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Coins From Tel Mikhal (Tel Michal) (Pp. 71–88), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

Thirty-eight coins were found in the excavation on the Northern Hill at Tel Mikhal, 33 were identified: 18 isolated coins, and 15 coins that formed part of a Persian-period hoard. The isolated coins are mainly of the Persian period, probably deriving from one phase of occupation that began in the second quarter of the fourth century BCE. The war between Ptolemy I and Antigonus possibly marks the end of the Persian stratum. The later numismatic evidence at the site indicates that the Northern Hill may have been occupied only during the Seleucid period. The hoard comprises Athenian-style tetradrachms, dating to …

Petrographic Analysis Of Two Ballast Stones From Tel Mikhal (Tel Michal) (Pp. 67–69), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

Both ballast stones were reused in a Persian-period installation. Their analysis revealed that they were of plutonic material, thus pointing to a distant provenance, perhaps in the Cyprus area. The stones were probably loaded on a merchant ship on its way from the eastern Mediterranean to the Tel Mikhal anchorage.

Petrographic Analysis Of The Tel Mikhal (Tel Michal) Pottery (Pp. 57–65), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

Thirty-six vessels were submitted for petrographic analysis, most of them from the Persian period and several from Middle Bronze Age II. Several wasters from the kilns were analyzed as well. The results point to a large variety of pottery types in the Persian period, which were divided into three main groups: local products; short- to medium-range distance imports; and long-distance imports. These finds parallel those identified at other southern coastal sites, which show an overwhelming amount of imported pottery.

The 1996 Excavations Along The Northern Hill At Tel Mikhal (Tel Michal) (Pp. 1–19), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

Excavations on the Northern Hill at Tel Mikhal revealed rich finds, in stark contrast with the poorly preserved and scant architectural remains. The earliest settlement here dates to prehistoric times, continuing into the Middle Bronze Age, when a ceramic industry operated at the site. In the Iron Age, settlement was sporadic, and mainly winepresses were unearthed. Toward the end of the Persian period, the area functioned as an industrial area for pottery production and a metal industry, as well as an area for storage and commerce. In the Hellenistic period, the site was also used for industry and storage. No …

The Pottery From The Iaa Excavations At Tel Mikhal (Tel Michal) (Pp. 21–56), Lev Arie Kapitaikin

'Atiqot

Three main assemblages were identified in the pottery from the IAA excavations at Tel Mikhal: Persian coarse wares, imported pottery and pottery from three kilns (Area B1). The Persian wares, including mortaria, stands, kraters and jars, date to the later part of the Persian period (450–300 BCE). The imported Persian-period wares include decorated sherds of Cypriot or Eastern Greek origin, Attic pottery and undecorated imported vessels, such as amphorae and mortaria, dating to the last three quarters of the fourth century BCE. The pottery from Kiln 461 includes forms typical of the Persian period and miniature-sized (votive?) Persian-period vessels. Kilns …

Ontological Overtones Of Participatory Soteriology In Romans 8:1-17, Derek E. Wilder

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The burgeoning scholarly interest in the concepts of deification and Paul’s “in Christ” participatory soteriology necessitates a deeper exploration of their interrelation with the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. Regardless of the increase in recent scholarship, the connection between participation in Christ and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit remains underexplored. This study examines the relationship between deification, Pauline participatory soteriology, and pneumatology through an exegetical analysis of Romans 8:1–17. This exegetical framework posits that the believer’s union with Christ initiates a profound ontological metamorphosis, actualized through the Holy Spirit’s immanent indwelling and transcendent relational dynamic. The pneumatological dimension of …

Matthew For The Defense: Identifying The Rhetorical Purpose Of Matthew's Heptadic Γέγραπται Passages, Donald C. Mcintyre

