northwestern California in fall 2004 (17 sites) and 2005 (original 17 plus 4 new sites) with the objectives of documenting the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages supported by the streams in the area, determining how those assemblages respond to environmental variables, assessing the biological condition of the streams using a benthic index of biotic integrity (IBI), and understanding the assemblages in the context of biodiversity of the ecoregion. We …

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Ringtail (Bassariscus Astutus) Ecology And Behavior In Central New Mexico, Usa, Robert L. Harrison Feb 2013

Ringtail (Bassariscus Astutus) Ecology And Behavior In Central New Mexico, Usa, Robert L. Harrison

Western North American Naturalist

I studied the ecology and behavior of ringtails (Bassariscus astutus) in juniper (Juniperus monosperma) woodland on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in central New Mexico. Average home-range sizes of ringtails (males 462 ha, females 94 ha, 95% fixed kernel) were among the largest reported to date. Females moved least in summer and most in autumn, but males showed no seasonal trend in movements. The average stay in a single den was 1.3 days. I found no effect of the closeness of approach of the den observer on the distance moved between successive dens. Ringtails used a …

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