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Dampak Environmentality Dari Artikulasi Identitas Samin Dalam Menanggapi Pabrik Semen Di Kendeng, Klara Virencia Dec 2024

Dampak Environmentality Dari Artikulasi Identitas Samin Dalam Menanggapi Pabrik Semen Di Kendeng, Klara Virencia

Antropologi Indonesia

Images of indigenous people as the righteous managers and guardians of the environment often appear in various land conflict issues. For these indigenous peoples, this role may be acknowledged as part of their traditions and form the basis of their rights to the land. However, from an environmental perspective in the political ecology debate, the formation of a community group to become an "environmental guard" could be the result of an invisible mental hegemony by those in power. This article argues that environmentality can transcend being mere mental hegemony by outsiders, into an active strategy employed consciously by indigenous peoples …


Discrimination Against Wayuu Women As A System Of Collective Violence Against The Wayuu Indigenous People In Venezuela And Colombia / Errata Wayuumuin Sumuin Tu’ Wayuu Jiertkaa Jutuma’A Milia’An Jauhtu’U Jumaika’A Heka Jumana’A Tuu Wuomain Eh Venezuerraka Musia Colompianaka, Dayanna Palmar Uriana Dec 2024

Discrimination Against Wayuu Women As A System Of Collective Violence Against The Wayuu Indigenous People In Venezuela And Colombia / Errata Wayuumuin Sumuin Tu’ Wayuu Jiertkaa Jutuma’A Milia’An Jauhtu’U Jumaika’A Heka Jumana’A Tuu Wuomain Eh Venezuerraka Musia Colompianaka, Dayanna Palmar Uriana

Kroc IPJ Research and Resources

I wanted to shed light on the situation of Indigenous women in Colombia and Venezuela, focusing specifically on the situation of Wayuu women living in the northern border of both countries. The identity of an Indigenous woman carries a dual burden—defined by both gender and ethnicity—that determines living conditions and access to rights within a worldview rooted in a collective sense of belonging to an Indigenous people. As a Wayuu Indigenous woman and a human rights researcher, my objective was to identify forms of discrimination by listening to Wayuu women in the territories of both countries. This approach allowed us …


Advances In Research On Anthropogenic Drivers Of Climate Change, Andrew Jorgenson, Hassan El Tinay, Jared Fitzgerald, Jennifer Givens, Taekyeong Goh, Xiaorui Huang, Orla Kelly, Annika Marie Rieger, Ryan P. Thombs Dec 2024

Advances In Research On Anthropogenic Drivers Of Climate Change, Andrew Jorgenson, Hassan El Tinay, Jared Fitzgerald, Jennifer Givens, Taekyeong Goh, Xiaorui Huang, Orla Kelly, Annika Marie Rieger, Ryan P. Thombs

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

This chapter provides an overview of advances in social science research on the anthropogenic drivers of climate change. Anthropogenic drivers refer to the social systems and human actions causing GHG emissions, and societal factors shaping and conditioning those actions. The authors summarize the contemporary drivers research literature on (1) economic growth, (2) income and wealth inequality, (3) environmental load displacement and ecologically unequal exchange, (4) militarization, and (5) corporations. In addition to summarizing recent work, the authors identify future directions for each of these areas of research, as well as ways in which they can be better integrated.


Beyond Climate In Placencia, Belize: Navigating Environmental Change In The Anthropocene, Rory E. Mckenna Nov 2024

Beyond Climate In Placencia, Belize: Navigating Environmental Change In The Anthropocene, Rory E. Mckenna

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Examining opportunities for climate resilience requires an evaluation of lived experiences of environmental change which benefits from transdisciplinary perspectives. This research examines those experiences through the lens of anthropogenic change which allows for a critical focus on local conditions of environmental change specific to Placencia Village, Belize, over time. An anthropology of the anthropocene framing shifts the focus from the results of the global phenomenon responsible for climate change to the implications of local human-caused environmental change on natural systems, human-environment relationships and dynamics, and the future trajectories of these relationships. Through the use of interviews, go-alongs, participatory mapping, transdisciplinary …


