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The Factors That Influence The Development Of Performance Measures In Texas Counties, Julius Awuor Owino Jan 2013

The Factors That Influence The Development Of Performance Measures In Texas Counties, Julius Awuor Owino

Public Affairs Dissertations - Archive

Over the past few decades, governments have developed performance measurement systems with the objective of improving the quality and effectiveness of services delivered to the public. However, there is scant information about the factors that influence the development of performance measures in county governments because few studies have been carried out to determine the significance of the participation of stakeholders, the strategic planning, the use of incentives, and the availability of resources on the development of performance measures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence the development of performance measures in Texas counties by addressing …


Development Of Geopolymer Concrete For Precast Structures, Preeti Shrestha Jan 2013

Development Of Geopolymer Concrete For Precast Structures, Preeti Shrestha

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

This study presents 'geopolymer' as a new binder to replace Portland cement in concrete to make concrete more environmentally friendly and durable. This utilizes industrial by-products like fly ash which is disposed in landfills. Therefore, the use of geopolymer as a binder in concrete production not only reduces the emission of CO2 because of elimination of cement, but also utilizes an industrial by-product to produce a green and sustainable construction material. In this research, the fly ash and alkaline liquid (mix of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate) were used as the basic constituents of the geopolymer. More than 1000 cylinders …


Development Of Finite Element Model For Analysis Of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe-Embedded Cylinder Pipe With Experimental Comparison, Sangit Rauniyar Jan 2013

Development Of Finite Element Model For Analysis Of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe-Embedded Cylinder Pipe With Experimental Comparison, Sangit Rauniyar

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe (PCCP) is a composite pipe that consists ofconcrete and steel, which has layers of concrete core, steel cylinder, prestressing wire andmortar coating. PCCP is generally constructed of two types; a steel cylinder lined with aconcrete core and a steel cylinder embedded in a concrete core. The former type is calledPCCP-Lined Cylinder Pipe (PCCP-LCP) and the latter type is called PCCP-Embedded CylinderPipe (PCCP-ECP). The scope of this paper is limited to PCCP-ECP.PCCP-ECP is a composite material with complex stress phenomenon due to prestressand interaction between different layers of components. A three dimensional non-linear finiteelement model is generated …


Durability Studies Of Controlled Low Strength Material Using Native Soils As Fine Aggregates, Durga Praveen Reddy Vanga Jan 2013

Durability Studies Of Controlled Low Strength Material Using Native Soils As Fine Aggregates, Durga Praveen Reddy Vanga

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Controlled Low Strength Material using native soils as fine aggregates is an effective option in addressing issues relating to strength requirements, sustainability, and project cost. Using native soil in the place of conventional aggregate will greatly reduce the overall project costs and will enhance the sustainability of the project as it eliminates dumping of excavated material in a landfill. CLSM mixes, designed for the particular flowing characteristics as well as the compressive strength should maintain targeted engineering properties throughout its design life period to minimize long term maintenance cost. Though CLSMs do meet the short term strength requirements, their long-term …


Quantification And Geostatistical Mapping Of Soluble Sulfates In Soils Along A Pipe Line Alignment, Justin David Thomey Jan 2013

Quantification And Geostatistical Mapping Of Soluble Sulfates In Soils Along A Pipe Line Alignment, Justin David Thomey

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Sulfate induced heave is a growing concern for civil engineering projects utilizing calcium based soil stabilizers. Therefore, addressing sulfate concentrations in soils is vital to the success of a civil engineering project. Pavement, foundations, tunnels, embankments, pipe lines, etc. are all susceptible to sulfate induced heave if the appropriate conditions and constituents are present. The work presented here within focuses on the soluble sulfate testing completed on six (6) different geologic formations within the Integrated Pipe Line (IPL) alignment of North Texas. The testing and analyses were conducted to identify problematic zones and quantify sulfate values in order to prevent …


Finite Element Modeling Of Prestressed Girder Strengthening Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer And Codal Comparison, Muruganandam Mohanamurthy Jan 2013

