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An Observation Of Apparent Teaching Behavior In The Pallid Bat, Antrozous Pallidus, Jessie P. Bunkley, Jesse R. Barber Aug 2014

An Observation Of Apparent Teaching Behavior In The Pallid Bat, Antrozous Pallidus, Jessie P. Bunkley, Jesse R. Barber

Western North American Naturalist

During a laboratory study of pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) hunting behavior, we observed an interaction wherein an adult female appeared to aid a juvenile male in learning a novel foraging task. This single observation adheres to the 3 requirements of teaching outlined by Caro and Hauser (1992). A female bat experienced with a hunting task modified her behavior in the presence of a naïve observing male, resulting in a cost of reduced food availability to the female when she was hungry, while directing the male to food resources and accelerating his learning of a foraging task. The experienced …

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Front Matter, Vol. 74 No. 2 Aug 2014

Front Matter, Vol. 74 No. 2

Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.

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End Matter, Vol. 74 No. 2 Aug 2014

End Matter, Vol. 74 No. 2

Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.

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Pinyon Pine Mortality Alters Communities Of Ground-Dwelling Arthropods, Robert J. Delph, Michael J. Clifford, Neil S. Cobb, Paulette L. Ford, Sandra L. Brantley Aug 2014

Pinyon Pine Mortality Alters Communities Of Ground-Dwelling Arthropods, Robert J. Delph, Michael J. Clifford, Neil S. Cobb, Paulette L. Ford, Sandra L. Brantley

Western North American Naturalist

We documented the effect of drought-induced mortality of pinyon pine (Pinus edulisEngelm.) on communities of ground-dwelling arthropods. Tree mortality alters microhabitats utilized by ground-dwelling arthropods by increasing solar radiation, dead woody debris, and understory vegetation. Our major objectives were to determine (1) whether there were changes in community composition, species richness, and abundance of ground-dwelling arthropods associated with pinyon mortality and (2) whether specific habitat characteristics and microhabitats accounted for these changes. We predicted shifts in community composition and increases in arthropod diversity and abundance due to the presumed increased complexity of microhabitats from both standing dead and …

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Habitat Suitability As A Limiting Factor For Establishment In A Narrow Endemic: Abronia Alpina (Nyctaginaceae), Meredith D. Jabis, Tina J. Ayers Aug 2014

Habitat Suitability As A Limiting Factor For Establishment In A Narrow Endemic: Abronia Alpina (Nyctaginaceae), Meredith D. Jabis, Tina J. Ayers

Western North American Naturalist

Understanding the causes of narrow endemism is crucial to conservation, particularly in biodiversity hotspots like the California Floristic Province. The loss of rare species as a consequence of climate change could result in substantial reductions in biodiversity, especially in high-elevation systems. We investigated causes of range restriction by using the narrow alpine endemic Abronia alpina (Ramshaw Meadows sand verbena) as a case study. This study examined habitat suitability as a limiting factor for the establishment of Abronia alpina, an endemic native to only 2 meadow systems in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Inyo National Forest, California, USA. We tested habitat suitability …

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Biogeography Of Ammophila (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) In The Grand Canyon Ecoregion, Southwestern Usa, Lawrence E. Stevens, Arnold S. Menke Aug 2014

Biogeography Of Ammophila (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) In The Grand Canyon Ecoregion, Southwestern Usa, Lawrence E. Stevens, Arnold S. Menke

Western North American Naturalist

We compiled distribution data on Ammophila collected in the Grand Canyon ecoregion (GCE) in northern Arizona and southern Utah. We report 35 species occurring from 350 to 2865 m elevation. Three new state records are reported for Arizona and one for Utah. A total of 73.8%–80.5% of the 41 Arizona Ammophila species occur in the GCE, and 16 species were detected in Grand Canyon National Park. Four species in Utah’s portion of the GCE are not known to occur in Arizona. Five Ammophila species were frequently captured (A. azteca, A. pruinosa complex, A. breviceps, A. acuta, and A. strenua …

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Herbeal Feeding Behavior Of The New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus Hudsonius Luteus), Greg D. Wright, Jennifer K. Frey Aug 2014