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Heptadic formulations are common throughout ancient Near Eastern, Second Temple, and biblical literature. Frequently, heptadic formulations are debated due to the lack of consistent identification criteria. This study identifies a heptadic formulation of γέγραπται passages in Matthew’s Gospel and seeks to evaluate the legitimacy of that heptadic formulation through applying strict identification criteria. Through those criteria, it was discovered that the Gospel of Matthew invites the reader to take notice of numerological data through the genealogy and continues to employ numerology throughout the Gospel. That fact being established, Matthew then employed the γέγραπται formula a total of nine times with …

Messianic Judaism And The Church, Robert C. Greer

Liberty Theological Review

One of the more curious phenomena within the Protestant Evangelical Church is Messianic Judaism. Its gospel is essentially the same as Protestant evangelicalism since Messianic Jews worship Jesus as Messiah, Savior and Lord. Yet many shun the label "Christian," preferring such titles as "fulfilled" or "completed Jews." Messianic Jews typically worship on Saturdays and observe a kosher diet. The symbol of the cross, which is ubiquitous in Protestant Evangelicalism and regarded as its most sacred symbol,, is problematic with many Messianic Jews. Messianic Judaism therefore maintains an arm's distance from Gentile Christianity. This paper is an exploration of that separation …

Defending The Doctrine Of Hell, Jordan P. Ballard

Liberty Theological Review

The doctrine of hell, or the final state of the wicked, has become one of the most objectionable Christian doctrines because it depicts God as vengeful and wrathful, which is offensive to human sensibilities. As an extension of the problem of evil, where God is put on trial for allowing what may appear to be gratuitous pain and suffering in the world, many Christians and non-Christians alike wonder how a loving God could consign people to suffering in hell forever. After all, why didn’t God make a world where all would be saved if He is truly loving? Belief in …

"Restoration Under The Davidic Shepherd-King": An Exposition Of Ezekiel 37:15–28, Angela Gloria Erum

Liberty Theological Review

Considering what is happening to Israel in the Middle East these days, this exposition of Ezekiel 37:15–28 provides hope for the people of Israel as well as the Gentile believers in Christ. Ezekiel 37:15–28 exhibits Yahweh’s covenantal promise to gather His people (the people of Israel) from other nations, restore them to their land, and reunify them (both northern and southern kingdoms) as one nation under one king, the Davidic shepherd-king; thus, other nations would realize that Yahweh is God. By examining Ezekiel 37:15–28, this paper will attempt to demonstrate the exegesis and the theological implications of the passage through …

The Decalogue As A Transitional Model For Fear, Pamela Jensen Ikasalo

Liberty Theological Review

God’s original intention for relationships was disrupted by the fall of man as recorded in Genesis 3. From that point, fear of man played an intricate role in both interpersonal relationships and decision-making. The purpose of the Decalogue was to moderate relationships among the people and with their God. However, there is an additional purpose as well. The Decalogue serves as a transitional model from fear of man to fear of the Lord. When God’s people live according to the precedents found in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 their lifestyle no longer follows the pattern set by fallen humanity. Both …

Poured Out On Your Sons And Daughters: Pneumatologically Shaped Pedagogical Practices For Engaging Children In Congregational Worship, Angela Perigo, Jeremy Perigo

Faculty Work Comprehensive List

From young children to elders in the community, the Holy Spirit’s empowering presence is indiscriminate of age, ability, gender, culture, or status. Many communities continue to wrestle with the pastoral and practical implications of welcoming children into worship as full, distinct participants, yet within the biblical narrative, children are included as full participants in experiencing the Spirit’s gifts and empowerment and encountering God’s dynamic presence. Emerging from the discipline of practical theology and a review of New Testament pneumatology from Acts 2 and 1 Corinthians 12, this paper argues for the full inclusion of children within the church’s worship life …

Review Of Carolyn Sharp, Jeremiah 26-52. (Kohlhammer: Stuttgart, Germany, 2021), Oliver Glanz

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Creating A Cultural Liturgy Of Intentional Prayer: Leading Grace Lutheran Church Into Greater Understanding And Engagement With The Surrounding Community, Keith Aschenbeck