Finite Element Modeling Of Prestressed Girder Strengthening Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer And Codal Comparison, Muruganandam Mohanamurthy

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite materials provide effective and potentially economic solution for rehabilitating and upgrading the existing reinforced and precast concrete bridge structures that have suffered deterioration. Each year, there are a significant number of damaged bridges, mainly due to structural failure, reinforcing steel corrosion or vehicle collision. Using FRP materials has many advantages over other strengthening methods. This study consists of reviewing relevant guidelines, codes, standard practices and manufacturer's specifications that deals with FRP strengthening of damaged concrete bridges based on both U.S and international sources. Based on literature review, the available design guidelines are summarized and compared. …


Evaluating The Performance Of Controlled Low Strength Materials (Clsms) Prepared Using Sulfate Spiked High Plasticity Clay, Sadikshya Poudel Jan 2013

Evaluating The Performance Of Controlled Low Strength Materials (Clsms) Prepared Using Sulfate Spiked High Plasticity Clay, Sadikshya Poudel

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

When large scale civil engineering projects such as Integrated PipeLine (IPL) are to be constructed, several factors play a significant role in the successful completion of the project on time and on budget. With pipeline construction, one of the important tasks is excavation, with excavation comes the hauling of the excess excavated trench material to the disposal site. The hauling of unwanted excavated dirt from the site and bringing in select backfill material that meets the project requirements not only adds to the overall cost of the project but also raises concerns about sustainability. Transport of unwanted excavated materials require …


Leachate Recirculation Modeling Using Vertical Wells In Bioreactor Landfills, Aminollah Ghorbanpourbabakandi Jan 2013

Leachate Recirculation Modeling Using Vertical Wells In Bioreactor Landfills, Aminollah Ghorbanpourbabakandi

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is made up of household and commercial waste. Total MSW generated in USA in 2009 was 243 million tons and 54.3% of this waste generation was landfilled (EPA, 2009). MSW buried in landfills contribute a significant amount of gas (Landfill Gas or LFG) to atmosphere. The landfilled MSW is the third largest methane contributor to the atmosphere.One way to manage the LFG is the concept of bioreactor landfills. A bioreactor landfill is a controlled landfill where liquid and gas conditions are actively managed in order to accelerate or enhance biostabilization of MSW. Biostabilization of MSW is …


Urban Underrepresented Minority Students In Science, Technology, Engineering, And Math: An Analysis Of The Differences Between Developmental Assets And Academic Achievement, Jovan Grant Wells Jan 2013

Urban Underrepresented Minority Students In Science, Technology, Engineering, And Math: An Analysis Of The Differences Between Developmental Assets And Academic Achievement, Jovan Grant Wells

Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations - Archive

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the developmental assets and academic achievement of urban underrepresented minority male and female students in a specialized science, technology, engineering, and math program, and the developmental assets and academic achievement of urban underrepresented minority male and female students in traditional comprehensive high school programs. The findings of the study provide information regarding the influence of gender, school setting, and developmental assets that may help impact student achievement for underrepresented minorities in the areas of science, technology, engineering, and math. The study findings also contribute to developmental assets theory and …


The Effect Of Tonality And Rhythm On Memory Recall In Elementary General Education Classrooms: A Quasi-Experimental Study, Matthew R. Varnell Jan 2013

The Effect Of Tonality And Rhythm On Memory Recall In Elementary General Education Classrooms: A Quasi-Experimental Study, Matthew R. Varnell

Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations - Archive

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rhythm and tonality on an academic memory task by comparing three different treatment conditions: a poem, a rhythmic chant (or rap), and a melodic rhythm (or song). A quasi-experimental experiment was designed and implemented, specifically a pretest-posttest-posttest control-group design. This study took place in the North Texas area in an urban school district on four campuses that were minimally 50 percent economically disadvantaged.The study included 139 second-grade students who gave consent and fully participated in the research study. Data were obtained through pretesting students" knowledge of the countries of …