Herbeal Feeding Behavior Of The New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus Hudsonius Luteus), Greg D. Wright, Jennifer K. Frey

Western North American Naturalist

We report the first observations of feeding behavior by free-ranging New Mexico meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius luteus). We made observations during a radiotelemetry study of Z. h. luteus in the floodplain of the Rio Grande at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro Co., New Mexico, in 2009 and 2010. We observed Z. h. luteus eat the achenes or seeds of the order Cyperales: common threesquare (Schoenoplectus pungens), spikerush (Eleocharis spp.), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), Saunder’s wildrye (Elymus saundersii), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus …

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Survival And Cause-Specific Mortality Of Merriam's Wild Turkeys In The Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, Mark A. Peyton, Sarah R. Kindschuh, Lance J. Bernal, Robert R. Parmenter, Philip S. Gipson Aug 2014

Survival And Cause-Specific Mortality Of Merriam's Wild Turkeys In The Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, Mark A. Peyton, Sarah R. Kindschuh, Lance J. Bernal, Robert R. Parmenter, Philip S. Gipson

Western North American Naturalist

Merriam’s Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) is a species of interest for managers and is considered economically valuable through wildlife viewing and hunting. We captured, radio-marked, and monitored 49 turkeys (27 males, 22 females) over a 3-year period (2008–2011) in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. Annual Kaplan–Meier survival estimates varied among years (range 0.33–0.80). Lowest seasonal survival of 0.42 (SE 0.14) occurred during winter 2010 (1 Dec 2009–31 Mar 2010). We observed 20 fatalities of the 49 monitored turkeys. Predation by bobcats (Lynx rufus) and pumas (Puma concolor) accounted for …

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Roost And Forage Site Fidelity Of Western Small-Footed Myotis (Myotis Ciliolabrum) In An Oregon Desert Canyon, Thomas J. Rodhouse, Kenneth J. Hyde Aug 2014

Roost And Forage Site Fidelity Of Western Small-Footed Myotis (Myotis Ciliolabrum) In An Oregon Desert Canyon, Thomas J. Rodhouse, Kenneth J. Hyde

Western North American Naturalist

We describe the roosting and foraging behavior patterns of western small-footed myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum) observed during a vertebrate inventory of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in north central Oregon. We used radiotelemetry to track 9 adult females, including 3 lactating and 6 postlactating bats, during July–September 2003. We found that these bats showed considerable fidelity to a common foraging area at the confluence of the John Day River and a tributary creek along which bats commuted and roosted. Individual bats did not roost together, but each showed high fidelity to local clusters of rock outcrops in …

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Robust Meta-Analysis Shows That Glioma Transcriptional Subtyping Complements Traditional Approaches, Sanghoon Lee, Stephen Piccolo, Kristina Allen-Brady Aug 2014

Robust Meta-Analysis Shows That Glioma Transcriptional Subtyping Complements Traditional Approaches, Sanghoon Lee, Stephen Piccolo, Kristina Allen-Brady

Faculty Publications

Background Gliomas traditionally have been sub-classified
based on histopathological observations. However, this ap-
proach is subject to inter-observer variability, and histopatho-
logical features may not reflect the biological mechanisms that
drive tumor growth. High-throughput transcriptional profiling
has shown promise in objectively and reproducibly identify-
ing glioma subtypes. Most prior studies have typically used
only modest sample sizes and have sometimes overlooked
important data-processing steps to ensure sample quality and
to evaluate the robustness of quantitative findings. The pur-
pose of our study was to define robust glioma subtypes by
applying rigorous preprocessing and validation steps to 1,952
microarray samples aggregated …

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Simple, Label-Free And Non-Instrumented Analyte Quantitation By Flow Distance Measurement In Microfluidic Devices, Debolina Chatterjee Aug 2014

Simple, Label-Free And Non-Instrumented Analyte Quantitation By Flow Distance Measurement In Microfluidic Devices, Debolina Chatterjee