Doctor of Ministry Major Applied Project

Aschenbeck, Keith D. “Creating a Cultural Liturgy of Intentional Prayer: Leading Grace Lutheran Church into Greater Understanding and Engagement with the Surrounding Community.” Doctor of Ministry. Major Applied Project, Concordia Seminary, 2025. pp. 166

Grace Lutheran Church, like many churches, has historically approached mission and ministry with the consumer-driven approach model of attraction. The result has often had them looking at how to shape and form how the world sees them so that they would be appealing as a place to worship. This way of approaching ministry has become a cultural liturgy that forms many decisions about what ministry programs …

The Zooarchaeological Assemblage From The French School On Yefet Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 513–527), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

A small assemblage of 158 identified animal bones was retrieved from Crusader- and late Ottoman-period contexts at the French School. The bone samples from both periods consisted mainly of cattle and caprines, as well as some pig, donkey, horse and chicken bones. The relative frequency of pig bones in the Ottoman period might point to a religious tolerance toward the consumption of equid and wild boar. This may attest to a poverty-stricken Muslim population, or to the presence of immigrants from the Maghrebi Islam.

The Molluscs From The French School On Yefet Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 529–532), Inbar Ktalav

'Atiqot

An assemblage of 76 malacological remains was retrieved from the French School in Yafo. It includes 11 species of local Mediterranean seashells and land snails, one indo-pacific bivalve, one bivalve from the Nile River and two fragments of freshwater bivalves. A cross made of mother of pearl was found in a soil accumulation of the late Ottoman period. The shells were used as construction material and as objects of aesthetic or symbolic value, possibly amulets.

Ceramic And Porcelain Vessels Of The Ottoman Period From The French School On Yefet Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 497–512), Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The ceramic finds from the Ottoman-period layer at the French School consist of local and imported wares. The local coarse wares include Black Gaza Ware and vessels made of brown and pink ware. The imported glazed ware includes earthenware vessels, mainly kitchen wares, such as bowls and basins, as well as cooking pots. Also included among the imported vessels are fine table wares, dinner ware and breakfast sets, mostly manufactured in European factories. The ceramic material was dated to the end of the nineteenth century CE.

The Molluscs From Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 465–467), Inbar Ktalav

'Atiqot

The excavation on Ben Gamli’el Street yielded 30 malacological finds, including 20 specimens from clear stratigraphic contexts of the Hellenistic and Byzantine periods. The assemblage comprises 28 Mediterranean shells and two Nile River freshwater bivalves. The local seashells were mainly used as simple ornaments and in construction material, while the two imported freshwater bivalves probably attest to trade connections between Yafo and Egypt.

Remains From The Crusader And Late Ottoman Periods At The French School On Yefet Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (With Contributions By Edna J. Stern, Brigitte Ouahnouna, Alexander Glick And Polina Spivak) (Pp. 469–496), Yoav Arbel, Limor Talmi

'Atiqot

The French School excavation encompassed three areas (A, B, C): Area A yielded a substantial volume of Crusader-period pottery, perhaps alluding to the existence of a Crusader-period moat, and late Ottoman-period building remains and a water reservoir; in Area B, a Crusader-period pedestal, as well as a late Ottoman-period well, channels and wall foundations, were exposed; and in Area C were found the remains of Crusader-period pedestals, late Ottoman-period wall remains and two pit graves of uncertain date. The remains from the late Ottoman period point to Yafo’s orderly spatial organization during the nineteenth century.

The Animal Bones From Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 461–464), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

The excavation on Ben Gamli’el Street yielded a small assemblage of 40 animal bones retrieved from the ashy fill of a large Hellenistic-period ash pit (Stratum III). The bones represent farm animals, mostly goats, cattle and pigs, possibly indicating the economy of the rural hinterland that supported the urban settlement of Yafo. The presence of the dog burial and the high occurrence of pig bones probably attests to a non-Jewish community.

Glass Pendant And Seal From Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 457–458), Brigitte Ouahnouna

'Atiqot

Twelve fragments of glass vessels were found on Ben Gamli’el Street, including two exceptional objects, which were found in a fill of a large Hellenistic-period pit: a double-faced pendant of the “Janus heads” type and a poorly preserved seal(?).

