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Patterns Of Paternity In Clutches Of Giant Amazon River Turtles, Podocnemis Expansa, From Venezuela, R. Brigham Dastrup, Dr. Jack W. Sites, Devon E. Pearse Oct 2013

Patterns Of Paternity In Clutches Of Giant Amazon River Turtles, Podocnemis Expansa, From Venezuela, R. Brigham Dastrup, Dr. Jack W. Sites, Devon E. Pearse

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In recent years, molecular genetic data have shown that multiple paternity occurs in groups of offspring in many taxa. Though multiple paternity has been found in a wide variety of turtles (Pearse and Avise 2001), limited clutch size and/or small number of total clutches assayed has limited the evaluation of the frequency of multiple paternity within the population or the relative contributions of the respective sires. I have analyzed data from 32 clutches of the giant river turtle Podocnemis expansa from the Orinoco River in Venezuela and present here results on 29 of these clutches. Large clutch sizes of this …

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Homing Behavior Of The Limpet Species Collisella Scabra Living On The Limpet Species Lottia Gigantea, David Baugh, Dr. Lee F. Braithwaite Oct 2013

Homing Behavior Of The Limpet Species Collisella Scabra Living On The Limpet Species Lottia Gigantea, David Baugh, Dr. Lee F. Braithwaite

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Limpets are one-shelled marine mollusks that live on rocky beaches in the intertidal zone. The limpet species Collisella scabra is also found living on the shell of the limpet species L. gigantea. C. scabra exhibits an interesting phenomenon known as homing. This means that while not feeding, C. scabra are always found on the same spot on the rock or shell where they live. The C. scabra leave this spot, known as a home scar, to feed, but always return to it after they are done feeding. In this research, Chris Miller, Bryant Low, Christian Armstrong, and I examined the …

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Chemical Disinfection Of Mycobacterium Ulcerous, Brandon John Webb, Dr. Richard Robison Oct 2013

Chemical Disinfection Of Mycobacterium Ulcerous, Brandon John Webb, Dr. Richard Robison

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, a disfiguring disease of the skin and muscle tissue, whose prevalence has grown exponentially in recent decades. An ulcerative disease similar to leprosy, Buruli ulcer is characterized by a superficial infection of the subcutaneous fat layer that results in large lesions that often spread to cover an entire limb. Although most severe in Third World countries, cases of M. ulcerans infection have been reported in 33 countries on five continents. According to World Health Organization statistics, the recent rise in incidence of the disease has been so pronounced that Buruli ulcer …

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Chondrogenic Differentiation Of Adult Hepatic Stem Cells: Investigating Candidates For Osteoarthritis Treatment, Jaron Coombs, David Sonntag, Dr. Laura Bridgewater Oct 2013

Chondrogenic Differentiation Of Adult Hepatic Stem Cells: Investigating Candidates For Osteoarthritis Treatment, Jaron Coombs, David Sonntag, Dr. Laura Bridgewater

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Osteoarthritis is a painful disease associated with the breakdown of articular cartilage, the protective protein coating of the major joints of the body. Over 20 million Americans are affected by this pervasive disease which is associated with the overuse of joints and aging. Osteoarthritis occurs when the proteins that compose articular cartilage are degraded by repetitive use and injury. These actions can lead to swelling, tearing, or flaking off of the cartilage at the surface of the bone. When cartilage loses its integrity in this manner the amount of friction in the joint greatly increases and the patient begins to …

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Comparative Study Of Total Antioxidant Activity Between The Fruit Momordica Cochinchinensis (Gac) And Its’ Major Carotenoid Constituents, Katherine Secrest, Dr. Kim O'Neill Oct 2013

Comparative Study Of Total Antioxidant Activity Between The Fruit Momordica Cochinchinensis (Gac) And Its’ Major Carotenoid Constituents, Katherine Secrest, Dr. Kim O'Neill

