Digital Commons Network^™

Gheard: An Open-Access Modular Curriculum To Incorporate Equity, Anti-Racism, And Decolonization Training Into Global Health Education, Amy R L Rule, Heather A Haq, Adelaide Barnes, Demarco Bowen, Msandeni Chiume-Kayuni, Whitney Cameron, S Aya Fanny, Elizabeth Groothuis, Bethany Hodge, Cindy Howard, James C Hudspeth, Sheridan Langford, Megan S Mchenry, Ijeoma Nnodim Opara, Beena D Kamath-Rayne, Parminder S Suchdev, Reena P Tam, Franci Taylor, Victor Musiime

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background Global health (GH) interest is rising among graduate medical education (GME) trainees, yet GH engagement is marred by the impact of colonization or racism, and there remains a lack of training to confront these challenges.

Objective To develop a modular, open-access curriculum that provides training in decolonization for GH GME and evaluate its feasibility and impact on learners’ critical reflection on decolonization.

Methods From 2019 to 2022, 40 GH educators, including international and indigenous scholars from diverse organizations, created the Global Health Education for Equity, Anti-Racism, and Decolonization (GHEARD) curriculum. Using Kern’s 6 steps of curriculum development, critical gaps …

Hospital Commitments To Address Diagnostic Errors: An Assessment Of 95 Us Hospitals, Alexandra Campione Russo, Jean-Luc Tilly, Leah Kaufman, Melissa Danforth, Mark L Graber, J Matthew Austin, Hardeep Singh

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Diagnostic errors are a leading cause of patient harm. In 2022, the Leapfrog Group published a report containing 29 evidence-based practices that hospitals can adopt to reduce diagnostic errors.

Objectives: To understand the extent to which US hospitals have already implemented these practices, we conducted a national pilot survey of Leapfrog-participating hospitals.

Methods: To reduce respondent burden, we divided the 29 practices across two surveys: one focused on organizational culture and structure (Domain 1), and the second focused on the diagnostic process itself (Domain 2).

Results: A total of 95 hospitals from 23 states responded to one or both …

Sustainable Solutions To The Continuous Threat Of Antimicrobial Resistance, Brad Spellberg, David N Gilbert, Michael Baym, Gonzalo Bearman, Tom Boyles, Arturo Casadevall, Graeme N Forrest, Sarah Freling, Bassam Ghanem, Fergus Hamilton, Brian Luna, Jessica Moore, Daniel M Musher, Travis B Nielsen, Priya Nori, Matthew C Phillips, Liise-Anne Pirofski, Andrew F Shorr, Steven Y C Tong, Todd C Lee, Emily G Mcdonald

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

To combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR), advocates have called for passage of the Pioneering Antimicrobial Subscriptions To End Upsurging Resistance (PASTEUR) Act in the United States, which would appropriate $6 billion in new taxpayer-funded subsidies for antibiotic development. However, the number of antibiotics in clinical development, and US Food and Drug Administration approvals of new antibiotics, have already markedly increased in the last 15 years. Thus, instead of focusing on more economic subsidies, we recommend reducing selective pressure driving AMR by (1) establishing pay-for-performance mechanisms that disincentivize overprescribing of antibiotics, (2) focusing existing research and development funding on strategies that decrease …

The Role Of Social Support In Protecting Against Perinatal Depression Among Egyptian Women, Radwa Raafat Abdelshafi

Theses and Dissertations

Perinatal Depression (PND) is a global public health issue affecting many women as they transition to motherhood, and carrying detrimental consequences for both mothers and infants. Research in low and middle-income countries shows higher PND prevalence rates than in high-income and Western countries. In addition, social support has been shown to strongly protect or reduce the impact of PND. This study aimed to address a gap in research on PND in Egypt, and to build an understanding of the social support ecological system of new mothers. A survey was conducted with 81 first-time middle-class mothers living in Greater Cairo between …

Ask The Experts: Community Engagement Studios To Inform Research On Cannabis Use In Cancer Symptom Management, Brittney Greene, Grace Mckenzie, Keenan Gibbons, Salimah Meghani, Brooke Worster, Rebecca Ashare

Institute of Emerging Health Professions Faculty Papers

AIM: Despite one-third of patients with cancer using cannabis for symptom management, little is known about their access to and usage of cannabis. Community Engagement (CE) studios involving community experts with chronic health conditions were used to inform a qualitative study on access to and use of cannabis products among patients with cancer.