The Coins From Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 459–460), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

Seven coins were retrieved from Hellenistic Stratum III on Ben Gamli’el Street, four were identified and dated to the third–first centuries BCE. These coins circulated at a time when the port city of Yafo was part of the Seleucid and Ptolemaic Empires, which operated a trade network along the Palestinian–Phoenician coast.

Unstamped And Stamped Hellenistic Amphora Fragments From Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 437–456), Gerald Finkielsztejn

'Atiqot

Some 47 stamped and unstamped amphora fragments were retrieved from Hellenistic Stratum III on Ben Gamli’el Street. The amphorae date between the last third of the fifth century and the third quarter of the second century BCE. The amphorae originated in a wide variety of production centers, mostly from the islands of the southeastern Aegean and the western coast of Anatolia, but also from the western Mediterranean, Italy, the southern coast of Anatolia and Cyprus.

Pottery Vessels And Oil Lamps From The Iron Age, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman And Byzantine Periods From Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 403–435), Peter Gendelman

'Atiqot

A large pottery assemblage dating from the late Iron Age to the Byzantine period was uncovered on Ben Gamli’el Street. Most of the pottery vessels and oil lamps date to the Persian and Hellenistic periods, including a terracotta figurine of the Hellenistic period. Among the finds are many imported vessels from various workshops, reflecting the role of Yafo as one of the major port cities in the region during the Persian and Hellenistic periods.

Building Remains From The Hellenistic, Byzantine And Late Ottoman Periods On Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (With A Contribution By Polina Spivak) (Jaffa) (Pp. 389–402), Yoav Arbel

'Atiqot

Two areas (A, B) were excavated on Ben Gamli’el Street, yielding building remains and a waste pit from the Hellenistic period (fourth–second centuries BCE), a large quantity of Byzantine-period pottery (fourth–seventh centuries CE) and two late Ottoman-period walls (late nineteenth–early twentieth centuries CE). During the Hellenistic period, which appears to have spanned both the Ptolemaic and Seleucid periods, the city seems to have been settled by a pagan population. During the Byzantine period, the area was exploited for intensive agricultural activities and industries and served as the hinterland of the city. Urban construction in this area was resumed on a …

Molluscs From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 385–388), Inbar Ktalav

'Atiqot

A total of 209 malacological remains were retrieved from the Magen Avraham Compound. The assemblage includes mostly local Mediterranean shells, as well as Indo-Pacific bivalves. Some imported specimens were brought from Europe as raw material for local crafts manufacture; one worked gastropod shell may have been used as an ornament.

Faunal Remains From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 379–383), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

A small faunal assemblage dating to the Byzantine–Early Islamic and Ottoman periods was uncovered in the Magen Avraham Compound. The animal bones were deposited in an area that used to be part of the agricultural periphery of the town and consist mainly of caprine, cattle and equids. The presence of a relatively high number of equid remains suggests that the assemblage represents the disposal of whole animal carcasses outside the city.

Human Skeletal Remains From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 375–378), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Human skeletal remains of at least ten adult individuals were found in the Magen Avraham Compound. Some of the bones were found scattered, while others were anatomically articulated, indicating primary burials, possibly in simple pit graves. The graves’ layout could not be traced, and no burial goods were retrieved; therefore, the dating of the finds is problematic.

Miscellaneous Finds From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 363–372), Yoav Arbel

'Atiqot

The excavation in the Magen Avraham Compound yielded a small collection of miscellaneous finds, most of which date to the Ottoman–British Mandate periods. The assemblage largely comprises inexpensive items of daily use and of modest value. This is in accordance with the site’s location during these periods, i.e., in the agricultural hinterland of the city.

Military Finds From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 373–374), Alexander Glick

'Atiqot

Three cannon balls and three cases of light ammunition were retrieved from strata dated to the late Ottoman–British Mandate periods in the Magen Avraham Compound. The cannon balls date from the first half of the nineteenth century CE, and the three rifle ammunition cases, from World War I.