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The Rural Hinterland West Of Tel Hazor (Hebrew, Pp. 27–39; English Summary, Pp. 84*–85*), Edna Amos, Nimrod Getzov Jan 2025

The Rural Hinterland West Of Tel Hazor (Hebrew, Pp. 27–39; English Summary, Pp. 84*–85*), Edna Amos, Nimrod Getzov

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations along the route of the Tel Hazor bypass road exposed a range of activities from many different periods, both from the time when Hazor was at the height of its prominence and during periods when the tell was abandoned. The evidence consisted of winepresses, shafts, quarries, cupmarks, caves and a curing installation(?). These findings shed light on the function and exploitation of the areas surrounding the ancient city of Hazor on the north and west, e.g., for wine production, burial grounds and as quarries, as early as the Middle Bronze Age and until the Byzantine period.

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An Iron Age Ii Dwelling Cave On The Mount Of Olives, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 41–59; English Summary, Pp. 86*–87*), Nurit Feig Jan 2025

An Iron Age Ii Dwelling Cave On The Mount Of Olives, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 41–59; English Summary, Pp. 86*–87*), Nurit Feig

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations in the ash-Sheikh neighborhood, on the southern ridge of the Mount of Olives, uncovered the remains of a dwelling cave, a burial cave and an area of hewn rock. The dwelling cave’s opening was enclosed by stone-built walls and its beaten-earth floor contained pottery sherds. Two phases were uncovered in the cave, both from Iron Age II (eighth–seventh centuries BCE). Dwelling caves are a well-known phenomenon in the hill country and desert regions, serving populations living in remote areas. This cave was probably part of the late Iron Age II settlement network extending along the road from Jericho …

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Seals And Figurines From The Beginning Of The Early Chalcolithic Period At Ha-Gosherim (Hebrew, Pp. 1–26; English Summary, Pp. 81*–83*), Nimrod Getzov Jan 2025

Seals And Figurines From The Beginning Of The Early Chalcolithic Period At Ha-Gosherim (Hebrew, Pp. 1–26; English Summary, Pp. 81*–83*), Nimrod Getzov

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ha-Gosherim yielded a rich and unique assemblage of artistic objects from the beginning of the Early Chalcolithic period (fifth millennium BCE): twenty-two stone stamp-seals and two bone female figurines. Made of local stone, most of the seals appear to have been manufactured on-site; however, a few seals were apparently made of chlorite and seem to have been brought to the site as finished artifacts. The designs on the seals vary and comprise geometric patterns alongside faunal and floral motifs, and even human faces or masks. This large assemblage of seals attests to the strong ties the Ha-Gosherim settlement …

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Naḥal Yarmut: A Late Pottery Neolithic Site Of The Wadi Rabah Culture, South Of Naḥal Soreq (Pp. 1*–29*), Hamoudi Khalaily Jan 2025

Naḥal Yarmut: A Late Pottery Neolithic Site Of The Wadi Rabah Culture, South Of Naḥal Soreq (Pp. 1*–29*), Hamoudi Khalaily

'Atiqot

The Wadi Rabah site of Naḥal Yarmut is located on the southern bank of the Yarmut streambed, near Ramat Bet Shemesh Junction. The excavation unearthed a thick occupation layer rich in pottery and flint artifacts, all attributed to the Late Pottery Neolithic period. The architectural elements included pits and a rectangular structure. The flint assemblage was produced on-site from locally acquired material. This site provided valuable data concerning the presence of a Late Neolithic (Wadi Rabah) settlement in the Shephelah region.

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The Pottery From Ḥorbat Gelilot (Hebrew, Pp. 63*–78*; English Summary, P. 158), Rivka Calderon Jan 2025

The Pottery From Ḥorbat Gelilot (Hebrew, Pp. 63*–78*; English Summary, P. 158), Rivka Calderon

'Atiqot

The majority of the pottery finds from Ḥorbat Gelilot was retrieved from fills that covered the industrial installations. The finds range in date from the first to the seventh centuries CE and find parallels in the north of the country and along the coastal plain.