METHOD: We conducted two 2-hour CE studios with residents from Western NY (WNY) (N = 18). Our sample primarily included White and Black residents (56% vs. 39%). After a researcher-led 10-minute presentation, a community facilitator led the discussion, which focused on questions about challenges to cannabis …

Examining The Effects Of A Social Cognitive Intervention Aimed At Promoting Appropriate Antibiotic Use Self-Efficacy, Erin M. Hill, Andriana Frost

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Our goal in this study was to examine the effect of a social cognitive intervention aimed at improving appropriate antibiotic use self-efficacy (AAUSE). The intervention incorporated several aspects of self-efficacy theory, including mastery, vicarious learning, and verbal persuasion. To test the effectiveness of the intervention, we used two comparison conditions—reading a pamphlet focused on antibiotic resistance (ABR) or one focused on general health (diet, physical activity, sleep). A total of 226 undergraduate students completed the study, which involved completing a series of questions/questionnaires at time 1 (preintervention), engaging in the intervention (or reading a pamphlet), and then completing the time …

Literasi Kesehatan Mental Dan Perilaku Diagnosis Diri Pada Mahasiswa, Cindi Maelani Putri Maelani Putri, Dela Aristi, Raihana Nadra Alkaff, Uray Kania Desita, Henny Meilani, Salsabila Sabrina, Rani Dwi Jayanti Maulidia

Perilaku dan Promosi Kesehatan: Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior

Background. College students must have mental health literacy in order to validate information about mental health and avoid self-diagnosis. Students will be better able to manage their mental health as their health literacy abilities improve.

Aim. This research aims to understand the overview of mental health literacy and self-diagnosis behavior among college students at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Method. This descriptive-analytical study employs a cross-sectional strategy. The convenience sampling approach was used to pick a sample of 409 college students from UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Result. According to the findings, 24.2% of respondents lacked mental health …

Establishing A Student-Run Mobile Clinic In Appalachian Kentucky: A Community-Based Pilot Program To Address Health Inequities, Bradley A. Firchow, John C. Cornelius

Journal of Appalachian Health

The establishment of a student-run mobile clinic in Morehead, Kentucky, led by students from the University of Kentucky College of Medicine’s (UKCOM) Rural Physician Leadership Program (RPLP), aims to address health inequities in rural Appalachian communities. This pilot program is designed to serve vulnerable populations, including the unhoused, by delivering free, accessible healthcare services directly to underserved populations. This program serves as a model for expanding access to healthcare in rural regions while promoting a collaborative, community-based approach to addressing social determinants of health.

Investigating Suicide Risk Factors Among Appalachian West Virginian Adults, Erin D. Caswell, Angela M. Dyer, Summer D. Hartley, Caroline P. Groth, Mary Christensen, Sahiti K. Tulabandu, Bryce K. Weaver, Ruchi Bhandari

Journal of Appalachian Health

Introduction: Suicide rates in the United States have increased over the past two decades, with rural areas, particularly the Appalachian Region, facing unique challenges that elevate suicide risk. These include economic hardships, social isolation, and limited access to mental health services.

Purpose: This study addresses critical gaps in understanding lifetime suicide risk in West Virginia (WV), a predominantly rural state entirely within the Appalachian Region. By identifying the factors driving urban-rural differences in suicide risk, this research seeks to inform interventions tailored to the state's distinct needs and provide insights applicable to the broader Appalachian Region

Methods: Using 2021 Mountain …

Comparative Outcomes Following Randomization To A Pilot Facebook-Based Hiv Prevention Intervention Among Appalachian Women Involved In The Criminal Legal System, Megan F. Dickson, Erika Pike, Michele Staton

Journal of Appalachian Health

Introduction: Rural Appalachian women who use drugs and are involved in the criminal legal system are at increased risk for health consequences (such as HIV/Hepatitis C). Service barriers throughout rural communities have prompted a need to examine the effectiveness of novel intervention delivery methods (e.g., social media).

Purpose: This study aims to determine if enhancing an existing HIV prevention intervention with additional modules delivered via Facebook improves service access by examining short-term outcomes among Appalachian women returning to the community following jail release.

