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Cryogenic Carbon Capture Using A Desublimating Spray Tower, Bradley J. Nielson Jul 2013

Cryogenic Carbon Capture Using A Desublimating Spray Tower, Bradley J. Nielson

Theses and Dissertations

Global warming is becoming ever increasing concern in our society. As such the likelihood of a carbon tax in the US is becoming increasingly likely. A carbon tax will be expensive enough that coal-based power plants will either have to install carbon capture technology or close. The two front runner technologies for carbon capture are amine scrubbing, and oxyfuel combustion. The downside is that both of these technologies increase power generation cost in a new plant by about 80% and have up to a 30% parasitic load, which reduces the cycle efficiency, that is, the power production per unit fuel …


Biogeography And Evolution Of Neotropical Small Mammals, With Emphasis On Hystricognath Spiny Rats Of The Genus Proechimys (Family Echimyidae), Rafael Do Nascimento Leite Jul 2013

Biogeography And Evolution Of Neotropical Small Mammals, With Emphasis On Hystricognath Spiny Rats Of The Genus Proechimys (Family Echimyidae), Rafael Do Nascimento Leite

Theses and Dissertations

The Neotropical region is the most biologically diverse region on the planet. The region encompasses a variety of ecosystems and has long been the target of researchers interested in patterns of species diversity and distribution. More recently, molecular data have been incorporated into methods for reconstructing the historical relationships among geographical areas and their biotas. Molecular phylogenetics has provided insights into diversification patterns and the influence of Late Cenozoic events on the evolutionary history of the region. Nevertheless, considering the vast extent and complexity of the region, more studies are needed to fully appreciate the patterns of biogeography and the …


Parowan Valley Potting Communities: Examining Technological Style In Fremont Snake Valley Corrugated Pottery, Scott M. Ure Jul 2013

Parowan Valley Potting Communities: Examining Technological Style In Fremont Snake Valley Corrugated Pottery, Scott M. Ure

Theses and Dissertations

Defining the Fremont archaeological culture has challenged archaeologists for decades. There is still considerable debate about the origins of the Fremont, their eventual demise, their genetic relationship to modern Native American tribes, and myriad other issues. In nearly a century of Fremont research, socio-political, economic, and religious complexity remain elusive subjects. Examining technological style, the manifestation of socially influenced choices during each step of production as a means of passive communication, is one useful avenue to examine Fremont material culture to uncover the social patterns they may, or may not contain. I examine whether or not technological style in Fremont …


Developmental Signaling Requires Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channels In Drosophila Melanogaster, Giri Raj Dahal Jul 2013

Developmental Signaling Requires Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channels In Drosophila Melanogaster, Giri Raj Dahal

Theses and Dissertations

Inwardly rectifying potassium (IRK/Kir) channels regulate intracellular K+ concentrations and membrane potential. Disruption of Kir2.1 causes dominantly inherited Andersen Tawil Syndrome (ATS). ATS patients suffer from cardiac arrhythmias, periodic paralysis, and cognitive impairment. These symptoms are consistent with current understanding of the role of ion channels in muscle cells and neurons. However, ATS symptoms also include craniofacial and digital deformities such as cleft palate, dental defects, wide set eyes, low set ears, and crooked or fused digits. These developmental defects were not consistent with current understanding of developmental signaling or previously described roles for ion channels. We found that phenotypes …


Low Mitochondrial Dna Sequence Variation In The Microendemic Cuatro Ciénegas Platyfish Xiphophorus Gordoni, Evan W. Carson, Hector Espinosa-Pérez, Valeria Souza Jul 2013

Low Mitochondrial Dna Sequence Variation In The Microendemic Cuatro Ciénegas Platyfish Xiphophorus Gordoni, Evan W. Carson, Hector Espinosa-Pérez, Valeria Souza

Western North American Naturalist

The desert spring ecosystem of the Cuatro Ciénegas basin, Mexico, hosts an extraordinary but increasingly imperiled assemblage of native and endemic aquatic organisms. Among the more vulnerable to extinction is the microendemic Cuatro Ciénegas platyfish Xiphophorus gordoni, which is at particular risk due to its highly restricted distribution and small population size. Given the growing demands on water resources in this arid region, we conducted a survey of mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the cytochrome b gene to establish a baseline for long-term genetic monitoring of this endangered species. Fifty-eight specimens were collected from the 2 subpopulations known to persist, …