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The red fruit Momordica cochinchinensis (gac) grows indigenously throughout Southeast Asia and possesses naturally high levels of provitamin A carotenoids, beta-carotene and lycopene. In much of Southeast Asia, rural populations suffer from chronic vitamin A deficiency.1 Currently, government programs distribute vitamin A capsules as supplements, but long-term solutions lie in food-based alternatives. At this time, gac fruit is only consumed during annual festivals when the red pulp of the fruit is used to color rice. Consumption of gac fruit has been shown to significantly increase plasma beta-carotene concentrations and could provide an inexpensive, food-based alternative to improving the vitamin A …

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Ecology Of Two High Copy Plasmids, Ermira Pazolli, Dr. Alan Harker Oct 2013

Ecology Of Two High Copy Plasmids, Ermira Pazolli, Dr. Alan Harker

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Plasmids are genetic entities residing in the cell. They can vary in size and genetic content. There are alternate views about plasmids, but the consensus one is that they are genetic elements that are transferred from cell to cell, thus conferring resistance or performing some other function advantageous to the cell. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of plasmids as individuals ‘forced’ to cooperate under selective pressure. In the first phase, we had to extract the plasmids in large quantities and construct two similar models. Due to time constraint and other unforeseen obstacles, we have …

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Analysis Of Hnf1-Beta As A Possible Regulatory Protein For The Transcription Of The Col11a2 Collagen Gene, Nicholas M. Orme, Dr. Laura C. Bridgewater Oct 2013

Analysis Of Hnf1-Beta As A Possible Regulatory Protein For The Transcription Of The Col11a2 Collagen Gene, Nicholas M. Orme, Dr. Laura C. Bridgewater

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Cartilage is a highly specialized form of connective tissue that functions as a template for most skeletal structures and aids in supporting the tension and pressure common to most animal joint function. Abnormal cartilage formation often results from defective collagen DNA and can lead to several skeletal diseases including dwarfism, cleft palate and osteoarthritis. The purpose of this research was to investigate the regulatory role of HNF proteins in the transcription of the Col11a2 gene which codes for a collagen protein found in cartilage.

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The Implications Of Subtype Diversity Of Hiv-1 For Vaccine Development, Ryan Peterson, Dr. Keith A. Crandall Oct 2013

The Implications Of Subtype Diversity Of Hiv-1 For Vaccine Development, Ryan Peterson, Dr. Keith A. Crandall

Journal of Undergraduate Research

HIV’s ability to infect a host and grow without killing the host allows the virus to accumulate genetic diversity. Over time, HIV has diverged into a number of subtypes, differing up to 30% in their nucleic acids (2). For this reason, one of the greatest problems with vaccine development is that different subtypes express different protein variants (3). With the increase of HIV recombination and human travel, geographical patterns subtypes are becoming mixed, thus allowing the virus to explore new genetic variants and evade vaccine effectiveness (5).

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Antigenotoxic Effects Of N-Acetylcysteine On Benzo[A]Pyrene Induced Dna Damage In Hepg2 Cells As Measured By The Alkaline Comet Assay, Loni A. O'Neil, M. Todd O'Neil, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill Oct 2013

Antigenotoxic Effects Of N-Acetylcysteine On Benzo[A]Pyrene Induced Dna Damage In Hepg2 Cells As Measured By The Alkaline Comet Assay, Loni A. O'Neil, M. Todd O'Neil, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill

Journal of Undergraduate Research

A major factor involved in the risk of developing cancer with the probability of enhancing or suppressing carcinogens is dietary composition. A chemoprevention approach to cancer means preventing this disease by the administration of one or several compounds. For a number of years, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has shown in studies to be an effective chemopreventive agent, but there have also been some studies disproving the effectiveness of NAC.1, 2 This is because NAC has different functions in different cell types. Because of this, we decided to test the effectiveness of NAC against DNA damage in human HepG2 cells and to determine …

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Investigation Into The Mechanisms Associated With Angiogenesis And Metastasis, Rachelle R. Olsen, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill Oct 2013

Investigation Into The Mechanisms Associated With Angiogenesis And Metastasis, Rachelle R. Olsen, Dr. Kim L. O'Neill

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Angiogenesis, the development and differentiation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is tightly controlled during physiological processes including wound healing, growth, and development. Angiogenesis is also associated with several human malignancies including arthritis, psoriasis, and cancer. Angiogenesis, which provides a source of nutrients and a waste outlet for biological products, is absolutely required for a tumor to grow larger than a few millimeters in size. Blood vessels formed by angiogenesis are young and immature and can facilitate metastasis, the spread and subsequent growth of primary tumor cells to distal body sites.