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Two Lead Braziers From A Roman-Period Shipwreck Off The Ashqelon Coast (Hebrew, Pp. 79*–84*; English Summary, P. 159), Ehud Galili, Baruch Rosen Jan 2025

Two Lead Braziers From A Roman-Period Shipwreck Off The Ashqelon Coast (Hebrew, Pp. 79*–84*; English Summary, P. 159), Ehud Galili, Baruch Rosen

'Atiqot

Two lead braziers were retrieved from the sea off the Ashqelon coast during an underwater survey. They were probably part of a ship's cargo dated to the first century BCE–third century CE. These finds shed light on the long debated subject of lighting fire abroad ships. An explanation as to how the objects were operated is offered, as well as a reconstruction of their use, either for cooking or for heating liquids.

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Ḥorbat Gelilot (El-Jelil): Excavations On The Fringes Of A Roman–Byzantine Period Village In The Sharon Plain (Hebrew, Pp. 17*–61*; English Summary, Pp. 156–157), Etan Ayalon, Yossi Levy Jan 2025

Ḥorbat Gelilot (El-Jelil): Excavations On The Fringes Of A Roman–Byzantine Period Village In The Sharon Plain (Hebrew, Pp. 17*–61*; English Summary, Pp. 156–157), Etan Ayalon, Yossi Levy

'Atiqot

At the site, located on the outskirts of Herzliyya, many industrial installations were discovered, including a bathhouse, a burial cave, a miqveh (ritual bath), pottery kilns, plastered pools and an olive press, dating to the Roman and Byzantine periods. These were most probably concentrated on the fringes of an ancient village, which was severely damaged in the past and very little is known of it. Historical sources, as well as some of the archaeological finds, probably point to a Samaritan ethnic identity for at least some of the settlement's inhabitants.

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Remains From The Early Roman To The Crusader/Ayyubid Periods At Ḥorbat Borin (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–16*; English Summary, P. 155), Abed A-Salam Sa'id Jan 2025

Remains From The Early Roman To The Crusader/Ayyubid Periods At Ḥorbat Borin (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–16*; English Summary, P. 155), Abed A-Salam Sa'id

'Atiqot

At Ḥorbat Borin, on the northwestern outskirts of Baqa el-Gharbiya, five occupational strata were discovered, dating from the Early Roman to the Crusader/Ayyubid periods. Potsherds from the Persian, Hellenistic and Mamluk periods were found as well, out of stratigraphical context, probably pointing to a longer occupation at the site. A hiatus in the sequence of occupation during the fourth–fifth centuries CE remains unexplained.

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Excavations At Rogem Gannim, Jerusalem: Installations Of The Iron Age, Persian, Roman And Islamic Periods (Pp. 79–106), Raphael Greenberg, Gilad Cinamon Jan 2025

Excavations At Rogem Gannim, Jerusalem: Installations Of The Iron Age, Persian, Roman And Islamic Periods (Pp. 79–106), Raphael Greenberg, Gilad Cinamon

'Atiqot

Some five kilometers west of ancient Jerusalem lies a large Iron Age tumulus. At the base of this tumulus, rock-cut installations were uncovered, including winepresses, caves and cisterns. The winepresses were first executed during the Iron Age, resembling the type that prevailed in the region west of Jerusalem during that time. The pottery and small finds from the Iron Age/Persian period included mainly storage jars, with a relative abundance of stamped jar handles, alluding to the economical activity at the site. Following the site's abandonment at the end of the Persian period, a rural settlement was established during the Early …

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Seeing Through Solid Words: Using Gebser’S Concept Of Transparency To Understand A Gnostic Poem Expressing Integral Consciousness, Lisa Maroski Jan 2025

Seeing Through Solid Words: Using Gebser’S Concept Of Transparency To Understand A Gnostic Poem Expressing Integral Consciousness, Lisa Maroski