Performance Of Wavelet Denoising And Automatic Detection Of Action Potentials On Simulated And Real Electrneurographic Recordings, Manikandan Ravi Jan 2013

Performance Of Wavelet Denoising And Automatic Detection Of Action Potentials On Simulated And Real Electrneurographic Recordings, Manikandan Ravi

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

About 1 in 200 people living in the U.S have had an amputation at some stage in their lives. Development of neurally controlled artificial limb prosthesis with the ability to finely control motor activity continues to prove difficult for researchers in the field. One approach is to use the signals obtained from the peripheral nerves by placing an intraneural electrode in the nerve. Since this signal is very noisy, much of the useful information is either lost or buried in the noise even after FIR filtering. Furthermore, there is a need for fast, automated detection of action potentials in order …


Long Gap Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction Using Decellularized Nerve Grafts, Srikanth Vasudevan Jan 2013

Long Gap Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction Using Decellularized Nerve Grafts, Srikanth Vasudevan

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Peripheral nerve injuries that arise as a result of trauma, tumor excision or birth can adversely affect the quality of patient life, leading to lifelong disabilities in some cases. Autologous nerve grafts are the clinical "gold standard" for long gap nerve repair, and allogeneic nerve grafts are considered the next best treatment option. Despite having numerous benefits, autologous nerve grafts are associated with limited supply, longer operation time, risk of infection, painful neuroma formation and most importantly, loss of function at the donor site. Allogeneic nerve grafts require transient immunosuppression, which exposes the patients to risks of infection, toxicity and …


Testing And Design Life Analysis Of Polyurea Liner Materials, Siavash Ghasemi-Motlagh Jan 2013

Testing And Design Life Analysis Of Polyurea Liner Materials, Siavash Ghasemi-Motlagh

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Certainly, water pipes, as part of an underground infrastructure system, play a key role in maintaining quality of life, health, and wellbeing of human kind. As these potable water pipes reach the end of their useful life, they create high maintenance costs, loss of flow capacity, decreased water quality, and increased dissatisfaction.There are several different pipeline renewal techniques available for different applications, among which linings are most commonly used for the renewal of water pipes. Polyurea is a lining material applied to the interior surface of the deteriorated host pipe using spray-on technique. It is applied to structurally enhance the …


Protoporphyrin Ix (Ppix)-Conjugated Self-Lighting Nanoparticles For Photodynamic Therapy: Synthesis And Characterization, Homa Homayoni Jan 2013

Protoporphyrin Ix (Ppix)-Conjugated Self-Lighting Nanoparticles For Photodynamic Therapy: Synthesis And Characterization, Homa Homayoni

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

In Photodynamic therapy (PDT) PDT, cancer destruction relies on applying a photosensitizing drug (PS) followed by light. Absorbed light can activate the PS to transfer energy to existing molecules and substrates or to oxygen to generate singlet oxygen which are highly toxic to cells. Protophorphyrin IX (PpIX) is a photosensitizers (PSs) which has FDA approval and an absorbance near the Soret band which is 10 times stronger than the absorbance in Q-band (600nm). Our goal was to design a modality to eliminate of external blue light in addition to increasing the drug's water dispersion which finally may result in enhancing …


Teacher Attitudes And Perceptions Of The Influence Of Professional Development On Minority Student Achievement In Reading, Clarissa Jeanne Plair Jan 2013

Teacher Attitudes And Perceptions Of The Influence Of Professional Development On Minority Student Achievement In Reading, Clarissa Jeanne Plair

Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations - Archive

This qualitative study is written from a phenomenological standpoint using Van Manen's (1990 ) hermeneutic lived experiences of the participants. Fourth grade teachers from a large urban school district in the southwestern U.S. completed an online questionnaire and participated in a focus group interview to provide insight into their attitudes and perceptions about how professional learning experiences influenced high levels of reading for urban, minority students living in poverty. There are few studies which connect teacher professional learning to student achievement in reading. The current study uses a Vygotskian (1978) theoretical perspective to analyze the data collected and add to …