Methods: Between 2019 and 2022, consenting women from two rural Appalachian jails were randomly selected, screened, interviewed, …

Rural Reflections Of Appalachia: A Qualitative Study Of Health Professional Students’ Experiences From A Rural Immersion Experience In West Virginia, Treah Haggerty Md Ms, Jessica Stidham Ma, Stephan Brooks Mph, Abigail Cowher Ba, Sandra Pope Msw, Patricia Dekeseredy Mscn Rn, Cara L. Sedney Md,Ma

Journal of Appalachian Health

Introduction: Conventional academic rotations lack in-depth exposure to rural community members, systems, and resources surrounding specific rural-focused health issues.

Purpose: This study aims to explore health professional students’ experiences within a community-based multidisciplinary rural immersion through their personal reflections.

Methods: Written reflective entries were extracted from the online classroom system from 2019–2021. Data analysis was guided by thematic analysis. An iterative process of qualitatively coding the interviews was conducted. Themes were reviewed and agreed upon by consensus and assessed for validity by two senior researchers.

Results: Sixty-two reflective essays were included from 11 unique professional programs. Resulting themes included (1) …

Examining Health Insurance And Non-Medical Challenges Among Vietnamese Americans In Texas During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Alexander Le, Saba Siddiqi, Celine Nguyen, Ben King, Paul Gerardo Yeh, Jannette Diep, Lauren Gilbert, Bich-May Nguyen

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

When COVID-19 data on Asian Americans are available, they are frequently aggregated, concealing community-specific concerns. Consequently, there is limited COVID-19 literature on Vietnamese Americans. In this study, we investigated the association between health insurance coverage and non-medical challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, in Vietnamese Americans in Texas. The NIH Community Engagement Alliance (CEAL) Common Survey 2 was administered electronically in English and Vietnamese and contained 23 questions about non-medical drivers of health, COVID-19 vaccination, and research participation. Vietnamese American adults in Texas were recruited between September 2021 and March 2022 via partnerships with community organizations. Responses were compared and analyzed …

Implementation Of Endometriosis Toolkit: A Quality Improvement Project To Enhance Nurse Practitioners’ Knowledge And Management, Hasbun Rachel

DNP Qualifying Manuscripts

Abstract

Background: Endometriosis, characterized by the ectopic growth of endometrial-like tissue, affects approximately 11% of reproductive-aged women in the United States. Diagnosing endometriosis is challenging due to its diverse clinical presentations, reliance on laparoscopic procedures, absence of biomarkers, and limited awareness among healthcare providers and patients.

Local Problem: The diagnostic complexity of endometriosis, compounded by reduced provider awareness and a lack of comprehensive resources, leads to delayed and suboptimal care for affected women.

Methods: This Doctor of Nursing Practice quality improvement project aimed to enhance nurse practitioners’ (NPs) knowledge and management of endometriosis through a 1-hour educational session at the …

Increased Depressive And Anxiety Symptoms Predict Increased Severity Of Functional Impairment After Five Years: A Nationally Representative Retrospective Cohort Study, Elisabeth C. Demarco, Samantha Zocher, Blake Miyamoto, Leslie Hinyard, Divya S. Subramaniam

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose: Performing self-care and domestic life tasks are key aspects of functional independence for older adults. While both depression and anxiety symptoms are correlated with increased functional limitation, these disorders are often studied separately, despite frequent co-occurrence and plausible interaction, and without the consideration of social health. This study examined the impact of comorbid depressive and anxiety symptoms, controlling for social participation and loneliness, on severity of functional limitation in a nationally representative sample of older adults to improve patient-centered care.