“It’S Essential We Learn How To Grow For Ourselves”: The Legacies Of Black Gardening In Racialized Food Systems., Funmi Odumosu Nov 2024

“It’S Essential We Learn How To Grow For Ourselves”: The Legacies Of Black Gardening In Racialized Food Systems., Funmi Odumosu

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In this thesis, I aim to investigate the impact of food racism on Black communities, with a specific focus on the importance of gardening in combatting food apartheid and fostering holistic connections to nature and community in school-aged children. Inequitable access to major retail supermarkets and unequal distribution of healthy food options are intentionally occurring patterns in the food spaces of predominately Black communities. These food system inequities exacerbate a lack of consumption and potential consequences on the health and well-being of children of color particularly during critical physical and cognitive developmental periods.

Many solutions to these inequities entail implementing …


An Analysis Of The Environmental Account Of Obesity As A Form Of Financial Neo-Imperialism, Zahara Alzubaidi Nov 2024

An Analysis Of The Environmental Account Of Obesity As A Form Of Financial Neo-Imperialism, Zahara Alzubaidi

The Cardinal Edge

Socioeconomic developments of the past half-century have created mass social concern over an “obesity epidemic.” This concern is given a sense of legitimacy by studies that warn of a totally obese America in only a few decades, and children being more likely than ever to be diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. The “environmentalist account” of obesity asserts that factors like genetics, food availability, and social or political climate are the major determinants of an “obesogenic environment” – that is, an environment of obese adults likely to raise obese children. Some feminist thinkers argue that the environmentalist account is necessary to …


“You Could Have Did Us Better Than This”: Reparative Housing Policies And The Struggle To Right Harms To Black Communities, Amie Thurber, Lisa K. Bates, Susan Halverson, Keisha Muia Nov 2024

“You Could Have Did Us Better Than This”: Reparative Housing Policies And The Struggle To Right Harms To Black Communities, Amie Thurber, Lisa K. Bates, Susan Halverson, Keisha Muia

School of Social Work Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper contributes to the burgeoning literature related to reparative planning, with an emphasis on housing policy. After exploring the state of theorizing related to reparative planning, this paper describes its three central dimensions: public recognition, material redistribution, and social/spatial transformation. The authors use these dimensions to evaluate a housing policy designed to repair harms to Black residents in Portland, Oregon. This in-depth analysis draws on survey, interview, and focus group data to explore the degree to which residents’ experiences of the policy reflect these three dimensions. The paper concludes with implications for other municipalities considering reparative housing policies, namely …


Navigating Change: Youth Civic Engagement At Tampa Heights Junior Civic Association, Alex R. Whitacre Nov 2024

Navigating Change: Youth Civic Engagement At Tampa Heights Junior Civic Association, Alex R. Whitacre

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study examines the impact of gentrification on the Tampa Heights community in Florida, focusing on the role of Tampa Heights Junior Civic Association (THJCA) in fostering civic engagement and youth empowerment amidst urban transformation. Using a mixed-methods ethnographic approach, including participant observation, archival review, spatial analysis, surveys, and interviews, the research investigates how THJCA affiliates conceptualize and respond to gentrification, space, and community change. Employing urban place theories and social capital frameworks, the research challenges deficit-oriented narratives in examining the experiences of current and former residents, the effects of gentrification on youth educational services, and THJCA's strategies for maintaining …


Using Moss As An Inexpensive Air Pollution Bioindicator For Environmental Equity In Santa Clara Country, California, Tam Dan Tran Nov 2024

Using Moss As An Inexpensive Air Pollution Bioindicator For Environmental Equity In Santa Clara Country, California, Tam Dan Tran

Master's Theses

Toxins pervade urban areas and pose long-term health risks to humans. I examine moss as an affordable bioindicator and assess whether moss monitor results reflect other air quality (AQ) indicators, environmental factors, and social vulnerability. Specifically, I investigate (1) whether moss is an effective atmospheric pollution indicator and (2) whether low-income or high-lead-risk neighborhoods experience greater exposure to air pollution. I set out Hypnum cupressiforme moss for two months of exposure in 28 Santa Clara County locations and then measured chromium, zinc, nickel, and the loss of chlorophyll fluorescence in the moss tissue. I gathered real-time particulate matter (PM2.5) measurements …