An Investigation Of Concurrent Variations In Blood Oxygen Saturation And Cerebral Blood Flow During Apnea, Jennifer Swittens Jan 2013

An Investigation Of Concurrent Variations In Blood Oxygen Saturation And Cerebral Blood Flow During Apnea, Jennifer Swittens

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Sleep apnea derived from Greek word "apnoia" which means "without air or temporary interruption in breathing", is a sleep - associated breathing disorder that involves a decrease or complete stop in airflow despite a constant effort to breathe. It is estimated that sleep apnea is prevalent in the US in 18 million people and is approximately 6% of the population.This thesis aims to study the physiological effects of sleep apnea on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the percentage oxygen saturation (%SaO2), the effect of duration of apnea episode or a breath hold on CBF and %SaO2 and to derive a …


Exploring Principals' Perceptions Of Characteristics, Practices, And Programs That Influence College Readiness For Low Socioeconomic Students In Smaller Texas High Schools: A Delphi Study, Theodis Lamar Goree Jan 2013

Exploring Principals' Perceptions Of Characteristics, Practices, And Programs That Influence College Readiness For Low Socioeconomic Students In Smaller Texas High Schools: A Delphi Study, Theodis Lamar Goree

Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations - Archive

The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics, practices, programs, and other factors of smaller Texas high schools that are successful at producing college-ready low-SES graduates. The analysis of the data provides insight into the characteristics, practices, programs, and other factors that influence college readiness for low-SES students. A Delphi panel of thirty-five high school principals participated in this study. The qualifying principals were leaders of Texas high schools with less than 1,000 students that had 50% or greater of the low-SES students classified as college-ready. Over the course of three rounds, the expert principals provided feedback to the …


Establishment And Characterization Of An Animal Model Of Distraction Spinal Cord Injury, Jennifer Elisabeth Stearns Bell Jan 2013

Establishment And Characterization Of An Animal Model Of Distraction Spinal Cord Injury, Jennifer Elisabeth Stearns Bell

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Scoliosis corrective surgery requires the application of multidirectional stress forces to the spinal cord, including those of distraction, in addition to the application of fixation rods for correction of the curved spine deformity. If excessive, spine distraction may result in the development of new neurologic deficits, some as severe as permanent paralysis. Intraoperative monitoring is used to alert the surgeon to possible complications; however, the complex nature of spinal cord injury (SCI) involves a primary mechanical insult to the tissue and/or vasculature that may go undetected by monitoring. This is followed by the activation of widespread secondary injury mechanisms. The …


Diffuse Optical Tomography To Study The Ischemic Stroke In Rat Models, Zi-Jing Lin Jan 2013

Diffuse Optical Tomography To Study The Ischemic Stroke In Rat Models, Zi-Jing Lin

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Stroke, including ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, is the major leading cause of death in the United States. More than 80 percent of stroke patients are diagnosed with ischemic stroke, which usually results from blockage of artery in the brain by thrombosis or arterial embolism. Animal Models, which permit powerful genetic and molecular approaches, provide an essential tool to study and understand the basic processes and potential therapeutic interventions for this disease. Significant efforts have been made to closely mimic the changes that occur in humans during and after stroke using animal models. Recent development on near infrared (NIR) diffuse …


Educator Perceptions Of The Use Of Power And Student Responses To The Use Of Power At A Disciplinary Alternative Education Program (Daep): One Texas Perspective, Rayetta M. Johnson Jan 2013

Educator Perceptions Of The Use Of Power And Student Responses To The Use Of Power At A Disciplinary Alternative Education Program (Daep): One Texas Perspective, Rayetta M. Johnson

Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations - Archive

This study was conducted to reveal educator perceptions of the uses of power and student responses to that power at the Disciplinary Alternative Education Program (DAEP) in one suburban Texas school district. The study was conducted in a mid-size, suburban independent school district in North Texas known as "Main ISD". Surveys were analyzed from 75 educators: 55 home campus teachers, 14 home campus administrators, and 6 DAEP teachers. All educators had the opportunity to observe students before, during, and/or after completing a placement at the DAEP. Additionally, the survey served to identify participants who were willing to be interviewed as …