Journal of Conscious Evolution

It is difficult to express integral consciousness using ordinary language because of the inherent tendency of language to separate and distinguish. Jean Gebser, in The Ever-Present Origin, suggested concepts such as transparency and diaphaneity as ways to access integral consciousness, and the Gnostic text The Thunder, Perfect Mind (TPM) is written from the perspective of a being with integral consciousness. I use Jean Gebser’s concepts of transparency and diaphaneity to explicate TPM, an enigmatic, paradoxical poem in the Nag Hammadi Library. Because TPM is written from the perspective of an integral being, one who is All-of-It (i.e., paradoxical completeness rather …

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A Response To Claudio Testi On Tolkien And Aquinas, Seth Kreeger Jan 2025

A Response To Claudio Testi On Tolkien And Aquinas, Seth Kreeger

Journal of Tolkien Research

A response to Claudio Testi on creation and providence in Tolkien and Aquinas.

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The Coins From Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 99–104; English Summary, Pp. 81*–82*), Helena Sokolov, Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 99–104; English Summary, Pp. 81*–82*), Helena Sokolov, Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

During the excavation at Ḥorbat Hazaz, 94 bronze coins were uncovered, 36 of which were identified. The earliest coin dates to the Seleucid period and the latest, to the Early Islamic period. Noteworthy among the Roman coins are a coin of Hadrian struck in Ascalon and a coin of Faustina II minted in Gaza. Of the Byzantine-period coins, four are small pentanummi, some most probably imitations. Of note is a coin of Constans II that was overstruck on a coin of Heraclius.

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Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Cave At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–60*; English Summary, P. 201), Yossi Nagar, Vered Eshed Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From The Burial Cave At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–60*; English Summary, P. 201), Yossi Nagar, Vered Eshed

'Atiqot

The bones, which were found scattered above an alluvium fill in the cave, were well preserved. They represent at least forty individuals, the majority of which were adult males. Many of the bones manifested an inflammatory disease, which would account for the burial manner and the absence of children under the age of ten.

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An Ancient Flour Mill On The Northern Dam Of The ‘Tanninim Reservoir’ (Hebrew, Pp. 151–166; English Summary, Pp. 86*–87*), Yosef Porath, Peter Gendelman, Yael Arnon Jan 2025

An Ancient Flour Mill On The Northern Dam Of The ‘Tanninim Reservoir’ (Hebrew, Pp. 151–166; English Summary, Pp. 86*–87*), Yosef Porath, Peter Gendelman, Yael Arnon

'Atiqot

Excavations at the site, located between the foothills of the Carmel ridge on the east and the central kurkar ridge on the west, revealed three superimposed mills. The earliest mill probably functioned not earlier than the fifth century CE. The Crusader-period mill was constructed above the western hall of the earlier mill, apparently during the twelfth century CE, and went out of use during the thirteenth or fourteenth century CE. The latest mill, which was inserted in the eastern hall of the earliest mill, was dated to the Ottoman period based on several pottery fragments. These mills are part of …

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Glass Vessels From The Burial Cave At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 47*–50*; English Summary, P. 200), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Jan 2025

Glass Vessels From The Burial Cave At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 47*–50*; English Summary, P. 200), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

'Atiqot

Twenty well-preserved glass items were retrieved from the two burial phases in the burial cave at ‘Ar‘ara. Among the artifacts from the Late Roman period were candlestick-type bottles, jars, beads and bracelets; one bead was made of gold-glass. The glass finds from the Mamluk period included a plaque and a bracelet.

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Glass Vessels From Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Hebrew, Pp. 145–149; English Summary, P. 85*), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Glass Vessels From Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Hebrew, Pp. 145–149; English Summary, P. 85*), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The salvage excavation at Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot, yielded 77 glass fragments, 34 of them diagnostic. Several vessels date to the early occupation of the site, during the Early Roman, Late Roman and Byzantine periods. These vessels, characteristic of the above-mentioned periods, are found throughout the country. The later vessels, dating to the Islamic period (ninth-eleventh centuries CE), are rare, and are almost unknown from excavated contexts.

