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Factors Contributing To The Desistance Of Violence Among Female Adolescents, Joy D. Patton Jan 2009

Factors Contributing To The Desistance Of Violence Among Female Adolescents, Joy D. Patton

Social Work Dissertations - Archive

The major focus of this study was to test the theory driven conceptual model derived from the literature regarding risk, protective and desistance factors and the relationship of these factors to violent behavior of female adolescents. This study utilized The National Longitudinal dataset to evaluate these measures. The conceptual model was developed from information based on Resilience Theory and Life Course Perspective as it relates to violent behavior in adolescents. Data from 2,031 female participants were included in the current study.A review of the existing empirical literature suggested that there were specific risk, protective and desistance factors that would have …


Marital Satisfaction: Veterans From Operation Iraqi Freedom (Oif) And Operation Enduring Freedom (Oef), Warren Neil Ponder Jan 2009

Marital Satisfaction: Veterans From Operation Iraqi Freedom (Oif) And Operation Enduring Freedom (Oef), Warren Neil Ponder

Social Work Theses - Archive

The researcher conducted an online survey through social networking sites to identify variables that influenced marital satisfaction among Operation Iraq Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) veterans. Surprisingly, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was not significantly associated with martial satisfaction. However, two key variables were identified to be significant contributors to marital satisfaction: length of time stateside and PCL-M scores. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.


Examining The Effects Of Early Life Stress From Maternal Separation On Measures Of Pain And Anxiety, Megan Lynne Uhelski Jan 2009

Examining The Effects Of Early Life Stress From Maternal Separation On Measures Of Pain And Anxiety, Megan Lynne Uhelski

Psychology Theses - Archive

Animal models of stress-induced conditions have provided important insight into the physiological mechanisms of many chronic disorders. Models of early life stress involve procedures designed to induce prenatal or postnatal stress upon pups, which produces adult rats with enhanced stress responses and behavioral similarities to animal models of schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. Since little research has focused on the effect of maternal separation on adult pain processing, the purpose of the current study is to examine both sensory and affective pain measures in adult rats following repeated maternal separation in infancy, a common model of early life stress. Eighty-six male …


Experimental Investigation Of Flow Boiling And Spray Cooling On Enhanced Surfaces In Fc-72, Gilberto Morenp Jan 2009

Experimental Investigation Of Flow Boiling And Spray Cooling On Enhanced Surfaces In Fc-72, Gilberto Morenp

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

In this study the effect of a recently developed, thermally conductive microporous coating on flow boiling and spray cooling performance was studied using FC-72 as the working fluid. The overall goal is to further increase heat transfer in forced convection systems and in doing so, provide a viable option for future cooling applications. In flow boiling, the coating increased heat transfer coefficients by as much as 400% and produced values exceeding 40,000 W-m-2 K-1. This enhancement is believed to be a result of both an increase in active nucleation sites and a decrease of the superheated liquid layer. It is …


Element Stoichiometry Of Ochromonas Danica As A Function Of Growth Rate And Temperature, Savannah Simonds Jan 2009

Element Stoichiometry Of Ochromonas Danica As A Function Of Growth Rate And Temperature, Savannah Simonds

Biology Theses - Archive

The microbial loop stresses the importance of flagellated protozoa as predators of bacteria and regenerators of nutrients, the outcome of which affects higher trophic levels. The element stoichiometry of flagellates has only been examined while feeding upon bacteria or phytoplankton. In this study, the element stoichiometry of the protozoan flagellate, Ochromonas danica, was determined while growing osmotrophically thus eliminating the potential errors due to element contributions of prey in food vacuoles. The element and nucleic acid content of the flagellate were examined under a range of environmentally relevant temperatures and growth rates using chemostat cultures. Growth rate was the driving …


Mixed Lineage Leukemia Histone Methylases In Gene Expresion And Cancer, Bibhu Prasad Mishra Jan 2009

Mixed Lineage Leukemia Histone Methylases In Gene Expresion And Cancer, Bibhu Prasad Mishra