An Analysis Of The Professional Self-Esteem Of Texas Teacher Educators, Benesha Bholan Jan 2013

An Analysis Of The Professional Self-Esteem Of Texas Teacher Educators, Benesha Bholan

Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations - Archive

Increased pressures from a multitude of sources have directly impacted all educational institutions. A predicted shortage of qualified teachers over the next decade means it is crucial that new teachers remain in the profession and are well prepared to deal with the challenges that await them. Although teacher educators play a vital role in preparing future teachers to enter and remain in our schools, research over time has shown that they have been historically held in low esteem by faculty at colleges and universities. Self-esteem can impact job performance as well as one's own feeling of self-worth. The purpose of …


Development Of Statistical Models For Predicting Leachate Parameters From Simulated Landfills, Arpita Hetal Bhatt Jan 2013

Development Of Statistical Models For Predicting Leachate Parameters From Simulated Landfills, Arpita Hetal Bhatt

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Leachate generation and management is recognized as one of the greatest problems associated with environmentally sound operation of landfills, as leachate can cause major pollution problems to surrounding soil, ground water, and surface waters. There are many landfills, especially in developing parts of the world like India, Bangladesh, Africa, and Latin America, where open dump systems are used for final disposal of solid waste rather than engineered landfills. In the near future, regulations in developing countries will likely require installation of liner systems, leachate collection systems, and treatment operations. A major requirement for successful leachate treatment is quantifying its typical …


Improving Analysis Of Heavy To Extreme Precipitation Using Conditional Bias-Penalized Optimal Estimation, Ridwan Siddique Jan 2013

Improving Analysis Of Heavy To Extreme Precipitation Using Conditional Bias-Penalized Optimal Estimation, Ridwan Siddique

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Precipitation estimation is a very important topic from the societal perspective as heavy precipitation can cause flooding from which loss of lives and damage to properties can occur. In current practice, a number of spatial interpolation techniques are used for precipitation estimation using rain gauge data. Most of them are based on minimizing error variance but none of them consider Type-II conditional bias. As such, the existing techniques work well in the mid ranges of the precipitation distribution but tend to under- and overestimate large and small precipitation amounts, respectively. Conditional bias- penalized kriging (CBPK) adds a penalty term for …


The Pivotal Role Of Fibrocytes On Foreign Body Reactions, David William Baker Jan 2013

The Pivotal Role Of Fibrocytes On Foreign Body Reactions, David William Baker

Bioengineering Dissertations - Archive

Fibrocytes are circulating connective tissue precursor cells that were first described in 1994 by Bucala et al. as mediators of the innate immune response [1]. Recently the notion of a fibrocyte has not only gained widespread acceptance, but these cells have been identified to participate in a number of disease and pathologic states including aberrant wound repair, fibrosis of organs, cardiovascular disease, and even normal aging. Despite these advancements, little was known about the response of these dynamic cells to biomaterial implants and foreign body reactions. The main focus of my thesis work has therefore focused on investigating fibrocyte-mediate responses, …


Staged Construction Modeling Of Large Diameter Steel Pipes Using 3-D Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Mojtaba Salehi Dezfooli Jan 2013

Staged Construction Modeling Of Large Diameter Steel Pipes Using 3-D Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Mojtaba Salehi Dezfooli

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

This study investigates the performance of large diameter steel pipes during stage construction. Using this study, metal pipes are designed utilizing existing native soil for embedment around the pipe rather than imported materials. This indeed, translates into a considerable amount of cost saving and advances in designing pipeline. This model is used for peer review/ designing of a 242 km (150 miles) pipeline project, Integrated Pipeline (IPL), that transports approximately hundreds of millions of gallons from Lake Palestine, 137 km (85 miles) southeast of Dallas, to Lake Benbrook, Tarrant County, Texas. The IPL project supplies water to more than1.8 million …


The Relationship Between Teachers' Sense Of Efficacy And Perceptions Of Principal Instructional Leadership Behaviors In High Poverty Schools, Tamela Horton Jan 2013