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A Note Concerning The Onopordum Cynarocephalum Plant In Relation To Archaeological Sites (Hebrew, Pp. 169–171; English Summary, P. 65), Aviram Oshri Jan 2025

A Note Concerning The Onopordum Cynarocephalum Plant In Relation To Archaeological Sites (Hebrew, Pp. 169–171; English Summary, P. 65), Aviram Oshri

'Atiqot

This article aims at demonstrating a new method of identifying ancient remains during surveys. It is suggested that archaeological sites can be observed in surveys based on the dispersion of the Onopordum cynarocephalum plant. This plant, a thistle, thrives on minerals, such as phosphorous and nitrogen, which are usually found in organically enhanced soils that are associated with human habitation throughout the ages; therefore, it can be used as an indicator of the existence of ancient remains.

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A Burial Cave From The Late Roman And Mamluk Periods At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 37*–46*; English Summary, Pp. 198–199), Doron Lipkonsky Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Late Roman And Mamluk Periods At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 37*–46*; English Summary, Pp. 198–199), Doron Lipkonsky

'Atiqot

The cave, hewn in soft chalk bedrock on the western slopes of the ‘Iron Hills, was used for burial in two separate periods, the Late Roman and the Mamluk. During the Late Roman period, the cave comprised a forecourt, originally sealed by a roll stone, and a burial chamber with burial troughs carved in three of its walls. Each trough contained the skeleton of one individual accompanied by burial gifts, including pottery vessels, Samaritan oil lamps, glass vessels and jewelry. The Mamluk phase included the remains of forty individuals that seem to have been hastily discarded there, perhaps due to …

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Excavations In The Mamillah Area, Jerusalem: The Medieval Fortifications (Pp. 125–152), Ronny Reich, Eli Shukron Jan 2025

Excavations In The Mamillah Area, Jerusalem: The Medieval Fortifications (Pp. 125–152), Ronny Reich, Eli Shukron

'Atiqot

A fortification line, comprising a wall and a tower, was exposed outside the Jerusalem Old City wall and parallel to it, northwest of Jaffa Gate. The lower part of the wall was rock-cut, while its upper part was constructed of stones set in a grayish mortar (preserved only in the eastern part). The finds include pottery dating from the Roman-Byzantine periods and mainly, to the twelfth–early thirteenth centuries CE; stones bearing mason’s marks, mostly geometric, in secondary use; and two coins. Also found were stone architectural elements; fragments of wall paintings (frescos) depicting the head of the Madonna, and a …

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Excavations And Surveys At Ḥorbat Anusha And Ḥorbat Leved In The Samarian Shephelah (Hebrew, Pp. 109–159; English Summary, Pp. 62–64), Ofer Sion, Uzi ‘Ad, Mordechai Haiman, Giora Parnos Jan 2025

Excavations And Surveys At Ḥorbat Anusha And Ḥorbat Leved In The Samarian Shephelah (Hebrew, Pp. 109–159; English Summary, Pp. 62–64), Ofer Sion, Uzi ‘Ad, Mordechai Haiman, Giora Parnos

'Atiqot

The area under investigation is located in the lowlands extending between the center of the Samarian Hills and the coastal plain. The excavations exposed farmhouses and various installations, such as field towers, fortified towers, farming terraces, water installations, quarries, limekilns, stone clearance heaps and cupmarks. Based on the finds from these excavations, as well as from previous surveys, it is assumed that Ḥorbat Anusha was already occupied during Iron Age II and the Persian period. A possible ritual bath might indicate an occupation in the Second Temple period. Most of the construction dates to the Byzantine period, including a farmstead …

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Building Remains And Industrial Installations From The Early Islamic Period At Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Hebrew, Pp. 119–144; English Summary, Pp. 84*–85*), Aviva Bouchenino Jan 2025

Building Remains And Industrial Installations From The Early Islamic Period At Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Hebrew, Pp. 119–144; English Summary, Pp. 84*–85*), Aviva Bouchenino