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Anterior-Posterior Limb Position Is Dependent On The Relative Timing Of Key Embryonic Events, Tyler Prestwich, Dr. Michael Stark Oct 2013

Anterior-Posterior Limb Position Is Dependent On The Relative Timing Of Key Embryonic Events, Tyler Prestwich, Dr. Michael Stark

Journal of Undergraduate Research

To better understand embryonic events leading to the determination of limb position along the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis, we compared pre-limb bud stage developmental morphology of three vertebrate organisms: chicken, goose and swan. These organisms were selected because of the differences each exhibit with regard to the A-P location of the forelimbs, or more specifically, the number of cervical vertebrae. By observing disparities between the embryonic morphologies of the different species, we were able to identify specific morphological distinctions that correlate with A-P patterning. Based on the data obtained, we hypothesize a mechanism whereby a delay in embryonic “differentiation” in relationship …

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A Col2a1 Mutation Leads To Increased Degradation Of Type Ii Collagen In Articular Cartilage: A Murine Model For Osteoarthritis, Peter Crane, Dr. Robert Seegmiller Oct 2013

A Col2a1 Mutation Leads To Increased Degradation Of Type Ii Collagen In Articular Cartilage: A Murine Model For Osteoarthritis, Peter Crane, Dr. Robert Seegmiller

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Normal articular cartilage is characterized by a resilient collagen and proteoglycan matrix interdispersed with chondrocytes. Collagen type II is the most abundant collagen found in the matrix and is responsible for providing tensile strength to the tissue. The highly conserved Col2a1 gene is responsible for coding all type II collagen á-helix chains.1 The process of enzymatic MMP cleavage is a natural part of collagen recycling, but has been observed to be upregulated in articular cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) patients. It is hypothesized that further denaturation (unwinding) of enzymatically cleaved collagen takes place following enzymatic cleavage by MMP. Because increased degraded …

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The Possible Role Of Brain Angiotensin Ii In The Reduced Growth Of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, Daniel R. Jensen, Dr. James P. Porter Oct 2013

The Possible Role Of Brain Angiotensin Ii In The Reduced Growth Of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, Daniel R. Jensen, Dr. James P. Porter

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The “Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat” strain (SHR) was bred to be innately hypertensive. This hypertension arises in part from over-activity of the brain Renin-Angiotensin system.1 Interestingly, the mean body weight of SHR is significantly reduced compared with the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto strain from which it originates. There are indications that high levels of exogenous Angiotensin II (ANG II) introduced in the brains of normotensive rats inhibit weight gain, and in some cases promote weight loss and/or wasting.2 The mechanism of this effect is not clearly understood, though some studies have shown that high levels of exogenous ANG II can induce anorexia or …

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A Phylogeny Of Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae) At The Subfamilial Level: Molecular Evidence, Seth Mikaya Bybee, Dr. Michael Whiting Oct 2013

A Phylogeny Of Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae) At The Subfamilial Level: Molecular Evidence, Seth Mikaya Bybee, Dr. Michael Whiting

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) comprise one of the largest groups of extant flies (Hull, 1962). Asilids constitute more than 500 genera (Woodley, 1989) and more than 5500 species (Lehr, 1988) with a worldwide distribution except Antarctica. Species range in size from less than one centimeter to nearly eight centimeters in length, and their prey consist of both small and large insects caught largely in flight. Asilid color patterns are simple: usually black, gray, or bronze, although some more colorful species appear to mimic bees and wasps. All members of the group, including the problematic group Leptogastrinae (thread-waisted robber flies), form …

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Molecular Phylogeny Of The Rodent Genus Liomys: Evidence From The Mitochondrial Cytochrome B Gene, Victoria L. Vance, Dr. Duke S. Rogers Oct 2013