Theses and Dissertations

Rapid determination of the concentrations of molecules related to diseases can provide timely information for treatment options. However, most biomarker quantitation methods require costly and complex equipment. On the other hand, point-of-care systems have less complex instrumentation needs than laboratory-based equipment, but often provide less information; for example, biomarker presence or absence instead of concentration. A complete analysis setup addressing key limitations of both laboratory-based and portable systems is highly desirable. I developed microfluidic devices with visual inspection readout of a target’s concentration from microliter volumes of solution flowed into a microchannel. Microchannels are formed within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and the …

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Communication: Using Multiple Tethers To Stabilize Proteins On Surfaces, Brandon K. Loong, Thomas A. Knotts Iv Aug 2014

Communication: Using Multiple Tethers To Stabilize Proteins On Surfaces, Brandon K. Loong, Thomas A. Knotts Iv

Faculty Publications

Protein surface interactions are important in many applications in biotechnology including protein arrays, but these technologies have not lived up to their transformative potential because it is difficult to attach proteins to surfaces in a manner that preserves function and theoretical understanding of the relevant phenomena remains limited. Here is reported the effect of using multiple tethers to attach a protein (lysozyme) to a surface and the effects on the structure and stability of the molecule. The simulations show how using two tethers can drastically change the folding mechanism such that a protein that is initially unstable and inactive when …

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Helper T Cell Role In Immunity To Infection, Scott Weber Aug 2014

Helper T Cell Role In Immunity To Infection, Scott Weber

BYU Research Development Office Research Networking Conference

I am an immunologist using molecular, biochemical, and cellular techniques to understand T cell activation and improve the immune response to infection.

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Research Interests Of Kevin Franke, Kevin Franke Aug 2014

Research Interests Of Kevin Franke, Kevin Franke

BYU Research Development Office Research Networking Conference

Research interests: Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

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Identification Of A Common Mechanism Of Osteoarthritis, David Kooyman Aug 2014

Identification Of A Common Mechanism Of Osteoarthritis, David Kooyman

BYU Research Development Office Research Networking Conference

Formerly, OA was thought to be a disease of "wear and tear," that is, a disorder in which mechanical forces physically degrade the articular cartilage. We view OA as an inflammatory disease.

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More Than A Feeling: The Transmission Of Affect And Group Identity, Lauren Fine Aug 2014

More Than A Feeling: The Transmission Of Affect And Group Identity, Lauren Fine

Student Works

This thesis explores the implications that the transmission of affect (when one person’s emotions are transferred through pheromones and visual cues to trigger a similar affective response in someone else) could have on the study of rhetoric, specifically how we understand rhetorical situations involving large groups. According to Kenneth Burke, our identities are made up of the groups we identify ourselves with, which makes our identities largely based on emotionally connecting with other people. When groups are gathered together, particularly in emotionally charged situations, this emotional connection is often triggered by the subconscious transmission of affect. Transmission can lead a …

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Synthesis Of 4'-Ester Resveratrol Analogues, Chromium Trioxide Oxidation Of Terpenes, And Synthesis Of Mimics Of (-)-Englerin A, Mark Jeffrey Acerson Aug 2014

Synthesis Of 4'-Ester Resveratrol Analogues, Chromium Trioxide Oxidation Of Terpenes, And Synthesis Of Mimics Of (-)-Englerin A, Mark Jeffrey Acerson

Theses and Dissertations

4’ -ester analogues of resveratrol were synthesized using reaction conditions developed to produce mono-ester products in the presence of two other unprotected phenols. Basic conditions were employed to deprotonate the most acidic 4’ phenol followed by addition of anhydrides or acid chlorides to give the ester product. The reaction favored 4’-ester formation in polar aprotic solvents with DMSO being the optimal solvent.