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

Histone methyl-transferases (HMTs) are key enzymes that post-translationally methylate nuclear histone proteins and play critical roles in gene expression, epigenetic regulation and diseases in eukaryotic organisms. Mixed lineage leukemias (MLLs) are human HMTs that specifically methylate histone H3 at lyisine-4 and regulate gene activation. MLLs are also well known to undergo rearrangement often in acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemias. Human encodes several histone H3 lysine-4 (H3K4) specific methyl-transferases (HMTs) such as MLL1 (mixed lineage leukemia gene 1), MLL2, MLL3, hSet1 etc, which play critical roles in gene expression. These HMTs are present as distinct multi-protein complexes with several proteins in …


Design And Synthesis Of A High Potential Ruthenium (Ii) Tetraazatetrapyridopentaphene Complex Capable Of Two-Electron Reduction, Nancy Ruth G. Diaz Jan 2009

Design And Synthesis Of A High Potential Ruthenium (Ii) Tetraazatetrapyridopentaphene Complex Capable Of Two-Electron Reduction, Nancy Ruth G. Diaz

Chemistry & Biochemistry Theses - Archive

We report the synthesis of a complex, [(phen)₂Ru(tatpph)Ru(phen)₂]⁴⁺ (Ph⁴⁺), which like its predecessor compound, [(phen)₂Ru(tatppc)Ru(phen)₂]⁴⁺ (Pc ⁴⁺), can undergo two sequential 1-electron photoreductions in MeCN in the presence of a sacrificial reductant. The initial complex, Ph ⁴⁺, can be completely regenerated from the singly and doubly reduced forms by exposure to air, although the rate of regeneration for the second photoreduction is much slower than the first. Electrochemical studies have shown that this complex is not only capable of storing multiple reducing equivalents but these equivalents have stored potentials that are significantly higher than the complex Pc ⁴⁺ and are …


A Comprehensive Study Of Recycled Concrete Aggregates As A Drainable Base Layer For Pavements, Juan Bosquez Jan 2009

A Comprehensive Study Of Recycled Concrete Aggregates As A Drainable Base Layer For Pavements, Juan Bosquez

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The use of recycled materials in construction is becoming increasingly popular due to the shortage of raw materials. Coupled with the environmental concerns surrounding the quarrying of natural minerals, waste materials are being considered as viable replacement sources. By recycling waste materials, available landfill space is increased and costs of transportation are reduced. This dissertation study was conducted to evaluate the use of recycled concrete aggregates as flexible base as per the requirements of the Texas Department of Transportation (2004). Two sources of recycled aggregates and one source of natural limestone aggregate were collected from the Dallas/Fort Worth Area and …


On The Sensitivity Of Ocean Circulation To Arctic Freshwater Pulses During The Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum, Jesse Tiner Cope Jan 2009

On The Sensitivity Of Ocean Circulation To Arctic Freshwater Pulses During The Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum, Jesse Tiner Cope

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

The Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) corresponds to a period characterized by extreme global warming caused by a massive carbon input into the ocean and atmosphere. Approximately 55 Ma in the early Cenozoic, evidence suggests an ice-free Arctic exchanged relatively fresh water with the remainder of the global ocean. In this study we use the Community Climate Systems Model version 3 (CCSM-3), including a carbon cycle model, to examine the sensitivity of deep-water formation and circulation within the global ocean to freshwater exchange from the Arctic Ocean during the PETM. Past modeling experiments show how alterations to seaway exchanges can have …


Seismic Inversion In Fluvial Reservoirs: Building A Geologic Model-Based Inversion For The Stratton Field 3d Survey, Richard Charles Odom Jan 2009

Seismic Inversion In Fluvial Reservoirs: Building A Geologic Model-Based Inversion For The Stratton Field 3d Survey, Richard Charles Odom

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

Seismic surveys, in particular 3-D surveys, are an important tool for imaging geologic structure in the subsurface; they are routinely applied to map structural trends and geometry to define the reservoir structure. Many of the world's oil and gas reservoirs are sands deposited by river systems but the scales of fluvial architectural elements challenge the resolution of the seismic method. One such challenging field is the Stratton field in the FR-4 Gas Play of south Texas; the reservoir is Frio formation, a thick collection (greater than 3000 feet) of stacked fluvial deposits consisting of thin channels and splays of reservoir …