Molecular Phylogeny Of The Rodent Genus Liomys: Evidence From The Mitochondrial Cytochrome B Gene, Victoria L. Vance, Dr. Duke S. Rogers

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The number of species described in the world greatly underestimates its biodiversity, especially in some of the areas more rich in diversity such as Mexico. Once the biodiversity in a region is understood, the issues of management and conservation can be addressed. Spiny pocket mice of the genus Liomys are members of the rodent family Heteromyidae and are grouped with the genus Heteromys in the subfamily Heteromyinae. The genus Liomys has a rather broad geographic distribution that extends from Texas to Panama and consists of five recognized species: L. irroratus, L. pictus, L. spectabilis, L. salvini, and L. adespersus.

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Does Camkii Regulate Exocytosis Through Its Binding To Syntaxin?, Stephen M. Merino, Dr. Dixon Woodbury Oct 2013

Does Camkii Regulate Exocytosis Through Its Binding To Syntaxin?, Stephen M. Merino, Dr. Dixon Woodbury

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Neurons use chemical messengers called neurotransmitters to communicate with muscles and other neurons. In the axon terminal of a neuron, neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles. Neurotransmitter is released from the neuron through a process called exocytosis. In exocytosis, synaptic vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and neurotransmitter is released from the cell. During exocytosis, important proteins in both the synaptic vesicle membrane and cell membrane called SNARE proteins bind to one another. These proteins are required for exocytosis. Exocytosis and subsequent neurotransmitter release is regulated by Ca2+. The mechanism by which Ca2+ regulates exocytosis is poorly understood.

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Evolutionary Genetics Of Balanomorpha Barnacles, Margaret E. Wright, Dr. Keith A. Crandall Oct 2013

Evolutionary Genetics Of Balanomorpha Barnacles, Margaret E. Wright, Dr. Keith A. Crandall

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Barnacles are one of the most commonly encountered marine organisms. They live along the intertidal shores and can easily be seen attached to rocks or pilings. Barnacles have a rich history of study. Many scientists have been interested in these curious organisms. One such scientist was the great naturalist Charles Darwin. The research he begun on barnacles has been continued for over two centuries, yet, after all that time we still know very little about their phylogenic relationships (family tree). The origins and diversity of this unique invertebrate are not understood as well as they should be, given so many …

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Tnf: Structure And Function, Raymond W. Grams Ii, Dr. David A. Mcclellan Oct 2013

Tnf: Structure And Function, Raymond W. Grams Ii, Dr. David A. Mcclellan

Journal of Undergraduate Research

TNF-á is a cytokine released from activated macrophages and mast cells. It was identified a little over three decades ago as a protein responsible for lysis of certain types of cells, with specificity for tumor cells. Despite hopes as an anti-tumor agent, significant cytotoxic effects have excluded TNF-á from targeted therapies against multiple diseases such as osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, cancer, allograft rejection, and autoimmune disorders. In order to understand the pleiotropic effects expressed by TNF-á, researchers have attempted to map the functional regions of this gene hoping to discover the amino acid residues related to receptor binding and differentiation, and cytotoxicity. …

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The Way Genetic Codes Differentially Filter Molecular Evolution Varies With Nucleotide Substitution Rate Parameters, Ryan G. Christensen, Dr. David Mcclellan Oct 2013

The Way Genetic Codes Differentially Filter Molecular Evolution Varies With Nucleotide Substitution Rate Parameters, Ryan G. Christensen, Dr. David Mcclellan

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The nuclei of most extant organisms utilize the universal or standard genetic code. Other codes (e.g. vertebrate, invertebrate, echinoderm, ascidian and insect mitochondrial codes) are quite similar to the universal code (Osawa 1995).