(—)-Englerin A is a guaiane-type sesquiterpene containing two ester side chains. Mimics of (—)-englerin A were proposed that retained the ester side chains while replacing the non-polar core with less complicated structures. These proposed mimic cores would maintain …

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Build-And-Fill Development Of Lower Ismay (Middle Pennsylvanian Paradox Formation) Phylloid-Algal Mounds Of The Paradox Basin, Southeastern Utah, Lincoln H. Reed Aug 2014

Build-And-Fill Development Of Lower Ismay (Middle Pennsylvanian Paradox Formation) Phylloid-Algal Mounds Of The Paradox Basin, Southeastern Utah, Lincoln H. Reed

Theses and Dissertations

Phylloid-algal mounds form heterogeneous hydrocarbon reservoirs in the southeastern portion (Blanding sub-basin) of the Paradox Basin. Well-studied Lower Ismay mounds exposed along walls of the San Juan River gorge in the vicinity of Eight Foot Rapids, the west limb of the Raplee Anticline, and at the classic Honaker Trail locality (southwestern Paradox Basin) have often been cited as outcrop analogs of productive subsurface mounds. Until now, however, there has not been a complete description of the distribution, size, and spacing of outcropping algal mounds at the classic Eight Foot Rapids locality. The Lower Ismay sequence was analyzed in the context …

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High-Performance Polymer Monoliths For Capillary Liquid Chromatography, Pankaj Aggarwal Jul 2014

High-Performance Polymer Monoliths For Capillary Liquid Chromatography, Pankaj Aggarwal

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation focuses on improving the chromatographic efficiency of polymeric organic monoliths by characterizing and optimizing the bed morphology. In-situ characterization techniques such as capillary flow porometry (CFP), 3-dimensional scanning electron microscopy (3D SEM) and conductivity measurements were developed and implemented to quantitatively characterize the morphology of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monoliths. The CFP measurements for monoliths prepared by the same procedure in capillaries with different diameters (i.e., 75, 150, and 250 μm) clearly showed a change in average through-pore size with capillary diameter, thus, certifying the need for in-situ measurement techniques. Serial sectioning and imaging of PEGDA monoliths using …

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Serotonin Transporter Genotype Modulates Hpa Axis Output During Stress: Effect Of Stress, Dexamethasone Test And Acth Challenge, Andrea N. Sorenson, Erin C. Sullivan, Sally P. Mendoza, John P. Capitanio, James Dee Higley Jul 2014

Serotonin Transporter Genotype Modulates Hpa Axis Output During Stress: Effect Of Stress, Dexamethasone Test And Acth Challenge, Andrea N. Sorenson, Erin C. Sullivan, Sally P. Mendoza, John P. Capitanio, James Dee Higley

Faculty Publications

Background—Studies show that the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is dysregulated in depression. Some studies suggest that variation in the serotonin transporter genotype (hereafter 5HTT) modulates both risk for depression and psychopathological HPA axis responsiveness. Rhesus monkeys are well suited to model such relationships. Rhesus macaque models of human psychopathology have assessed the effect of the serotonin transporter (rh5HTT) on levels of cortisol in stressed subjects. These studies show that that under conditions of stress, heterozygous females (Ls) reared under adversity exhibit high levels of cortisol. Studies have not to our knowledge, however, assessed the potential additive effect on the cortisol response …

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Serotonin Transporter Genotype Modulates Hpa Axis Output During Stress: Effect Of Stress, Dexamethasone Test And Acth Challenge, Andrea N. Sorenson, Erin C. Sullivan, Sally P. Mendoza, John P. Capitanio, James Dee Higley Jul 2014

Serotonin Transporter Genotype Modulates Hpa Axis Output During Stress: Effect Of Stress, Dexamethasone Test And Acth Challenge, Andrea N. Sorenson, Erin C. Sullivan, Sally P. Mendoza, John P. Capitanio, James Dee Higley

Faculty Publications

Background—Studies show that the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is dysregulated in depression. Some studies suggest that variation in the serotonin transporter genotype (hereafter 5HTT) modulates both risk for depression and psychopathological HPA axis responsiveness. Rhesus monkeys are well suited to model such relationships. Rhesus macaque models of human psychopathology have assessed the effect of the serotonin transporter (rh5HTT) on levels of cortisol in stressed subjects. These studies show that that under conditions of stress, heterozygous females (Ls) reared under adversity exhibit high levels of cortisol. Studies have not to our knowledge, however, assessed the potential additive effect on the cortisol response …