Reliability Of Advanced Dielectrics In Gate Oxide And Device Level Packaging In Mems, Mohammad Shahriar Rahman Jan 2009

Reliability Of Advanced Dielectrics In Gate Oxide And Device Level Packaging In Mems, Mohammad Shahriar Rahman

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The focus of this work is to study the feasibility, reliability and applicability of advanced dielectrics in both Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) gate oxide and device level packaging for Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS). The scaling of silicon based MOSFET is approaching physical limits imposed by atomic structure. This continuous scaling trend of complementary MOSFET technologies introduces new challenges relating to power, heat and device behavior. To overcome the power dissipation and heating problems arising from gate leakage, high dielectric constant (high-k) materials are proposed. Hafnium based high-k dielectric layers and metal gate electrodes have been extensively investigated as …


Optimization Of Hydrogen Filling Station, Weiping Xiao Jan 2009

Optimization Of Hydrogen Filling Station, Weiping Xiao

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Due to the price hike of the fossil fuel and the concern of the global warming, the hydrogen economy can be envisioned to address those problems. After the Energy Bill was announced in 2005, a transition of national energy system from hydrocarbon to hydrogen had been recognized. However, safe and convenient refueling and widespread availability of hydrogen from various energy sources are the prerequisite for the development of hydrogen economy. This research focuses on the hydrogen filling station with on-site hydrogen production by electrolysis of water. The virtual wind farm and on-site installed photovoltaic (PV) supply the main and renewable …


Battery Identification Methods Based On Equivalent Circuit Model, Matthew Cole Ragsdale Jan 2009

Battery Identification Methods Based On Equivalent Circuit Model, Matthew Cole Ragsdale

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Development of an intelligent battery diagnostic system is a necessity for future transportation industry. These technologies will have the potential to create profound impact in other industries such as portable electronics. This thesis reports on battery identification methods that are primarily engineered to detect the chemistry, number of cells, and state of charge in an unknown package of batteries. The proposed methods have the potential to be used for condition monitoring in a known set of batteries thereby, creating a health monitoring apparatus that can be an integral part of a battery management system using any of the prominent lead …


Blocking Reader: Design And Implementation Of A Low-Cost Passive Uhf Rfid Blocking Reader, Gaurov Narayanaswamy Jan 2009

Blocking Reader: Design And Implementation Of A Low-Cost Passive Uhf Rfid Blocking Reader, Gaurov Narayanaswamy

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

In this thesis I present a low-cost passive UHF ISO 18000-6C RadioFrequency Identification, or RFID, reader that is feasible for mobileand privacy applications. Low cost readers are necessary to achievethe promised cost savings and enhanced revenue generation that theInternet of Things promises to deliver. Low cost readers may beinstalled virtually everywhere, providing real-time asset monitoringand a host of new and innovative applications yet to be conceived.While pervasively deployed readers provide tremendous benefits, thepromiscuous nature of the 18000-6C tags means that the readers alsopose a threat to personal security and privacy. Privately owned tags on a person will be read by …


Playing In The Prose: Writing Instruction And Underprepared Student-Athletes In Division I-A Universities, Billie S. Hara Jan 2009

Playing In The Prose: Writing Instruction And Underprepared Student-Athletes In Division I-A Universities, Billie S. Hara

English Dissertations - Archive

Playing in the Prose: Writing Instruction and Underprepared Student-Athletes in Division I-A Universities, is a study that contributes to the continuedinterest in the pedagogical tools educators can use with underprepared writers.Student-athletes, especially those at a Division I-A institution are a specializedstudent group particularly when enrolled at a predominantly white institution andparticularly when they are academically underprepared to do the work required ofthem. Drawing from critical and feminist pedagogues Paulo Freire, Ira Shor, HenryGiroux, and Peter MacLaren, along with bell hooks, Susan Jarratt and LynnWorsham, I argue that a feminist version of critical pedagogy, relational pedagogy,envisions a composition classroom as a …


British Influences On The American And Canadian West: Capital, Cattle, And Clubs, 1870-1910, Todd David Holzaepfel Jan 2009

