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Watch Your Language: How A School District's Failure To Provide Meaningful Communication Has Impacted Students During The Pandemic, Amy Leipziger Jan 2021

Watch Your Language: How A School District's Failure To Provide Meaningful Communication Has Impacted Students During The Pandemic, Amy Leipziger

BYU Education & Law Journal

This article examines some of the obstacles that LEP parents have experienced with the NYCDOE during the pandemic, the impact these obstacles have had on their children’s education, and whether the NYCDOE’s refusal to provide language access amounts to a denial of a sound basic education under state constitutional law.12 I chose to focus primarily on New York City because it boasts the nation’s largest school system, with nearly 1.1 million students, and is comprised of 1,876 schools.13 A large share of these students have significant language needs. In New York state, forty-six percent of children in low-income families have …

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Quarter Of An Inch, Angela Griffin Jan 2021

Quarter Of An Inch, Angela Griffin

Inscape

Drill Sergeant Jones hesitates in the doorway, one foot poised over the threshold, boot hovering in the air. Eyes trained on the inhabitants of Second Platoon bay, she deliberately, ever so lightly, lets her boot tap the linoleum floor on our side of the doorway.

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Nordlyset And The New York City Danish Community, 1891-1953, Catrine Kyster Giery Jan 2021

Nordlyset And The New York City Danish Community, 1891-1953, Catrine Kyster Giery

The Bridge

The Danish community in New York City was never more than a speck on the Big Apple. At the same time, however, New York City and the surrounding area was for decades—and still is—home to a larger number of Danish-born people than most other places in the United States. Unfortunately, New York City’s popularity among Danes has not translated into a large amount of historical research about the city’s Danish community.

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Demythicizing The Lamanites’ “Skin Of Blackness”, Gerrit M. Steenblik Jan 2021

Demythicizing The Lamanites’ “Skin Of Blackness”, Gerrit M. Steenblik

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

Racial bias is antithetical to the Book of Mormon’s cardinal purpose: to proclaim the infinite grandeur of the atonement of Jesus Christ. The book teaches that the Lord welcomes and redeems the entire human family, “black and white, bond and free” — people of all hues from ebony to ivory. Critical thinkers have struggled to reconcile this leitmotif with the book’s mention of a “skin of blackness” that was “set upon” some of Lehi’s descendants. Earlier apologetics for that “mark” have been rooted in Old World texts and traditions. However, within the last twenty years, Mesoamerican archaeologists, anthropologists, and ethnohistorians …

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The Crown Of Creation, David Rolph, Jo Ann H. Seely Jan 2021

The Crown Of Creation, David Rolph, Jo Ann H. Seely

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

The Seelys discuss the well-known concept of the universe as a temple, and link the creation story to the temple drama. They explore how God, in creating the universe, had the same roles the temple drama gives to Adam and Eve as archetypes of each man and woman (that of king, priest, and artisan), and how man, by participating in the temple drama, is raised to be the image of God, thus becoming the real crown of creation, participating in God’s creation by procreation.

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Abraham’S Amen And Believing In Christ: Possible Applications In The Book Of Mormon Text, Loren Spendlove Jan 2021

Abraham’S Amen And Believing In Christ: Possible Applications In The Book Of Mormon Text, Loren Spendlove

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

Following the discovery of delocutive verbs and their likely usage in the Hebrew Bible, Meredith Kline proposed that the verb האמין (he’emin) in Genesis 15:6 — traditionally interpreted as a denominative verb meaning “he believed” — should be understood as a delocutive verb meaning “he declared ‘amen.’” Rather than reading Genesis 15:6 as a passive statement — Abraham believed in Yahweh — Kline argued that we should interpret this verse in the active sense, that Abraham vocally declared his amen in Yahweh’s covenantal promise. In this light, I have analyzed various passages in the Book of Mormon that utilize similar …

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Full Issue Jan 2021

Full Issue

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

No abstract provided.