Catching Large Groups Of Ravens: A Note On Procedures Using Rocket Nets, Richard J. Camp, Mark Hagan, William I. Boarman, Shannon J. Collis, Wanda S. Deal Jul 2013

Catching Large Groups Of Ravens: A Note On Procedures Using Rocket Nets, Richard J. Camp, Mark Hagan, William I. Boarman, Shannon J. Collis, Wanda S. Deal

Western North American Naturalist

Capturing Common Ravens (Corvus corax) is very difficult. Several methods are currently used, but none effectively catch large numbers (>25 birds) of ravens at one time. Efficient capture of large numbers of ravens is needed for some autecology studies. We describe and evaluate the effectiveness of using a prebaited rocket net trapping method for simultaneously capturing large numbers of ravens. The study sites were within 2 landfills in California’s Mojave Desert, one at Edwards Air Force Base and the other at Fort Irwin National Training Center. We captured 283 ravens on 5 trapping occasions between 1995 and …


Personhood And Cloning: Modern Applications And Ethics Of Stem Cell And Cloning Technology, Sariah Cottrell Mccarrey Jul 2013

Personhood And Cloning: Modern Applications And Ethics Of Stem Cell And Cloning Technology, Sariah Cottrell Mccarrey

Theses and Dissertations

Within many communities and religions, including the LDS community, there is some controversy surrounding the use of stem cells – particularly embryonic stem cells (ESC). Much of this controversy arises from confusion and misconceptions about what stem cells actually are, where they come from , and when life begins. The theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has interesting implications for the last of these considerations, and it becomes less a question of “when does life begin” and more an exploration of “when does personhood begin” or “when does the spirit enter the body.” With no official …


Aqueous Henry's Law Constants, Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients, And Water Solubility: Critically Evaluated Database, Experimental Analysis, And Prediction Methods, Sarah Ann Brockbank Jul 2013

Aqueous Henry's Law Constants, Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients, And Water Solubility: Critically Evaluated Database, Experimental Analysis, And Prediction Methods, Sarah Ann Brockbank

Theses and Dissertations

A database containing Henry's law constants, infinite dilution activity coefficients and solubility data of industrially important chemicals in aqueous systems has been compiled. These properties are important in predicting the fate and transport of chemicals in the environment. The structure of this database is compatible with the existing DIPPR® 801 database and DIADEM interface, and the compounds included are a subset of the compounds found in the DIPPR® 801 database. Thermodynamic relationships, chemical family trends, and predicted values were carefully considered when designating recommended values. Henry's law constants and infinite dilution activity coefficients were measured for toluene, 1-butanol, anisole, 1,2-difluorobenzene, …


Habitat Interaction Between Two Species Of Chipmunk In The Basin And Range Province Of Nevada, Christopher Lowrey, Kathleen Longshore Jul 2013

Habitat Interaction Between Two Species Of Chipmunk In The Basin And Range Province Of Nevada, Christopher Lowrey, Kathleen Longshore

Western North American Naturalist

Interspecies interactions can affect how species are distributed, put constraints on habitat expansion, and reduce the fundamental niche of the affected species. Using logistic regression, we analyzed and compared 174 Tamias palmeri and 94 Tamias panamintinus within an isolated mountain range of the Basin and Range Province of southern Nevada. Tamias panamintinus was more likely to use pinyon/ponderosa/fir mixed forests than pinyon alone, compared to random sites. In the presence of T. palmeri, however, interaction analyses indicated T. panamintinus was less likely to occupy the mixed forests and more likely near large rocks on southern aspects. This species-by-habitat interaction data …


Cheatgrass (Bromus Tectorum) Dominates Cheek Pouch Contents Of The Great Basin Pocket Mouse (Perognathus Parvus), Kristen A. Richardson, Stephen D. West, Robert A. Gitzen Jul 2013