Exploring Community Adaptation To Public Safety Power Shutoff Events: Findings From Two Case Studies Of Unincorporated Mountain Communities In Southern California, Ramiro M. Brown Nov 2024

Exploring Community Adaptation To Public Safety Power Shutoff Events: Findings From Two Case Studies Of Unincorporated Mountain Communities In Southern California, Ramiro M. Brown

Master's Theses

As aging electrical infrastructure in the US continues to succumb to unyielding weather patterns brought on by climate change, there is an urgency among Investor-Owned Utilities (IOUs) to reduce the likelihood of their equipment sparking a wildfire. Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS) – the intentional de-energization of the electrical grid on high fire weather danger days – have become a staple in IOU Wildfire Mitigation Plans (WMPs) since 2018 as one way to avoid wildfire ignitions via electrical infrastructure. One criticism of PSPS events is that they create their own hazard by cutting off power to thousands – sometimes millions-of …


10 Years Of Dialogue: Highlights From 2014–2022 [Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal Of Popular Culture And Pedagogy, Volume 10, Issue 3 (Fall 2023)], Anna S. Cohenmiller, Karina A. Vado, Barbara Perez, Tyler Sheldon Nov 2024

10 Years Of Dialogue: Highlights From 2014–2022 [Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal Of Popular Culture And Pedagogy, Volume 10, Issue 3 (Fall 2023)], Anna S. Cohenmiller, Karina A. Vado, Barbara Perez, Tyler Sheldon

Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy

10 Years of Dialogue: Highlights from 2014–2022 [Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy, Volume 10, Issue 3 (Fall 2023)]

Editorial

Challenging Conventions: Provoking Thought with Engaged Teaching and Learning in Popular Culture, Anna S. CohenMiller, Karina A. Vado, Barbara Perez, and Tyler Robert Sheldon

Articles

2014 (Online only)

O Homer, Where Art Thou? Teaching the Iliad and the Odyssey through Popular Culture, Mallory Young

The Odyssey and Its Odyssey in Contemporary Texts: Re-visions in Star Trek, The Time Traveler’s Wife, and and The Penelopiad, Mary Economou Bailey Green

2015

Learning about People, Places and …


Engaged Popular Culture And Pedagogy: Awareness, Understanding And Social Justice [Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal Of Popular Culture And Pedagogy, Volume 7, Issue 2 (Summer 2020)], Anna S. Cohenmiller, Kirk Peterson Nov 2024

Engaged Popular Culture And Pedagogy: Awareness, Understanding And Social Justice [Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal Of Popular Culture And Pedagogy, Volume 7, Issue 2 (Summer 2020)], Anna S. Cohenmiller, Kirk Peterson

Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy

Engaged Popular Culture and Pedagogy: Awareness, Understanding and Social Justice [Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy, Volume 7, Issue 2 (Summer 2020)]

Editorial

Can popular culture speak to issues of equity in educational spaces? Anna S. CohenMiller and Kirk Peterson

Guest Editorial

Cruel Summer, Travis D. Boyce

Articles

Triple Threat or Triple Opportunity: When a Pop Culture Course Goes Online at a Community College, Lance Eaton and Alex Rockey

Cultivating Anti-Racist Feminist Pedagogy Queerly, Laurie Fuller

Afrosurrealism, Aristotle, and Racial Presence in Netflix’s Luke Cage, Angela DeAnn Mack

Sexual Harassment Effects on Bodies of Work: Engaging …


Hell You Talmbout: Mixtapes As Method For Online Environmental Justice Pedagogy, Elspeth Iralu, Caitlin Grann Nov 2024

Hell You Talmbout: Mixtapes As Method For Online Environmental Justice Pedagogy, Elspeth Iralu, Caitlin Grann

Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy

This paper takes on the mixtape as a pedagogical method for approaching urgent and critical topics within the undergraduate online classroom. Drawing on two case studies from different sections of an introductory course on environmental and social justice taught in an American studies department, we demonstrate how mixtape-inspired assignments offer a method for theorizing and enacting the connections between popular culture and critical scholarship around injustice in the humanities and social sciences while also altering the space of the classroom to promote deeper student engagement, comprehension, and reflection. We argue that introducing popular culture as both content and method within …


Editorial: Can Popular Culture Speak To Issues Of Equity In Educational Spaces?, Anna S. Cohenmiller, Kirk Peterson Nov 2024

Editorial: Can Popular Culture Speak To Issues Of Equity In Educational Spaces?, Anna S. Cohenmiller, Kirk Peterson

Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy

Editorial for Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy, Volume 7, Issue 2 (Summer 2020), Engaged Popular Culture and Pedagogy: Awareness, Understanding and Social Justice.


A Fresh Breath: Study Abroad Sustainable Housing Expectations In Higher Education, Mary-Porcher S. Warner, Beth L. Mcgee Nov 2024

A Fresh Breath: Study Abroad Sustainable Housing Expectations In Higher Education, Mary-Porcher S. Warner, Beth L. Mcgee

Honors College Theses

In 2017, Georgia Southern purchased the Convent of Perpetual Adoration for their latest Campus in Wexford, Ireland. This particular Convent is 147 years old and has a rich history in the community. With the purchase of this Convent, the University plans on repurposing the building into a living quarters for students who choose to study abroad. With this decision comes many more considerations, such as students' needs, comfort, and safety. A survey has been conducted where students from Georgia Southern University who had studied abroad in Wexford, Ireland answered a variety of questions about their experiences and preferences. The participants …


Banning Protests At Oil And Gas Sites: The Influence Of Policy Entrepreneurs And Political Pressure, Sojin Jang Nov 2024

Banning Protests At Oil And Gas Sites: The Influence Of Policy Entrepreneurs And Political Pressure, Sojin Jang

Public Administration Faculty Publications

Direct action by citizens has played a pivotal role in shaping environmental policies in the United States. However, several states have recently enacted legislation prohibiting protests at oil and gas project sites, thus undermining the historical legacy of free speech, the American environmental movement, and environmental justice. This study aims to elucidate the determinants influencing the adoption of bills that prohibit civic protests at oil and gas project sites. Existing policy adoption studies have paid limited attention to the impact of policy entrepreneurs and corporate lobbying on policy adoption. This study contributes to the public policy literature by examining the …


Aging Well In The Heart Of America: Optimizing Housing Options For Older Adults In Kansas City, Missouri Through Policy Reform, Lana Mckinney Nov 2024

Aging Well In The Heart Of America: Optimizing Housing Options For Older Adults In Kansas City, Missouri Through Policy Reform, Lana Mckinney

Gerontology Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity

This dissertation investigates the growing housing availability and affordability challenges facing older adults in Kansas City, Missouri. Using the capability approach and the rational comprehensive model as theoretical frameworks, the study analyzes the current state of housing and proposes improvements to address availability and affordability concerns for older adults. A qualitative research design was employed, involving semi-structured interviews with 15 participants, including public officials, experts, and community members. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview transcripts, identifying recurring patterns and themes related to the participants' perspectives on housing concepts, policies, and recommendations for improvement. The analysis revealed four key …


Restoring And Improving Senior Citizens' Trust In Water Safety In Flint, Michigan, Jessica Nichole Burt Nov 2024

Restoring And Improving Senior Citizens' Trust In Water Safety In Flint, Michigan, Jessica Nichole Burt

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Trust can be defined as a belief in truth, hope, or simply the idea that a person or group has the best interest or ability of the next party. During the Flint, Michigan, water crisis, trust significantly impacted how a person or group perceived the person deemed dependable when decisions made impacted their life. The purpose of this study was to explore senior citizens' experiences and perceptions and make recommendations for restoring the public's confidence in water safety in Flint, Michigan, which has been fragmented within the minority senior community. A qualitative case study was designed by using interviews to …


Improving Socioeconomic Conditions For Ghanaian Fishers On Flagged Vessels : Policy Recommendations For The Fishing Industry, Robert Nyarkoh Nov 2024

Improving Socioeconomic Conditions For Ghanaian Fishers On Flagged Vessels : Policy Recommendations For The Fishing Industry, Robert Nyarkoh

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.