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That Which You Have Translated, Which You Have Retained, Clifford P. Jones Jan 2021

That Which You Have Translated, Which You Have Retained, Clifford P. Jones

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

I propose that our current Words of Mormon in the Book of Mormon was originally a second chapter of the book of Mosiah following an initial chapter that was part of the lost 116 pages. When Joseph Smith gave the first 116 pages to Martin Harris, he may have retained a segment of the original manuscript that contained our Words of Mormon, consistent with the Lord’s reference “that which you have translated, which you have retained” (D&C 10:41). A comprehensive review of contextual information indicates that the chapter we call Words of Mormon may actually be the first part of …

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The Ark And The Tent: Temple Symbolism In The Story Of Noah, Jeffrey M. Bradshaw Jan 2021

The Ark And The Tent: Temple Symbolism In The Story Of Noah, Jeffrey M. Bradshaw

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

Jeffrey M. Bradshaw compares Moses’ tabernacle and Noah’s ark, and then identifies the story of Noah as a temple related drama, drawing of temple mysticism and symbols. After examining structural similarities between ark and tabernacle and bringing into the discussion further information about the Mesopotamian flood story, he shows how Noah’s ark is a beginning of a new creation, pointing out the central point of Day One in the Noah story. When Noah leaves the ark, they find themselves in a garden, not unlike the Garden of Eden in the way the Bible speaks about it. A covenant is established …

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Understanding Covenants Anew: Using Ancient Thought To Enrich Modern Faith, Jeffrey Thayne Jan 2021

Understanding Covenants Anew: Using Ancient Thought To Enrich Modern Faith, Jeffrey Thayne

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

In the first half of her book, Lane takes us on a tour of ancient worlds by introducing us to ancient words, such as bĕrît (covenant), gā’al (redemption), pānîm (presence of the Lord), and so forth, while deftly weaving linguistic and historical insights with personal narratives that ground these insights in the practical affairs of day-to-day living. In the second half of the book, Lane takes us on a tour of medieval art and images, centering on how art has been used to portray the Savior and His mission. Throughout the entire book, Lane centers the attention of the reader …

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The Book Of Mormon’S Complex Finite Cause Syntax, Stanford Carmack Jan 2021

The Book Of Mormon’S Complex Finite Cause Syntax, Stanford Carmack

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

This paper describes and compares the Book of Mormon’s 12 instances of complex finite cause syntax, the structure exemplified by the language of Ether 9:33: “the Lord did cause the serpents that they should pursue them no more.” This is not King James language or currently known to be pseudo-archaic language (language used by modern authors seeking to imitate biblical or related archaic language), but it does occur in earlier English, almost entirely before the year 1700. In the Book of Mormon, the syntax is always expressed with the modal auxiliary verbs should and shall. Twenty-five original examples of this …

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Full Issue Jan 2021

Full Issue

Mormon Studies Review

No abstract provided.

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“All Can Partake, Freely”, Daniel C. Peterson Jan 2021

“All Can Partake, Freely”, Daniel C. Peterson

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

The Interpreter Foundation welcomes faithful ideas, insights, and manuscripts from people of all backgrounds. In this brief essay, I share some that were recently shared with me regarding Lehi’s vision of the tree of life, as recorded in 1 Nephi 8. Among other things, Lehi seems to have been shown that the divine offer of salvation extends far beyond a small elite. As Peter exclaims in the King James rendering of Acts 10:34, “God is no respecter of persons.” Other translations render the same words as saying that he doesn’t “play favorites” or “show partiality.” The passage in James 1:5 …

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Poesy And Prosody In The Book Of Mormon, Robert F. Smith Jan 2021

Poesy And Prosody In The Book Of Mormon, Robert F. Smith

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

Robert Smith makes the case that “poetic art in the Book of Mormon is highly developed” — you just need to have the eye to recognize it. Though many readers are aware of the stunning examples of chiasmus in the Book of Mormon, thanks to the pioneering work by John W. Welch, fewer are acquainted with the other important forms of parallelism that pervade the text, often placed strategically to highlight the importance of a particular passage. Smith also shows why apocalpytic texts, sometimes thought to originate at a later period, can be found, for example, in the first chapter …

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Full Issue Jan 2021

Full Issue

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

No abstract provided.

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Discipleship As The World Collapses Around You, Loren Spendlove Jan 2021

Discipleship As The World Collapses Around You, Loren Spendlove

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

Adam Miller has created a thoughtful and enlightening theological study of the book of Mormon. It is obvious from his textual commentary that Miller has given a significant amount of thought and effort into teasing out practical insights from the book’s original authors. Except for some clumsy distractions that occasionally appear in his text, I would highly recommend Miller’s analysis of Mormon’s and Moroni’s apocalyptic narratives.

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The Pleading Bar Of God, Royal Skousen Jan 2021

The Pleading Bar Of God, Royal Skousen

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

Royal Skousen’s essay shed light on enigmatic references in Jacob 6:13 and Moroni 10:34 to “the pleasing bar of God.” After establishing that the term “pleading bar” is an appropriate legal term, he cites both internal evidence and the likelihood of scribal errors as explanations for why “pleasing bar,” instead of the more likely “pleading bar,” appears in current editions of the Book of Mormon.