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Diurnal And Semidiurnal Internal Waves Near Two Harbors, Santa Catalina, California, Craig G. Gelpi Jul 2014

Diurnal And Semidiurnal Internal Waves Near Two Harbors, Santa Catalina, California, Craig G. Gelpi

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

Internal waves at both diurnal and semidiurnal frequencies are common on island slopes in the Southern California Bight (SCB). Amplitudes in both regimes are similar, although the phenomenology at the 2 frequencies is expected to be different since the bight is north of the critical latitude (30°), making diurnal modulations evanescent though semidiurnal waves can propagate. Understanding the driving forces for the internal waves may provide insight into vertical mixing in the bight. We used long-duration time series of ocean temperatures measured near the Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies (WIES), Santa Catalina Island, to study highly resolved spectra and seasonal …

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Documenting The Paleontological Resources Of National Park Service Areas Of The Southern California Coast And Islands, Justin S. Tweet, Vincent L. Santucci, Tim Connors Jul 2014

Documenting The Paleontological Resources Of National Park Service Areas Of The Southern California Coast And Islands, Justin S. Tweet, Vincent L. Santucci, Tim Connors

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

Paleontological resource inventories for the parks of the National Park Service’s Mediterranean Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network (MEDN) indicate a significant Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic fossil record for the southern California coast and islands. These inventories document over 100 million years of biologic and geologic changes along the Pacific coast of southern California. During 2012, comprehensive paleontological resource data were compiled for Cabrillo National Monument (CABR), Channel Islands National Park (CHIS), and Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (SAMO). This recent work expands the paleontological resource data previously compiled for each of the parks in 2003 and during the SAMO …

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Prehistoric Occupation Of The Interior Of Western Santa Cruz Island, Michael A. Glassow Jul 2014

Prehistoric Occupation Of The Interior Of Western Santa Cruz Island, Michael A. Glassow

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

Although the majority of prehistoric habitation sites on Santa Cruz Island are located within interior areas more than 0.5 km from the coast, little is known about these sites and how their occupation articulated with coastal settlement. To address this lack of knowledge, small-scale excavation was undertaken at 2 interior habitation sites (CASCRI-555 and CA-SCRI-574) in the western sector of the island. Habitation deposits at both sites are <60 cm deep. Radiocarbon dating reveals that CA-SCRI-555 experienced occupation during 3 time intervals: 1800–1400 cal BC, ~2400 cal BC, and ~4400 cal BC. In contrast, dates for CA-SCRI-574 indicate only one time interval: 2800–1900 cal BC. Remains of marine shellfish and vertebrates in the deposits indicate transport of marine foods to both sites. The repertoire of shellfish remains implies that site inhabitants obtained marine foods from coastal areas closest to each site. These interior sites may have been occupied for one or more reasons: (1) as habitation sites occupied occasionally for the purpose of acquiring and perhaps consuming plant food or other interior resources; (2) as easily defended locations given their placement on ridgetops; (3) as way stations during travel to distant parts of the island; and (4) as locations where freshwater is available during dry seasons or years when water is scare at nearby coastal locations. The data resulting from small-scale testing makes evaluating these alternatives difficult, but the variety of food remains, the various types of stone tools, and the wood charcoal from hearth fires all indicate that at least some intervals of occupation were for periods that exceeded a few days. The results highlight the need for data from a large number of interior sites to understand island settlement patterns and ecological adaptation of the island’s prehistoric inhabitants.


Aunque la mayor parte de los sitos habitacionales prehistóricos de la Isla Santa Cruz están ubicados en áreas interiores a más de 0.5 km de la costa, poco se sabe sobre estos …

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Comparing Speech Movements In Different Types Of Noise, Sarah Jane Scott Jul 2014

Comparing Speech Movements In Different Types Of Noise, Sarah Jane Scott

Theses and Dissertations

This study examined the impact of several noise conditions on speech articulator movements during a sentence repetition task. Sixty participants in three age groups ranging from 20 to 70 repeated a sentence under five noise conditions. Lower lip movements during production of a target sentence were used to compute the spatiotemporal index (STI). It was hypothesized that STI would be lower (indicating greater stability) in the silent baseline condition. There were changes in speech production under several of the noise conditions. The duration for the 1-talker condition was significantly shorter when compared to the silent condition, which could be due …