The Impact Of Marine Protected Areas In Coastal Communities In Liberia : A Case Study On The Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve, Doris Wrehyonoh Yahn Nov 2024

The Impact Of Marine Protected Areas In Coastal Communities In Liberia : A Case Study On The Lake Piso Multiple Sustainable Use Reserve, Doris Wrehyonoh Yahn

World Maritime University Dissertations

No abstract provided.


Healthcare-Seeking Behavior In A Toxic Landscape: Investigating Cancer Care Awareness In Louisiana's Cancer Alley, Moumita Roy Oct 2024

Healthcare-Seeking Behavior In A Toxic Landscape: Investigating Cancer Care Awareness In Louisiana's Cancer Alley, Moumita Roy

LSU Master's Theses

The fossil fuel and petrochemical sector in the Louisiana region, known as "Cancer Alley," has a devastating impact not only on the environment but also on the health and lives of the local population. Extreme pollution from the petrochemical industry not only elevated cancer rates in this region but also maternal, reproductive, and newborn health harms, respiratory diseases, and other complex health issues. This study examined the healthcare-seeking behavior of some residents and their awareness of cancer facilities within a 100-mile radius of their homes and identified key challenges, such as proximity of cancer care and accessibility, financial constraints, and …


A Qualitative Exploration Of Spiritual Practices Of Simplicity Among Emerging Adults, Falon Opsahl Barton Oct 2024

A Qualitative Exploration Of Spiritual Practices Of Simplicity Among Emerging Adults, Falon Opsahl Barton

Discernment: Theology and the Practice of Ministry

This article explores how emerging adults (18 to 29‐year‐olds) integrate pro‐environmental behaviors and spiritual practices of simplicity. First, this article synthesizes the research on emerging adulthood, including what it is, how they experience and express their spirituality, and their emotional and practical behaviors in response to the climate crisis. Then, this article explores how a small sample of Western Protestant emerging adults practice pro‐environmental simplicity in their daily lives. As a result of integrating spiritual practices that focus on simplicity and pro‐environmental behaviors into their spiritual expressions, emerging adults experience profound spiritual formation and a meaningful way of participating in …


Volume 48-2 Complete Issue, Steven M. Schnell Oct 2024

Volume 48-2 Complete Issue, Steven M. Schnell

The Geographical Bulletin

Volume 48-2 Complete Issue


An All-Hazards Approach To Us Military Base Camp Site Selection, Mark Corson, Christopher Jasperro Oct 2024

An All-Hazards Approach To Us Military Base Camp Site Selection, Mark Corson, Christopher Jasperro

The Geographical Bulletin

Throughout history, military forces have built encampments and bases in hostile areas to defend and sustain themselves while on campaign. The predominant criteria for site selection were and continue to be tactical and logistical concerns. This article applies a geographic perspective to US military base camp site selection in contingency operations such as Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq, or Afghanistan. In particular, it argues that an all-hazards approach should be employed in the site selection process, and that the all-hazards approach be an integral part of the planning phase of base camp development and emerging site selection doctrine. This project begins with …


Data-Intensive Convergence Science For Analyzing Place-Based Spatial Accessibility, Alexander C. Michels, Shaowen Wang Oct 2024

Data-Intensive Convergence Science For Analyzing Place-Based Spatial Accessibility, Alexander C. Michels, Shaowen Wang

I-GUIDE Forum

Place-based spatial accessibility is a critical tool for measuring the health, resilience, and sustainability of communities. Accessibility methods are employed by a wide range of fields to measure access to food, healthcare, infrastructure and other critical needs. While measures of access are relatively simple, they attempt to capture the complexities of human mobility and spatial decision-making to assess how well populations are served by the infrastructure, resources, and services at their disposal. This paper describes four key areas where data-intensive convergence science can revolutionize our understanding of place-based spatial accessibility by addressing issues of scale, spatial impedance, diversity, and accessibility. …