British Influences On The American And Canadian West: Capital, Cattle, And Clubs, 1870-1910, Todd David Holzaepfel

History Dissertations - Archive

This dissertation seeks to show the evolution of the influence of British investment and culture in three representative regions in the American and Canadian West. The timeframe of the study corresponds roughly to the "Beef Bonanza" period in the Western United States (1870-1900) and from the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway (1880-1910) to the subject regions in Western Canada. Because the topic of British influence is vast the vehicle of English gentlemen's clubs in each of the six subject cities was chosen as the focus to this study. The Commercial Club, renamed the Fort Worth Club, the Denver Club …


The Bordes-Binford Debate: Transatlantic Interpretive Traditions In Paleolithic Archaeology, Melissa Canady Wargo Jan 2009

The Bordes-Binford Debate: Transatlantic Interpretive Traditions In Paleolithic Archaeology, Melissa Canady Wargo

History Dissertations - Archive

In the 1960s, Lewis Binford, a young American archaeologist, challenged François Bordes, a venerable French prehistorian, over the interpretation of a taxonomy Bordes had developed to describe stone tools of the European Middle Paleolithic period (Mousterian). Ostensibly about the meaning of variability in Mousterian stone tool assemblages, the Bordes-Binford debate exposed a deep rift in the field of archaeology about how the deep past should be studied and interpreted. The intellectual clash has been cast subsequently in dichotomous terms: old versus young, descriptive versus explanatory, idiographic versus nomothetic, Old World versus New World. The Bordes-Binford debate, however, was not merely …


"The End Followed In No Long Time": Byzantine Diplomacy And The Decline In Relations With The West From 962 To 1204, Jeffrey D. Brubaker Jan 2009

"The End Followed In No Long Time": Byzantine Diplomacy And The Decline In Relations With The West From 962 To 1204, Jeffrey D. Brubaker

History Theses - Archive

From the time Otto the Great was proclaimed Western Emperor in 962 to the conquest of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, numerous ambassadors traveled east on errands from their principals. The diplomacy they engaged in at the Byzantine capital infected every aspect of the East-West relationship, including commercial privileges, marriage alliances, church schism, and the crusades. As a result of changing conditions facing Byzantine foreign policy, especially in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, a negative perception of Byzantium as a traitor to Christendom began to erode the once amicable relations between Greeks and Latins. In this context a …


The Chinese Labor Corps In The First World War: Forgotten Allies And Political Pawns, Shirley Frey Jan 2009

The Chinese Labor Corps In The First World War: Forgotten Allies And Political Pawns, Shirley Frey

History Theses - Archive

By the beginning of the twentieth century, China was considered the "Sick Man of Asia." Almost eighty percent of its territory and infrastructure were controlled by European powers and Japan. Although many anticipated China's demise, the Chinese people were determined for China to remain intact as an independent nation. The First World War was an opportunity for the Chinese to regain sovereignty of their territory. Chinese officials believed they could successfully plead their case for the restoration of Chinese sovereignty at the post-war peace conference, but China first had to become a participant in the war. Most of the European …


Dlp Hyperspectral Imaging For Surgical And Clinical Utility, Robert Paul Francis Jan 2009

Dlp Hyperspectral Imaging For Surgical And Clinical Utility, Robert Paul Francis

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Surgeons want technology to help them see differences in tissue chemistry. If they know how oxygenated tissues and organs are during medical procedures, they are more able to eliminate dangerous tissues and maintain viable organs. Hyperspectral imaging non-invasively measures the optical absorbance spectrum of each pixel in a spatial field of view and, with chemometric image processing, can visualize the spatial distribution of tissue oxygenation. Current hyperspectral imaging systems are too slow to monitor real-time physiological changes in live tissue. Therefore, a novel DLP Hyperspectral Imaging (DLP HSI) system is developed for real-time, non-invasive, in-vivo imaging of tissue chemistry in …


A Novel Device For The Establishment Of An Animal Model Mimicking Spinal Deformity Surgery For Neurological Deficit Risk Mitigation, Bradley Elmer Jan 2009

A Novel Device For The Establishment Of An Animal Model Mimicking Spinal Deformity Surgery For Neurological Deficit Risk Mitigation, Bradley Elmer