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Spatial Analysis Predictive Model Map For Reintroduced Bighorn Sheep Winter Range Areas Along The Wasatch Front Mountains, Jericho C. Whiting, Dr. Jerran T. Flinders Oct 2013

Spatial Analysis Predictive Model Map For Reintroduced Bighorn Sheep Winter Range Areas Along The Wasatch Front Mountains, Jericho C. Whiting, Dr. Jerran T. Flinders

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) are native to the central and northern mountain ranges in Utah. They were historically abundant and extensively used by the resident Native Americans. Due to various anthropological influences, most northern populations were presumed extinct by the 1930s with only several scattered sightings reported until the 1960s (Karpowitz and Stewart 2000).

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Anti-Cancer And Anti-Microbial Activity Of Selected Hawaiian And Sonoran Desert Plant Species, Christopher Wickstrom, Dr. Rex Cates Oct 2013

Anti-Cancer And Anti-Microbial Activity Of Selected Hawaiian And Sonoran Desert Plant Species, Christopher Wickstrom, Dr. Rex Cates

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Previous research into the anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties of certain plant species provided the basis of this project. Plants from various parts of Hawaii and the Sonoran Desert in Arizona had been obtained through interviewing of traditional medicinal practitioners in those areas. The plants were then screened at BYU for any significant inhibition of cancer and/or microbial growth. Significant inhibition was shown by any plant that inhibited cancer tissue or microbial growth by more than 50% over a 24 hour growing period. From the original stock of plants, 20 exhibited significant growth inhibition against one or more of the selected …

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The Use Of Stable Isotopes To Determine The Physiology And Ecology Of Reptiles, Jessica Makin, Kent Hatch Oct 2013

The Use Of Stable Isotopes To Determine The Physiology And Ecology Of Reptiles, Jessica Makin, Kent Hatch

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Stable isotope research is becoming more widely used in physiological ecology. Atoms of the same atomic number but different atomic weights are called isotopes. Nitrogen (N) has two isotopes, 14N and 15N, with the latter being the heavier isotope. The assumption is that 14N is excreted at a higher rate than 15N. It is also thought that this should cause an increase in 15N of the protein tissues and preferential excretion of 14N of an animal when the animal is in the process of breaking down proteins.

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Evaluating Network Phylogenetic Reconstruction Methods Using Computer Simulations, Steven Woolley, Dr. Keith Crandall Oct 2013

Evaluating Network Phylogenetic Reconstruction Methods Using Computer Simulations, Steven Woolley, Dr. Keith Crandall

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In my quest to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of currently used phylogenetic network reconstruction methods, I have learned several valuable lessons applicable to nearly any research endeavor. I have successfully elucidated some of the conditions that affect the accuracy of two popular software programs for intraspecific phylogenetic inference. Below, I will give a brief background, followed by a description of the specific methods that I used in my evaluations. Finally, I will describe and validate the conclusions that I have drawn from my research, and discuss some things that I would have done differently and will do in the …

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Bioassays On Ethnobotanical Plants With Potential Activity Against E. Coli, Staphlococcus Aureus, Candida Albicans, And Hela Cancer Cells, Ryan David Huish, Dr. Rex G. Cates Oct 2013

Bioassays On Ethnobotanical Plants With Potential Activity Against E. Coli, Staphlococcus Aureus, Candida Albicans, And Hela Cancer Cells, Ryan David Huish, Dr. Rex G. Cates

Journal of Undergraduate Research

During a three month period, ethnobotanical interviews were conducted to identify and collect plants traditionally used to treat skin and mouth infections. Plant parts (i.e. inner bark, young or mature leaves, fruit, etc.) specific to the native informants’ knowledge were collected and preserved in 100% ethanol to maintain the chemical integrity in the field. Methanol and hexane extracts from these plants were tested against microbes in established laboratory bioassays. The total number of plants showing significant activity in these tests was lower than expected. Each plant’s actual potential to inhibit microorganisms may not accurately be represented by this research due …

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A Comparison Of The Phylogeny And Drumming Characteristics In Isogenoides, Christian James Hoybjerg, Dr. Michael F. Whiting Oct 2013

A Comparison Of The Phylogeny And Drumming Characteristics In Isogenoides, Christian James Hoybjerg, Dr. Michael F. Whiting