The Relationship Between Teachers' Sense Of Efficacy And Perceptions Of Principal Instructional Leadership Behaviors In High Poverty Schools, Tamela Horton

Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations - Archive

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between teacher perceived principal instructional leadership behaviors and teacher self-efficacy in high poverty schools. Data on these variables was gathered using the Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale (Tschannen-Moran, 2001) and the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (Hallinger, 2011). The study also explored the relationship between teacher self-efficacy and years of experience. Hierarchical multiple regression and correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between the variables. The study found a significant relationship between teacher perceived principal instructional leadership behaviors and teacher self-efficacy. Of particular note was the repeated observation that …


A Comparative Study Of Carbon Nanotubes And Granular Activated Carbon: Physicochemical Properties And Adsorption Capacities, Roja Haritha Gangupomu Jan 2013

A Comparative Study Of Carbon Nanotubes And Granular Activated Carbon: Physicochemical Properties And Adsorption Capacities, Roja Haritha Gangupomu

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Adsorption technologies with activated carbon have proven their prominence in wide variety of industrial applications for the removal of pollutants from gaseous streams for generations. Nanoadsorbents due to their unique structure and the presence of high-energy binding sites can enhance adsorption of pollutants, particularly for hazardous pollutants difficult to control using conventional sorbents like activated carbon and can help industries in their struggle for greener technologies. The objective of this study was to characterize raw and purified CNTs and compare their physical and chemical properties to commercially available granular activated carbon (GAC). The CNT purification process was done in two …


High School Principal Transformational Leadership Behaviors And Teacher Extra Effort During Educational Reform: The Mediating Role Of Teacher Agency Beliefs, John Eric Boberg Jan 2013

High School Principal Transformational Leadership Behaviors And Teacher Extra Effort During Educational Reform: The Mediating Role Of Teacher Agency Beliefs, John Eric Boberg

Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations - Archive

Transformational leadership has been shown to affect organizational commitment, capacity development, and performance. However, these relationships have received very little attention in schools, especially high schools in the United States that are experiencing educational reform initiatives under No Child Left Behind. Using a sample of 1403 high school teachers from 12 Texas urban and major suburban independent school districts, this study tested the relationships between teacher perceived school-based transformational leadership, self-reported teacher agency beliefs, and self-reported school-wide teacher extra effort. The teacher agency beliefs included capability beliefs about collective teacher efficacy and context beliefs about the supportive nature of school …


Stabilization Of High Sulfate Soils, Nagasreenivasu Talluri Jan 2013

Stabilization Of High Sulfate Soils, Nagasreenivasu Talluri

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Stabilization of expansive soils using lime and cement has been a favorite technique for practitioners over the years. However, recent heaving and premature pavement failures in lime and cement treated subgrades containing sulfates led to question the validity of calcium based stabilization. When expansive soils containing sulfates are treated with calcium based stabilizers, calcium from stabilizer reacts with soil sulfate and clay alumina to form expansive mineral Ettringite. Formation and growth of the mineral Ettringite was reported as the cause of severe heaving in several pavement failures. Under favorable environmental conditions Ettringite transforms in to another expansive mineral Thaumasite. This …


Development Of A Model For Estimation Of Buried Large Diameter Thin-Walled Steel Pipe Deflection Due To External Loads, Jwala Raj Sharma Jan 2013

Development Of A Model For Estimation Of Buried Large Diameter Thin-Walled Steel Pipe Deflection Due To External Loads, Jwala Raj Sharma

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Design of buried pipeline systems involves solution of geotechnical and structural problems in addition to the hydraulics and mechanical issues. Just like any buried structure, it is of utmost importance to understand how the pipe interacts with the soil when subjected to external and internal loads. Based on the mode of withstanding loads, pipes are classified into two major categories, which are rigid and flexible pipes. Pipe material is the major factor governing the classification of a pipe being rigid or flexible. Rigid pipe is a pipe which is designed to withstand external dead and live loads and internal pressure …