The Green Divide: Investigating Possible Socioeconomic Inequities In Public Green Space Quality In Lisbon, Portugal, Paul Coffield Oct 2024

The Green Divide: Investigating Possible Socioeconomic Inequities In Public Green Space Quality In Lisbon, Portugal, Paul Coffield

Portugal: Sustainability and Environmental Justice

Public green spaces are an essential element of urban design, providing numerous environmental, social, and health-related benefits to urban populations. This study assesses the quality of public green spaces across four neighborhoods of varying socioeconomic status in Lisbon, Portugal, asking ‘Are socioeconomic inequities in park quality present in Lisbon?’ While previous studies have assessed the spatial distribution of urban green space in Lisbon, this study focuses on the quality of Lisbon’s green spaces, as quality determines to what extent a green space benefits the community in which it is located. Four Lisbon parishes were selected based on their median gross …


Evaluating The Efficacy Of The Albufeira Convention In A Time Of Water Uncertainty: The Case Of The Guadiana Basin, Hudson Sizemore Oct 2024

Evaluating The Efficacy Of The Albufeira Convention In A Time Of Water Uncertainty: The Case Of The Guadiana Basin, Hudson Sizemore

Portugal: Sustainability and Environmental Justice

This study evaluates the Albufeira Convention’s effectiveness in managing transboundary water resources in the Guadiana River Basin under increasing water scarcity. The primary objectives are to assess the Convention's capacity to balance ecological preservation with competing agricultural and municipal water demands, and to identify areas for improvement in its implementation. The research uses a qualitative methodology, relying on a systematic review of media, policy, and academic sources, supplemented by a structured SWOT analysis to organize findings and provide actionable insights. The analysis reveals that while the Convention fosters cooperation between Portugal and Spain, it falls short in addressing evolving hydrological …


Seizing The Moment: Climate Mainstreaming In The Ethekwini Municipality And Lessons On Leveraging Major Events, Xenia Ellis Oct 2024

Seizing The Moment: Climate Mainstreaming In The Ethekwini Municipality And Lessons On Leveraging Major Events, Xenia Ellis

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

Abstract

With the significant threat that climate change poses to societies across the world and specifically those in the Global South such as the eThekwini municipality, urgent and comprehensive action is necessary to mitigate and adapt to the devastating effects of climate change. Climate mainstreaming, which is the process of integrating climate strategies into all policies, plans, investments, decisions, and implementation in a government, is essential to addressing the issue. Existing literature has emphasized this importance, however, there has been minimal study of the process within the eThekwini municipality. This study aims to fill that gap and build an understanding …


Climate Change Adaptation Through Economic Democracy, Shriraksha Mohan Oct 2024

Climate Change Adaptation Through Economic Democracy, Shriraksha Mohan

Student Papers in Local and Global Regional Economies

As global climate change poses a serious threat to humanity's survival, equitable and just climate change adaptation has become the focus of several climate movements, social justice groups, governments, and international organizations. Climate sciences and studies have concluded that climate change not only impacts the planet's natural ecosystems, but also has cascading negative consequences on society and the economy. The existing paradigm of economic development has created vast wealth and resource inequality. The inequality further exacerbates the ill effects of climate change and makes vulnerable communities bear a disproportionate amount of the burden of climate catastrophes. This necessitates replacing the …


Expanding Emissions Markets To Reduce Agricultural Nitrogen Run-Off, Samantha Tweet, Amy Hardberger Oct 2024

Expanding Emissions Markets To Reduce Agricultural Nitrogen Run-Off, Samantha Tweet, Amy Hardberger

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

Synthetic fertilizers have been critical in averting global food shortages; however, synthetic fertilizers and their production have led to numerous environmental harms, including greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and soil degradation.

Scientists are working on a new technology that will create a more efficient and less impactful fertilizer process, but the legal mechanisms to encourage widespread adoption and subsequent environmental benefits fall short. In the absence of regulation, market tools can encourage behavior change. If the pollution reduction by exchanging fertilizer is turned into a tradable asset, agricultural users can benefit financially, which lowers potential barriers to participation in a …