'Atiqot

During a salvage excavation at Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot, fragmentary remains of an industrial building were uncovered, including an oil press, a kiln and various plastered installations. Two strata were observed (I, II); Persian-wheel (saqiya) vessels and a plastered channel were found in Stratum I, probably pointing to the existence of a Persian-wheel installation on the higher part of the site. Based on the pottery, glass and numismatic finds, the complex was dated to the Early Islamic period, especially the time spanning the eighth and tenth centuries CE. Pottery sherds from the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods were also found, indicating …

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Khirbat El-Hawarit: A Ceramic Workshop On The Mount Hermon Slopes (Pp. 131–155), Moshe Hartal, Nicholas Hudson, Andrea M. Berlin Jan 2025

Khirbat El-Hawarit: A Ceramic Workshop On The Mount Hermon Slopes (Pp. 131–155), Moshe Hartal, Nicholas Hudson, Andrea M. Berlin

'Atiqot

A large mound of pottery sherds was exposed on the northern slope of the hill on which Khirbat el-Hawarit is located. Excavation of the mound revealed that it contained the debris of a workshop: vessels broken during the firing process, kiln ash and bricks. Although only fragmentary walls were unearthed, precluding the reconstruction of any building, the dump in itself is sufficient to identify the site as the main pottery production center of Mount Hermon, Banias and the northern Golan region during the Late Roman–Byzantine periods. Two distinct wares were found: Golan ware (late Hellenistic–late Byzantine periods) and Khirbat el-Hawarit …

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Solomon’S Stables, The Temple Mount, Jerusalem: The Events Concerning The Destruction Of Antiquities 1999–2001 (Pp. 33*–53*), Jon Seligman Jan 2025

Solomon’S Stables, The Temple Mount, Jerusalem: The Events Concerning The Destruction Of Antiquities 1999–2001 (Pp. 33*–53*), Jon Seligman

'Atiqot

The enclosure of the Temple Mount has the potential to provide answers to key questions concerning the development of rituals in Jerusalem. However, issues of management, control and politics have always had a crucial influence on the possibility of conducting historical and archaeological research at the site. This article attempts to analyze archaeologically the observations made at the site during the construction works conducted during 1999–2001. It includes photographs, plans and sections of the antiquities exposed at the time of those building activities.

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The Old City Wall Of Jerusalem: The Northeastern Corner (Hebrew, Pp. 95*–119*; English Summary, Pp. 163–164), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Jan 2025

The Old City Wall Of Jerusalem: The Northeastern Corner (Hebrew, Pp. 95*–119*; English Summary, Pp. 163–164), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

The excavation, conducted outside the Old City wall of Jerusalem, northwest of Jaffa Gate, revealed five strata. The earliest, Stratum V, yielded finds dating to the Iron Age, Hellenistic, Early Roman and Byzantine periods. In Stratum IV, drainage channels were uncovered, leading to a reservoir, which was dated to the Byzantine period. In Stratum III, a later channel was constructed, dating to the Early Islamic period. Stratum II revealed the foundation courses of the western outer wall of a square tower from the Ayyubid period (end of twelfth–beginning of thirteenth centuries CE). Stratum I is the Ottoman city wall, built …

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Survey And Salvage Excavations On The Menashe Spur, Near Ḥorbat Bareqet And Kibbutz Regavim (Hebrew, Pp. 83–107; English Summary, Pp. 59–61), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

Survey And Salvage Excavations On The Menashe Spur, Near Ḥorbat Bareqet And Kibbutz Regavim (Hebrew, Pp. 83–107; English Summary, Pp. 59–61), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

A large area, located in the catchment basin of Naḥal ‘Ada, was surveyed and consequently excavated, revealing a large number of walls and installations. Among the installations are many stone heaps and square towers. A trapezoidal enclosure was examined and partly excavated; it was most likely used to store agricultural produce. The remains in this area are probably part of an Iron Age satellite settlement, under the aegis of the city of Dor. The enclosures located in the area were dated to the Roman and Byzantine periods, and were possibly connected with the city of Caesarea. During the Islamic period …

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Underground Reservoirs From The Crusader Period And Later Remains Next To And North Of The Synagogue At Moza (Hebrew, Pp. 135–144; English Summary, Pp. 73*–75*), Zvi Greenhut Jan 2025