Cheatgrass (Bromus Tectorum) Dominates Cheek Pouch Contents Of The Great Basin Pocket Mouse (Perognathus Parvus), Kristen A. Richardson, Stephen D. West, Robert A. Gitzen

Western North American Naturalist

Most of the native shrubsteppe habitat in the northern Columbia Basin of eastern Washington has been invaded by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) or converted to agricultural lands. Therefore, ecological patterns and dynamics on native shrubsteppe and reestablished grasslands are of high conservation interest. We analyzed the cheek pouch contents of Great Basin pocket mice (Perognathus parvus) from 48 study sites in this region to quantify seed collection by this species and to determine the influence of habitat type on cheek pouch seed contents. In all 3 habitat types—newly established Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands, older CRP lands, …


Bison Selection Of Prairie Dog Colonies On Shortgrass Steppe, Jennifer G. Chipault, James K. Detling Jul 2013

Bison Selection Of Prairie Dog Colonies On Shortgrass Steppe, Jennifer G. Chipault, James K. Detling

Western North American Naturalist

American bison (Bison bison L.) preferentially use black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus L.) colonies over uncolonized range in the mixed-grass prairie of North America. To assess bison use of prairie dog colonies in a different ecosystem, the shortgrass steppe, this study was conducted at the Vermejo Park Ranch, New Mexico. Driving surveys were conducted in summer 2007 to determine the number of bison on and off prairie dog colonies in 2 pastures. Prairie dogs occupied 25.5% and 48.5% of the 2 pastures surveyed. Bison of both sexes used prairie dog colonies more than expected compared to a scenario …


Greater Sage-Grouse And Natural Gas Development In Utah: Using Population Genetic Data For Conservation Efforts, Leah S. Breidinger, Karen E. Mock, Terry Allen Messmer Jul 2013

Greater Sage-Grouse And Natural Gas Development In Utah: Using Population Genetic Data For Conservation Efforts, Leah S. Breidinger, Karen E. Mock, Terry Allen Messmer

Western North American Naturalist

Population declines of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) throughout the western United States have been attributed to the loss, degradation, and fragmentation of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats. Increased energy development may further fragment sagebrush habitat, isolating sage-grouse populations and resulting in genetic drift, inbreeding, local extinction, or rapid divergence. We conducted a genetic survey of 3 remote sagegrouse populations in northeastern Utah to assess mitochondrial diversity relative to other portions of the species’ range. We did not detect any unusual haplotype compositions in these populations. However, haplotype composition of the Anthro Mountain and Strawberry Valley reference populations differed …


Influence Of Water Conductivity On Amphibian Occupancy In The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Robert W. Klaver, Charles R. Peterson, Debra A. Patla Jul 2013

Influence Of Water Conductivity On Amphibian Occupancy In The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Robert W. Klaver, Charles R. Peterson, Debra A. Patla

Western North American Naturalist

Investigation of amphibian occupancy at potential breeding sites can provide information about the distribution and relative abundance of species, as well as insights into habitat relationships across large areas such as national parks. Based on previous research in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), we hypothesized that the probability of amphibian occupancy increases with water conductivity. We conducted amphibian surveys with habitat measurements at 235 wetland sites in the GYE in 2002, thereby locating breeding populations of boreal toads (Anaxyrus boreas), boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata), Columbia spotted frogs (Lithobates luteiventris), and barred tiger salamanders …


Genetic Sampling Of Palmer's Chipmunks In The Spring Mountains, Nevada, Kevin S. Mckelvey, Jennifer E. Ramirez, Kristine L. Pilgrim, Samuel A. Cushman, Michael K. Schwartz Jul 2013

Genetic Sampling Of Palmer's Chipmunks In The Spring Mountains, Nevada, Kevin S. Mckelvey, Jennifer E. Ramirez, Kristine L. Pilgrim, Samuel A. Cushman, Michael K. Schwartz