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Prolegomena To A Study Of The Egyptian Alphabet Documents In The Joseph Smith Papers, John Gee Jan 2021

Prolegomena To A Study Of The Egyptian Alphabet Documents In The Joseph Smith Papers, John Gee

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

For many theories about the Book of Abraham, the Egyptian Alphabet documents are seen as the key to understanding the translation process. While the original publication of those documents allows many researchers access to the documents for the first time, careful attention to the Joseph Smith Papers as a whole and the practices of Joseph Smith’s scribes in particular allows for improvements in the date, labeling, and understanding of the historical context of the Egyptian Alphabet documents. This essay supports the understanding of these documents found in the other volumes of the Joseph Smith Papers that the Egyptian Alphabet documents …

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Full Issue Jan 2021

Full Issue

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

No abstract provided.

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The Divine Handclasp In The Hebrew Bible And In Near Eastern Iconography, David Calabro Jan 2021

The Divine Handclasp In The Hebrew Bible And In Near Eastern Iconography, David Calabro

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

David Calabro explores what he describes as the “divine handclasp” in the Hebrew Bible. The term refers to a handclasp between God and his human servant that had a place in ancient Israelite temple worship. Calabro indicates it was a ritual gesture that was part of temple rite performance with a priest acting as proxy for God in close interaction with mankind. While other scholars have suggested the gesture was indicative of deity transporting mankind to “glory,” Calabro’s research proposes the clasping of right hands while facing one another was ritually indicative of God granting access to His chosen rather …

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Seeking A Global Context For The First Vision, Brian C. Hales Jan 2021

Seeking A Global Context For The First Vision, Brian C. Hales

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

Richard E. Bennett’s latest volume, 1820: Dawning of the Restoration, is not a book about the First Vision. Instead, it describes the world in 1820 through thirteen biographies that provide useful context to the seminal event. Included are Napoleon Bonaparte, Jean Francois Champollion, Alexander I, Ludwig van Beethoven, Theodore Gericault, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George IV/Queen Caroline, John Wesley/William Wilberforce/ Hannah More, Simon Bolivar, John Williams, Henry Clay, Alexander Von Humboldt, and Joseph Smith. Topics of military conquest, music, science, literature, art, linguistics, religion, politics, and the industrial revolution receive extensive coverage for 1820 and the surrounding decades. Even if readers …

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De Profundis, Daniel C. Peterson Jan 2021

De Profundis, Daniel C. Peterson

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

In describing the operation of the spindles in the Liahona, Nephi’s statement that “the one pointed the way” in 1 Nephi 16:10 is frequently taken to mean that one of the two spindles indicated the direction to travel. However, Nephi’s apparent use of the Hebrew word האחד (ha’echad)1 may imply a different mechanism in which the direction was being shown when both operated as one. If so, there may be added symbolism of unity and oneness inherent in Nephi’s and Alma’s descriptions of the Liahona. Additionally, I provide a detailed analysis of words and phrases used by Nephi and Alma …

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Early Christian Temples And Baptism For The Dead: Defining Sacred Space In The Late Antique Near East, David Calabro Jan 2021

Early Christian Temples And Baptism For The Dead: Defining Sacred Space In The Late Antique Near East, David Calabro

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

This paper addresses the early Christian transition from templebased Judaism to the Constantinian basilica of the fourth century. David argues that some Christians of the second and early third centuries may have had places of worship that, while not monumental in scale, qualify typologically as temples and were understood as such. These sacred structures may have been used for the performance of baptisms for the dead, as suggested by Doctrine and Covenants 124. In support of this thesis, he takes as case studies the Christian places of worship at ancient Edessa and Dura Europos, based on a combination of textual …

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Axes Mundi: Ritual Complexes In Mesoamerica And The Book Of Mormon, Mark Alan Wright Jan 2021

Axes Mundi: Ritual Complexes In Mesoamerica And The Book Of Mormon, Mark Alan Wright

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

An axis mundi refers to a sacred place that connects heaven and earth and is believed to be the center of the world. These places are sanctified through ritual consecration or through a divine manifestation that results in qualitatively detaching that space from the surrounding cosmos. Often expressed in architecture as a universal pillar, these axes mundi incorporate and put in communication three cosmic levels — earth, heaven, and the underworld. As Mark Alan Wright notes, Mesoamerican sacred architecture was designed according to cosmological principles and finds a modern analogy in Latter-day Saint temples. Also, among Mesoamerican civilizations and in …