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Correction forces during spine deformity surgery impart significant multidirectional stress forces to the spinal cord, which in some cases result in severe damage to the spinal cord and permanent paralysis, the most feared complication. Animal models are critical for the development of neuroprotective strategies. However, those currently available are limited to contusion, transection, or unidirectional distraction injuries, which fail to replicate the multidirectional forces that occur during spine corrective surgery. In order to develop an improved model of distraction spinal cord injury we designed a device based on intervertebral grip fixation and linear actuators, capable of inducing controllable bidirectional distraction …


In Situ Crosslinkable Polyesters For Tissue Engineering And Drug Delivery, Dipendra Raj Gyawali Jan 2009

In Situ Crosslinkable Polyesters For Tissue Engineering And Drug Delivery, Dipendra Raj Gyawali

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

In situ crosslinkable elastic materials are increasingly being explored for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering due to their site specific nature. The creation of an in situ crosslinkable elastomer rich in pendant chemistry has been a challenge in the field of biomaterials. Herein, we have developed two new in situ biodegradable materials: poly(octamethylene maleate citrates) (POMC) and poly(poly(ethylene glycol) maleate citrate) (PPEGMC). These materials are all low molecular weight in their pre-polymeric form, which shows their potential to be used as an injectable biomaterial. The preservation of pendant carboxylic and hydroxyl groups in these polymeric …


Development Of An Optical Spectroscopic Method To Detect Neurohemodynamic Changes Induced By Pain In Rats, Sweta Narvenkar Jan 2009

Development Of An Optical Spectroscopic Method To Detect Neurohemodynamic Changes Induced By Pain In Rats, Sweta Narvenkar

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

In my optical spectroscopy study, multi-channel, thin optical probes with short source-detector separation have been implemented, calibrated, and used along with a multi-channel spectrometer as a quantitative technique to observe changes in vascular hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin oxygen saturation as well as light scattering of tissues. Each of the four needle probes used in my study consists of two bifurcated fibers; one fiber is connected to a halogen light source and the other fiber to a CCD-array spectrometer having a spectral window from 450 nm to 900 nm. Each fiber is 100 micron in diameter. As we utilized the four …


Diversity And Community Organization In The Periphyton Of Recirculating Streams Channels Are Defined By Current Velocity And Nutrient Supply, Chad A. Larson Jan 2009

Diversity And Community Organization In The Periphyton Of Recirculating Streams Channels Are Defined By Current Velocity And Nutrient Supply, Chad A. Larson

Biology Dissertations - Archive

In a series of experiments taking place in recirculating artificial stream channels, periphyton communities growing on ceramic tiles were subjected to variations in current velocity and nutrient supply. The first experiment used stream water and manipulated current velocity, subjecting periphyton communities to either high or low current velocities (30 and 10 cm * sec-1 respectively), while in experiments 2-4, modified WC media was used and periphyton communities subjected to different nutrient (low and high) and current regimes (low, high, and variable flow). Each experimental run lasted 35 days. In all experiments, greater species richness of periphyton communities was observed in …


Natural Hybridization And Speciation In Toads Of The Anaxyrus Americanus Group., Brian E. Fontenot Jan 2009

Natural Hybridization And Speciation In Toads Of The Anaxyrus Americanus Group., Brian E. Fontenot

Biology Dissertations - Archive

The goal of speciation research is to elucidate the processes that lead to the formation of new species. Examining natural hybridization and the evolution of reproductive isolating barriers provides an opportunity to understand the dynamic processes that occur before, during, and after speciation events. Here, I use true toads of the Anaxyrus americanus group to examine the effects of natural hybridization on (1) the evolution of reproductive isolation using previously published laboratory hybridization data on multiple species within the family Bufonidae, (2) morphological variation using morphometric analysis of known Anaxyrus americanus group hybrids, and (3) molecular variation and genetic population …


Morphology And Habitat Use Among Insular Populations Of The Lizard Anolis Lemurinus From The Cayos Cochinos Archipelago Of Honduras, Michael Latter Logan Jan 2009