Western North American Naturalist

Palmer’s chipmunk (Neotamias palmeri) is a medium-sized chipmunk whose range is limited to the higherelevation areas of the Spring Mountain Range, Nevada. A second chipmunk species, the Panamint chipmunk (Neotamias panamintinus), is more broadly distributed and lives in lower-elevation, primarily pinyon-juniper (Pinus monophylla–Juniperus osteosperma) habitat types. Panamint chipmunks are not closely related to Palmer’s, but field identification of the 2 species is unreliable. Palmer’s chipmunk is a species of concern in the state of Nevada and is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as endangered. As such, conservation of Palmer’s …


Diel Cover Use And Local Site Fidelity Of A Large Southwestern Cyprinid, Bonytail Gila Elegans, In A Lower Colorado River Backwater, Paul C. Marsh, Gordon A. Mueller, Michael R. Schwemm Jul 2013

Diel Cover Use And Local Site Fidelity Of A Large Southwestern Cyprinid, Bonytail Gila Elegans, In A Lower Colorado River Backwater, Paul C. Marsh, Gordon A. Mueller, Michael R. Schwemm

Western North American Naturalist

Sonic transmitters were affixed to 10 large (40.4–51.4 cm TL) adult bonytail Gila elegans in 2003 from Cibola High Levee Pond, a small, isolated backwater adjacent to the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California. Point and paired directional observations showed that all marked adult bonytail occupied interstices of large riprap during daytime and used open water areas during darkness, presumably to feed. There were 2 spatial patterns of nighttime distribution by adult fish: 70% of fish exhibited mesohabitat site fidelity to a particular area of the pond, while others appeared to move about at random. Selection or design of …


Current Distributional Status Of Two Subspecies Of Sylvilagus Bachmani On The Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, Consuelo Lorenzo, Patricia Cortés-Calva, Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos, Sergio Ticul Álvarez-Castañeda Jul 2013

Current Distributional Status Of Two Subspecies Of Sylvilagus Bachmani On The Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, Consuelo Lorenzo, Patricia Cortés-Calva, Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos, Sergio Ticul Álvarez-Castañeda

Western North American Naturalist

We assessed the current distributions for 2 subspecies of the brush rabbit, Sylvilagus bachmani peninsularis and S. b. exiguus, on the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. On the basis of field sampling, field notes, and voucher specimens in scientific collections, we demonstrated that (1) both subspecies have been previously recorded in mesic habitats with conditions associated with oases and streams; (2) the 2 subspecies exhibit disjunction in their distributions in the middle and southern portions of the peninsula; (3) habitats are threatened by human activities and desertification, which explains why brush rabbit populations are currently fragmented; and (4) specimens of S. …


Prey Indices And Behaviors At A Gray Fox Den In San Mateo County, California, L. Mark Elbroch, Maximilian L. Allen Jul 2013

Prey Indices And Behaviors At A Gray Fox Den In San Mateo County, California, L. Mark Elbroch, Maximilian L. Allen

Western North American Naturalist

The gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) is an under-studied species in North America. Here we provide data gathered through observations over 17 d at a gray fox den in San Mateo County, California. We recorded prey indices through direct observation, as well as through indirect observation with photos recorded by motion-triggered cameras. The largest prey was a mule deer fawn, which we determined was killed by a gray fox. This finding is the first record of gray fox predation on mule deer. Lagomorphs and rodents formed the majority of prey items. We also recorded behavior that both contradicted and …


Effects Of Male Size On Searching Behaviors In The Sun Dance Of Bembix, David A. Tanner, James P. Pitts Jul 2013

Effects Of Male Size On Searching Behaviors In The Sun Dance Of Bembix, David A. Tanner, James P. Pitts

Western North American Naturalist

Males of solitary wasp species are faced with the task of locating potential mates, a task made more difficult by inconspicuous females and a landscape seemingly devoid of landmarks. Males may employ a variety of strategies to locate females. In this study, we test for variation among males within the sun dance of Bembix. We show that males ofBembix americana spinolae Lepeletier behave differently within the sun dance and that these differences can be predicted by the size of the male. We show that large males spend more time at “rest” and require a greater number of male–male contacts …


Field Guide To Amphibians And Reptiles Of California By Robert C. Stebbins And Samuel M. Mcginnis, Howard O. Clark Jul 2013

Field Guide To Amphibians And Reptiles Of California By Robert C. Stebbins And Samuel M. Mcginnis, Howard O. Clark

Western North American Naturalist

No abstract provided.