Underground Reservoirs From The Crusader Period And Later Remains Next To And North Of The Synagogue At Moza (Hebrew, Pp. 135–144; English Summary, Pp. 73*–75*), Zvi Greenhut

'Atiqot

Three underground vaults exposed next to and north of the synagogue at Moza were part of a subterranean water reservoir of a Crusader-period building that existed at the site. Two of the ashlar-built vaults are parallel, with pointed ceilings treated with dark gray plaster. The vaults were separated by three arches borne by square pillars, constructed from ashlars bearing the typical Crusader diagonal dressing and mason’s marks. Apparently, water was conveyed to the vaults via a channel from nearby springs. The third vault incorporated a chute that drained the water into it. Above the underground water reservoir were a Crusader …

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A Burial Cave From The Fourth Century Ce At Elqosh, Upper Galilee (Pp. 117–127), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Fourth Century Ce At Elqosh, Upper Galilee (Pp. 117–127), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

The excavation at Moshav Elqosh revealed a burial cave featuring vaulted chambers with burial troughs. Finds in the cave included pottery oil lamps, glass vessels, coins and jewelry items—all dating to the fourth century CE. One coin was found wrapped in linen cloth. The coin finds probably reflect the pagan practice of paying Charon to cross the river Styx to the netherworld. The absence of pottery further points to a pagan Phoenician population.

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A Burial Cave From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods In Ḥorbat Gores, The Gonen Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 87*–94*; English Summary, Pp. 161–163), Gideon Solimany, Tamar Winter, Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods In Ḥorbat Gores, The Gonen Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 87*–94*; English Summary, Pp. 161–163), Gideon Solimany, Tamar Winter, Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The excavation revealed a burial cave containing three arcosolia, each with two or three burial troughs. Twenty-one complete clay candlestick lamps and numerous fragments of other lamps were retrieved, all of them dating to the Byzantine–early Umayyad periods. Two of the lamps bear Greek inscriptions. Also found were 300 fragments of glass vessels, of which only 23 were diagnostic. The glass vessels, free-blown and decorated in a variety of techniques, are characteristic of Byzantine-era Jerusalem; several vessels might also date later, to the early Umayyad period. Thirty glass beads were retrieved, one of which was made of mosaic glass (millefiori). …

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Building Remains And An Installation From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods At Naḥal Daliya (Umm Tut) (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–70*; English Summary, Pp. 168–170), Rina Avner Jan 2025

Building Remains And An Installation From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods At Naḥal Daliya (Umm Tut) (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–70*; English Summary, Pp. 168–170), Rina Avner

'Atiqot

Five strata were exposed at the site, located to the north of the Yoqne‘am–Fureidis road (Road 70): Strata I–III date to the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, and Strata IV–V are of an earlier, unknown date. The numismatic evidence comprisestwo coins from the third century,six coins from the fourth century and twenty-seven from the Byzantine period. None of the coins postdates the seventh century CE. Unfortunately, the dating of the ceramic finds, based on the typology of the finds from nearby Caesarea, does not correspond to the dates of the coins. This might suggest that pottery types traditionally assigned to …

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Tel Barom (With A Contrubution By Donald T. Ariel)(Hebrew, Pp. 63–81; English Summary, Pp. 58–59), Emmanuel Damati Jan 2025

Tel Barom (With A Contrubution By Donald T. Ariel)(Hebrew, Pp. 63–81; English Summary, Pp. 58–59), Emmanuel Damati

'Atiqot

Excavations at the basaltic tell, located northeast of Qiryat Shemona, revealed three strata dating to the Roman, Byzantine and Mamluk periods. The meager finds from the Roman period were founded on bedrock, and included terrace walls. The Byzantine period is represented by part of a residential building and a large oil press. A few walls and two ovens constitute the scant remains from the Mamluk period. The finds—including pottery and coins, as well as ivory, iron and bronze artifacts—date from Middle Bronze Age II and the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader and Mamluk periods.

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