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Refinement And Characterization Of Synthetic Vocal Fold Models, Shelby Charisse Ward Jul 2014

Refinement And Characterization Of Synthetic Vocal Fold Models, Shelby Charisse Ward

Theses and Dissertations

Understanding vocal fold mechanics is an integral part of voice research and synthetic vocal fold models are an essential tool in characterizing vocal fold mechanics. These models contain multiple layers with varying stiffness, much like human vocal folds. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the current models and modeling techniques, as well as investigate the impact of asymmetry on model vibration. A new design for an MRI-based model is detailed. This model has a more realistic geometry than the simplified models and mimics some of the vibratory characteristics observed in human vocal folds. The MRI-based model was used …

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Source Apportionment Of Wastewater Using Bayesian Analysis Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Daniel B. Blake Jul 2014

Source Apportionment Of Wastewater Using Bayesian Analysis Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Daniel B. Blake

Theses and Dissertations

This research uses Bayesian analysis of fluorescence spectroscopy results to determine if wastewater from the Heber Valley Special Service District (HVSSD) lagoons in Midway, UT has seeped into the adjacent Provo River. This flow cannot be directly measured, but it is possible to use fluorescence spectroscopy to determine if there is seepage into the river.Fluorescence spectroscopy results of water samples obtained from HVSSD lagoons and from upstream and downstream in the Provo River were used to conduct this statistical analysis. The fluorescence 'fingerprints' for the upstream and lagoon samples were used to deconvolute the two sources in a downstream sample …

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Verifying Molecular Dynamics Using Dielectric Spectroscopy, Joshua Dee Smith Jul 2014

Verifying Molecular Dynamics Using Dielectric Spectroscopy, Joshua Dee Smith

Theses and Dissertations

The electrical properties of proteins in solution are important for their structure and function. Computational biophysics studies of proteins need accurate parameters to ensure that numerical simulations match physical reality. Past work in this eld has compared the electrical properties of proteins obtained from dielectric spectroscopy to numerical simulations of proteins in water with adjustment of pKa values to try to capture the inevitable changes in electrical conformation that will occur in a complex structure such as a folded protein. However, fundamental veri cation of the charge parameters of the amino acid building blocks in common molecular dynamics software packages …

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Targeting Of Receptors For Advanced Glycation End-Products (Rage) Diminishes Acute Secondhand Smoke-Induced Inflammation In Mice, Tyler Thomas Wood Jul 2014

Targeting Of Receptors For Advanced Glycation End-Products (Rage) Diminishes Acute Secondhand Smoke-Induced Inflammation In Mice, Tyler Thomas Wood

Theses and Dissertations

The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has increasingly been demonstrated to be an important modulator of inflammation in cases of pulmonary disease. Published reports involving tobacco smoke exposure have demonstrated increased expression of RAGE, its participation in pro-inflammatory signaling and its role in irreversible pulmonary remodeling. The current research evaluated for the first time the in vivo effects of short-term tobacco smoke exposure in RAGE null and control mice compared to identical animals exposed to room air only. Quantitative real time PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry revealed elevated RAGE expression in controls after four weeks of exposure and an anticipated …

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Examining Academic Performance Of Polynesian Student-Athletes Using The Theory Of Planned Behavior, Sierra Terina Keung Jul 2014

Examining Academic Performance Of Polynesian Student-Athletes Using The Theory Of Planned Behavior, Sierra Terina Keung

Theses and Dissertations

This study used Ajzen's (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explore Polynesian student-athletes' motivation to improve academic performance (AP), while participating in Division I (D1) college football. Specifically, this study examined how attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control influence motivation to achieve a higher GPA. Furthermore, ethnic identity, family obligation and cultural values were examined as potential contributors to subjective norms. The sample consisted of 70 Polynesian football student-athletes at 10 U.S. D1 universities. A modified TPB questionnaire was used to assess the TPB variables (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) as contributors to Polynesian football student-athletes …

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