Pro-Drop And Word-Order Variation In Brazilian Portuguese: A Corpus Study, Stewart Daniel Smith Jul 2013

Pro-Drop And Word-Order Variation In Brazilian Portuguese: A Corpus Study, Stewart Daniel Smith

Theses and Dissertations

The present study examines certain syntactic properties of the Brazilian variety of Portuguese (BP): 1) BP is a pro-drop language with instances of both null subjects and covert objects, and 2) BP exhibits several possible word orders. To determine the frequency of pro-drop and word-order variations, the CDP (The Portuguese Corpus) was used to provide samples of transitive, main clauses, which were then categorized based on whether or not they had null subjects and covert objects. The clauses were also categorized according to word order. In addition to providing samples, the corpus allowed for the comparison of four different registers …


Cognitively Normal Individuals With Ad Parents May Be At Risk For Developing Aging-Related Cortical Thinning Patterns Characteristic Of Ad, Derin J. Cobia, Katherine Reiter, Kathryn I. Alpert, Mary J. Kwasny, John C. Morris, John G. Csernansky, Lei Wang Jul 2013

Cognitively Normal Individuals With Ad Parents May Be At Risk For Developing Aging-Related Cortical Thinning Patterns Characteristic Of Ad, Derin J. Cobia, Katherine Reiter, Kathryn I. Alpert, Mary J. Kwasny, John C. Morris, John G. Csernansky, Lei Wang

Faculty Publications

Children of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients are at heightened risk of developing AD due to genetic influences, including the apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) allele. In this study, we assessed the earliest cortical changes associated with AD in 71 cognitively healthy, adult children of AD patients (AD offspring) as compared with 69 with no family history of AD (non-AD offspring). Cortical thickness measures were obtained using FreeSurfer from 1.5T magnetic resonance (MR) scans. ApoE genotyping was obtained. Primary analyses examined family history and ApoeE4 effects on cortical thickness. Secondary analyses examined age effects within groups. All comparisons were adjusted using False Discovery …


Promontory Culture: The Faunal Evidence, Lindsay Deanne Johansson Jun 2013

Promontory Culture: The Faunal Evidence, Lindsay Deanne Johansson

Theses and Dissertations

Following excavations in the Promontory Caves and at several open sites in the Provo River Delta region, Steward (1937) characterized the Promontory culture as large game hunters. He based this on the high number of bison bones recovered within the Caves. Excavations at additional Promontory sites along the Wasatch Front contain faunal assemblages which differ significantly from those in the caves, showing that people living at open sites relied more heavily on small game, waterfowl, and aquatic resources than large game. These differences have been mostly attributed to Steward's sampling strategy and lack of screening, but faunal material recovered during …


Learning To Change In Autism, Tiffani Newton, Dr. Mikle South Jun 2013

Learning To Change In Autism, Tiffani Newton, Dr. Mikle South

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The autism spectrum disorders (ASD) include a collection of severe neurodevelopmental symptoms related to social interaction and communication. In addition to these core symptoms, co-occurring anxiety is seen in up to 70% of diagnosed individuals (Reaven, 2010). Anxiety-inducing situations for ASD individuals include changes to the environment or daily routines. Difficulties responding to such changes may lead to debilitating and negative consequences for ASD children and their families. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to such difficulties may improve the specificity of treatment for these symptoms.


Behavioral Analysis Of Anxiety In Autism, Megan Christensen, Dr. Mikle South Jun 2013

Behavioral Analysis Of Anxiety In Autism, Megan Christensen, Dr. Mikle South

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Autism is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication. Anxiety is also an extremely common feature with approximately 81% of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder also qualified for at least one other anxiety disorder (Amaral et al., 2003). Amaral et al. (2003) have shown that monkeys with bilateral amygdala damage lack of fear in typically threatening social situations. Blanchard et al. (2001) have shown that humans react to hypothetical fearful scenarios in much the same way that rats do in actual threatening situations, i.e. “freezing” or run away depending on the level of danger.