Morphology And Habitat Use Among Insular Populations Of The Lizard Anolis Lemurinus From The Cayos Cochinos Archipelago Of Honduras, Michael Latter Logan

Biology Theses - Archive

In Honduras, Anolis lemurinus is distributed along the Atlantic versant of the mainland and on the Caribbean island system consisting of the Bay Islands and Cayos Cochinos archipelagos. In the Cayos Cochinos, A. lemurinus occurs on the two largest islands, Cayo Mayor and Cayo Menor, which are separated by less than 1km. A previous study using genetic (amplified fragment-length polymorphisms) and morphometric (mass and SVL) data suggested that populations of A. lemurinus in the Cayos Cochinos did not differ from each other (Klutsch et al. 2007). Despite the extremely close proximity of Cayo Mayor and Cayo Menor populations, I hypothesized …


How Soil Nutrient Availability Affects Plant Sexual Reproduction And Seedling Recruitment In Alaskan Dry Heath Tundra: Implications For Response To Climate Change, Carol Moulton Jan 2009

How Soil Nutrient Availability Affects Plant Sexual Reproduction And Seedling Recruitment In Alaskan Dry Heath Tundra: Implications For Response To Climate Change, Carol Moulton

Biology Theses - Archive

The harsh growing conditions of the arctic biome, in particular low temperatures and soil nutrient availability, restrict the growth and reproduction of arctic plant species. Recent and ongoing changes in climate are increasing air and soil temperatures in these ecosystems, thus affecting decomposition rates of arctic soils. As decomposition increases, nutrients that are currently immobilized in the soil organic layer become available to nutrient-limited tundra plants. Plant species within the tundra communities then compete for the newly available nutrients, potentially causing a shift in community composition. As an important component of plant life cycles, seeds provide new individuals and genetic …


Integration Of Data Mining Algorithms And Control Charts For Multivariate And Autocorrelated Processes, Weerawat Jitpitaklert Jan 2009

Integration Of Data Mining Algorithms And Control Charts For Multivariate And Autocorrelated Processes, Weerawat Jitpitaklert

Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The objective of this dissertation is to integrate state-of-the-art data mining algorithms with statistical process control (SPC) tools to achieve efficient monitoring in multivariate and autocorrelated process. Process monitoring and diagnosis have been widely recognized as important and critical tools in system monitoring for detection of abnormal behavior and quality improvement. Although traditional SPC tools are effective in simple manufacturing processes that generate a small volume of independent data, these tools are not capable of handling the large streams of multivariate and autocorrelated data found in modern manufacturing/service systems. As the limitations of SPC methodology become increasingly obvious in the …


Reproductive Health Of Women In Developing Countries And Human Development: A Test Of Sen's Theory, Dheeshana Sugandhi Jayasundara Jan 2009

Reproductive Health Of Women In Developing Countries And Human Development: A Test Of Sen's Theory, Dheeshana Sugandhi Jayasundara

Social Work Dissertations - Archive

The purpose of this study is to extend prior research on reproductive health in developing countries and to examine the utility of the extended model for the social work profession. This study applied Nobel Prize winning economist, Amartya Sen's theoretical propositions on human development to reproductive health of women in developing countries. His approach is a social development based capability and freedom method to improve human well-being. Applications of this method considerably modify the previous, epidemiological, coercive and value based models and provide a more comprehensive humanistic model of reproductive health. This contributes toward an improved public health model of …


Exploring Vulnerability And Consent To Trafficking Related Migration: A Study Of South Asian Bar Dancers, Nairruti Jani Jan 2009

Exploring Vulnerability And Consent To Trafficking Related Migration: A Study Of South Asian Bar Dancers, Nairruti Jani

Social Work Dissertations - Archive

Lack of resources in South Asian countries compel many people to migrate to other countries, some legally, others illegally. In 2005, Over 100,000 bar dancers in Mumbai became unemployed overnight when the state government banned bar dancing under international pressure. Some of these bar dancers were forced to become prostitutes; some others migrated to other countries, including U.S., for work (Chadha, 2007). While dancing in U.S., these girls are kept under heavy security, they are not allowed to talk to the patrons, nor are they allowed to go out of their designated apartment on their own. They are sent from …