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Isogenoides is a genus of Plecoptera (stoneflies) from the family Perlodidae. The genus is composed of seven separate species and is endemic to North America. Each species has a limited distribution and a distinct system of courtship behavior. The male taps his abdomen on the substrate with a specific “drumming” pattern until he attracts a mate. The female will respond with her own drumming pattern and, in most species, the male confirms the acceptability of the female with a final, distinct answer. This behavior has been hypothesized as both a barrier to cross-species mating and as a mechanism of speciation. …

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Dentistry And Oral Health In The Post-Soviet Ukraine, Matthew S. Slivka, Dr. Bill Hess Oct 2013

Dentistry And Oral Health In The Post-Soviet Ukraine, Matthew S. Slivka, Dr. Bill Hess

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In the summer of 2003 I spent six weeks visiting and observing 20 different dentists in the Ukrainian cities of Kiev and Donetsk. Upon leaving for the Ukraine, my study was organized so as to focus on learning and understanding the country’s current system of oral health care. To do this, I planned on observing and interviewing dental practitioners, focusing on aspects of practice such as price, availability, sanitation, materials and instruments used, and procedures performed. Many of the dentists I visited with were willing and eager to assist me in my study, but I also came across many who …

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Codon-Degeneracy Model: A Sliding Window Approach To Detecting Selection, Joshua K. Sailsbery, Dr. David A. Mcclellan Oct 2013

Codon-Degeneracy Model: A Sliding Window Approach To Detecting Selection, Joshua K. Sailsbery, Dr. David A. Mcclellan

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Detecting selection on a molecular level has a wide range of applications. Knowing the selection that has occurred may lead to reconstruction of phylogeny trees, better understanding of the changes a given protein is experiencing due to evolutionary time, and pharmaceutical applications.

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Phylogeny Of The Freshwater Crayfish Genus Euastacus And Their Coevolution With Ectosymbiotic Temnocephalans, Heather C. Shull, Dr. Keith A. Crandall Oct 2013

Phylogeny Of The Freshwater Crayfish Genus Euastacus And Their Coevolution With Ectosymbiotic Temnocephalans, Heather C. Shull, Dr. Keith A. Crandall

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Euastacus crayfish are endemic to the rain forests of the eastern coast of Australia. There are now 43 known species distributed throughout Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria. Unfortunately many species inhabit areas where human growth, activity, and environmental modification threaten, limit or decrease their population size or natural range (Horwitz 1995; Merrick, 1997). The well being of these crayfish is important because many of these crayfish exist as keystone species in their community. Crayfish are polytrophic and therefore transform energy between a variety of levels and are important for the breakdown of debris (Turvey and Merrick, 1997; Parkyn et …

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Inducing Coexistence Of Incompatible Single-Copy Plasmids With Selective Pressure, Geoffrey Benton, Dr. Alan Harker Oct 2013

Inducing Coexistence Of Incompatible Single-Copy Plasmids With Selective Pressure, Geoffrey Benton, Dr. Alan Harker

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Plasmids, which are circular molecules of extrachromosomal DNA, are often found in bacterial cells. Traditionally plasmids have been considered simply accessories to chromosomal DNA. However, recent publications have demonstrated that plasmids may be more than simply an appendage to the bacterial chromosome.

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An Exploration Of The Genotoxic Effects Of Ellagic Acid On Human Hepg2 Cells And Its Potential Impact On Cancer Prevention, Amanda Stevens, Dr. Kim O'Neill Oct 2013

An Exploration Of The Genotoxic Effects Of Ellagic Acid On Human Hepg2 Cells And Its Potential Impact On Cancer Prevention, Amanda Stevens, Dr. Kim O'Neill

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Over the past few years, cancer prevention has become a more important focus for research in the fight against cancer. Recent studies suggest that perhaps as much as 70-80 % of all cancers could be prevented by diet alone. Ellagic acid is a compound found in foods like raspberries, strawberries, and apples, and is thought to be important for cancer prevention. Benzo[a]pyrene is a potent environmental carcinogen detected in substances such as cigarette smoke, cooked foods, and fossil fuel combustion. Studies involving rodents exposed to Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), whose diets included ellagic acid (EA), showed a decrease in tumor formation as …

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