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Types Of Repetition And Shadows Of History In Hebraic Narrative, Alan Goff Jan 2021

Types Of Repetition And Shadows Of History In Hebraic Narrative, Alan Goff

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

Modern readers too often misunderstand ancient narrative. Typical of this incomprehension has been the inclination of modern biblical critics to view repetitions as narrative failures. Whether you call such repetitions types, narrative analogies, type scenes, midrashic recurrences, or numerous other names, this view of repeated elements has dominated modern readings of Hebraic narratives for at least 200 years. Robert Alter, who introduced a new yet antique understanding of repetitions in the Hebrew Bible in the 1980s, began to reverse this trend. Such repeated elements aren’t failures or shortcomings but are themselves artistic clues to narrative meaning that call readers to …

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Joseph Smith As A Book Of Mormon Storyteller, Brian C. Hales Jan 2021

Joseph Smith As A Book Of Mormon Storyteller, Brian C. Hales

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

For nearly 200 years, skeptics have promoted different naturalistic explanations to describe how Joseph Smith generated all the words of the Book of Mormon. The more popular theories include plagiarism (e.g. of the Solomon Spaulding manuscript), collaboration (with Oliver Cowdery, Sidney Rigdon, etc.), mental illness (bipolar, dissociative, or narcissistic personality disorders) and automatic writing, also called “spirit writing, “trance writing,” or “channeling.” A fifth and currently the most popular theory posits that Joseph Smith possessed all the intellectual abilities needed to complete the task. A variation on this last explanation proposes that he used the methods of professional storytellers. For …

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The Implications Of Some Standard Assumptions Of New Testament Scholars: Responding To A Modern Anti-Christ, John Gee Jan 2021

The Implications Of Some Standard Assumptions Of New Testament Scholars: Responding To A Modern Anti-Christ, John Gee

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

In a recent book, Raphael Lataster correctly argues that the acceptance of the general premises of New Testament scholarship, exemplified in the writings of Bart Ehrman, brings into question whether Jesus ever existed. Latter-day Saints who are serious about their witness of Jesus Christ need to be aware that acceptance of these presuppositions undermines their witness of the reality of Jesus Christ and his atonement and makes their faith vain.

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The Goodness Of God And His Children As A Fundamental Theological Concept In The Book Of Mormon, Noel B. Reynolds Jan 2021

The Goodness Of God And His Children As A Fundamental Theological Concept In The Book Of Mormon, Noel B. Reynolds

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

The phrase goodness of God does occur occasionally in the Hebrew Bible but has not been considered by Old Testament scholars to be an independent principle in Israelite theology. Rather, it has been interpreted as just another way of talking about God’s acts of hesed, or loving kindness for his covenant people and is usually interpreted in the context of the covenants Israel received through Abraham and Moses. The Book of Mormon clearly echoes that Old Testament pattern but also presents two additional conceptual frameworks that are explained in terms of the goodness of God. It advances an explicit divine …

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“If Ye Believe On His Name”: Wordplay On The Name Samuel In Helaman 14:2, 12–13 And 3 Nephi 23:9 And The Doctrine Of Christ In Samuel’S Speech, Matthew L. Bowen Jan 2021

“If Ye Believe On His Name”: Wordplay On The Name Samuel In Helaman 14:2, 12–13 And 3 Nephi 23:9 And The Doctrine Of Christ In Samuel’S Speech, Matthew L. Bowen

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

The Semitic/Hebrew name Samuel (šĕmûʾēl) most likely means “his name is El” — i.e., “his name [the name that he calls upon in worship] is El” — although it was also associated with “hearing” (šāmaʿ) God (e.g., 1 Samuel 3:9–11). In the ancient Near East, the parental hope for one thus named is that the son (and “his name”) would glorify El (a name later understood in ancient Israel to refer to God); or, like the biblical prophet Samuel, the child would hear El/God (“El is heard”). The name šĕmûʾēl thus constituted an appropriate symbol of the mission of the …

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The People Of Canaan: A New Reading Of Moses 7, Adam Stokes Jan 2021

The People Of Canaan: A New Reading Of Moses 7, Adam Stokes

Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship

Moses 7 is one of the most famous passages in all of Restoration scripture. It is also one of the most problematic in regard to its description of the people of Canaan as black (v. 8) and as a people who were not preached to by the patriarch Enoch (v. 12). Later there is also a mention of “the seed of Cain,” who also are said to be black (v. 22). This article examines the history of interpretation of Moses 7 and proposes an alternative understanding based on a close reading of the text. In contrast to traditional views, it …

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