Effects Of Vta Gaba Lesions On Intracranial Self-Stimulation, David Hedges, Dr. Scott Steffensen Jun 2013

Effects Of Vta Gaba Lesions On Intracranial Self-Stimulation, David Hedges, Dr. Scott Steffensen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The purpose of my ORCA research was to better understand the neural circuitry behind addiction. It is well known that the mesocorticolimbic pathway in the brain is involved with addictions. This pathway consists of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) projecting to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) through the median forebrain bundle (MFB) and the internal capsule (IC). The firing of these dopamine neurons is in part regulated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the VTA. It was on this specific GABA population that my research was focused. It was my hypothesis that animals treated with Dermorphin saporin …


The Portrayal Of Museums In Family Films, Alexa Hysi, Dr. Paul Stavast Jun 2013

The Portrayal Of Museums In Family Films, Alexa Hysi, Dr. Paul Stavast

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In the last decade the number of new museums and museum visitors has increased worldwide (Frey and Meier 2008, 410). Likewise, the instances of museums in family films have also increased. The Internet Movie Database (IMDB) lists 260 films since 1914 that use museums in some form in their plot. More than 140 of those movies were produced in the last 10 years. One concern with the increase in the portrayal of museums in films is the accuracy and connotation of the depictions, as inaccurate portrayals could potentially skew visitors’ perception of museums. This research sought to identify how museums …


Effects Of Acute And Chronic Ethanol On Gaba Inhibition Of Vta Gaba Neurons, Brett Larsen, Dr. Scott Steffensen Jun 2013

Effects Of Acute And Chronic Ethanol On Gaba Inhibition Of Vta Gaba Neurons, Brett Larsen, Dr. Scott Steffensen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Alcohol addiction is becoming increasingly prevalent in our world today, but the mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction are unknown. We do know; however, that the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) of the brain are specifically involved in addiction. These GABA neurons have a constant inhibition from other cells in the brain, and it is this inhibition that I am specifically studying. The term used to represent the inhibition from other cells is spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). By looking at the sIPSCs on a VTA GABA neuron in response to alcohol administration, I was able discover …


The Bromus Tectorum-Pyrenophora Semeniperda Pathosystem, Heather Finch Jun 2013

The Bromus Tectorum-Pyrenophora Semeniperda Pathosystem, Heather Finch

Theses and Dissertations

Variable mortality of Pyrenophora semeniperda--infected Bromus tectorum seeds has been referred to as a "race for survival", stating that seeds that germinate quickly are more likely to escape pathogen-caused mortality. Dormancy status is not the only variable determining outcomes within the Bromus-Pyrenophora pathosystem. Varying temperature and exposure to water may strongly influence germination outcomes of B. tectorum when in the presence of P. semeniperda. Low water potentials characteristic of semi-arid soils are often over-looked in the context of seed pathogens, and are ecologically relevant- especially for plant species that inhabit intermittently dry environments. To adequately characterize the Bromus tectorum-Pyrenophora semeniperda …


Modern Cartoons, John Herzog, Kelly Loosli Jun 2013

Modern Cartoons, John Herzog, Kelly Loosli

Journal of Undergraduate Research

My grant from the BYU Office of Research & Creative Activities afforded me the opportunity to study and research the limited animation style pioneered by UPA in the 1940s and 1950s, and to use my research to design a UPA-style character.


Chinese Music Infield Study: Insights And Personal Experiences From Attending The Tianjin Music Conservatory, Robert Willes, Kory Katseanes Jun 2013

Chinese Music Infield Study: Insights And Personal Experiences From Attending The Tianjin Music Conservatory, Robert Willes, Kory Katseanes

Journal of Undergraduate Research

My Chinese music study experience began with touring China with the BYU Chamber Orchestra in April of 2011. This tour was a very rich and unique two weeks filled with some of the most beautiful sights in Asia. The Great Wall of China, The Forbidden City, the structures and vastness of the palace left me with a sense of awe at the historical depth and remarkable achievements of the ancient Chinese culture. We performed concerts in Shanghai, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, and Beijing and were very warmly received in all of the venues.