Methods: The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) Rounds 2 and 3 data were utilized. Primary outcomes …

Understanding The Impacts Of Surgical Drains On Postoperative Pain And Quality Of Life, Goutam K. Gadiraju, Matthew R. Prospero, Finn Tobias, Andrew J. Malek, Erik Reiche, Justin M. Broyles

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: Surgical drains are commonly used in breast surgery and breast reconstruction for seroma prevention. Although many surgeons are aware that surgical drains can cause considerable discomfort to patients, less is understood about the specific impacts of drains on postoperative pain and quality of life (QOL). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among patients at our institution who had previously undergone mastectomy or breast reconstruction procedures to better understand patients' experiences with surgical drains. Patients were asked to report their attitudes toward a series of QOL statements and rate postoperative pain using numeric pain scales. Pair-wise analysis was used to …

Analisis Faktor Risiko Distres Pada Petugas Kpps Di Tangerang Selatan: Studi Kasus Pemilu Tahun 2024, Puti Intan Sari, Dadan Erwandi

National Journal of Occupational Health and Safety

General elections or elections are processes for citizens to elect the president, vice president, and representatives directly. Elections are organized by various organizations or bodies, one of which is the polling station organizing group (KPPS). Based on studies, KPPS officers bear a heavy workload leading to distress among them. This research aims to analyze distress risk factors among KPPS officers in South Tangerang during the 2024 elections. The study uses a quantitative method with a cross-sectional study design. Data analysis involves descriptive and inferential statistics. The results show that 68.8% of the officers experience moderate stress, while 31.2% experience mild …

Kajian Risiko Kesehatan Pajanan Bahaya Kimia Benzene, Toluene, Dan Xylene Pada Pekerja Laboratorium Lubricant Pt X, Muhammad Reyhan Ahadin Pratama, Mila Tejamaya

National Journal of Occupational Health and Safety

Lubricant laboratory pose various occupational safety and health hazards to their workers. Exposure to chemical hazards can occur through multiple routes and can lead to both acute and chronic health risks for laboratory workers. This study aims to analyze the health risks associated with exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) among lubricant laboratory workers at PT X. The study was conducted from February to June 2024 using a descriptive analytical research design with the chemical health risk assessment method from the Department of Safety and Health Malaysia (DOSH) 2018. Data collection techniques were employed quantitatively through personal exposure measurements …

Correlates Of Inaccuracy In Reporting Of Energy Intake Among Persons With Multiple Sclerosis, Stephanie L Silveira, Brenda Jeng, Barbara A Gower, Gary R Cutter, Robert W Motl

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) are interested in diet as a second-line approach for disease management. This study examined potential variables that correlate with inaccuracy of self-reported energy intake (EI) in adults with MS.

METHODS: Twenty-eight participants completed two assessment appointments within a 14-day period that included a standard doubly labeled water (DLW) protocol for estimating total energy expenditure (TEE). The participants reported their EI using the Automated Self-Administered 24 h (ASA24) Dietary Assessment Tool. The primary variables of interest for explaining the discrepancy between TEE and ASA24 EI (i.e., inaccuracy) included cognition (processing speed, visuospatial memory, and verbal …

Analisis Implementasi Prosedur Keselamatan Distribusi Bbm: Studi Kasus Pt Pertamina Patra Niaga Fuel Terminal Jambi, Tiara Sebrina Afrianti, Hafiz Adli Ananda, Taufiq Ihsan

National Journal of Occupational Health and Safety

Distribution of fuel oil (FO) using tanker trucks is highly risky. Although PT Pertamina Patra Niaga has adopted the Tanker Truck Safety Management System, accidents still occur. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of FO distribution safety procedures at PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Fuel Terminal Jambi. This study used a cross-sectional approach. Primary data were collected through direct observation of 50 tanker trucks, including the physical condition, completeness of documents, and driver behavior. Secondary data, such as accident and inspection reports, were also analyzed. Fishbone analysis was used to identify the root cause, and scoring was done to determine …

Hubungan Konsentrasi Pm 2,5 Dengan Keluhan Gangguan Pernapasan Pada Pekerja Uji Mekanis Up Pkb Pulo Gadung, Armando Wijaya Tampubolon, Doni Hikmat Hikmat Ramdhan

National Journal of Occupational Health and Safety

Vehicle emissions including traffic and transportation emissions have become the largest source of particulates in many cities in various countries. Health problems due to particulates from motor vehicles can not only occur around the highway, but can also occur in industries that are in contact with motor vehicles. Under these conditions, researchers wanted to conduct a study at UP PKB Pulo Gadung to see the relationship between PM_2.5 concentrations and complaints of respiratory problems. The study sample totaled 38 people, consisting of mechanical testers and FKM UI community members as a comparison sample. The average result of measurements taken …

What Women Intercollegiate Coaches Say: Decision-Making Factors When Navigating Career Choices, Courtney Boucher, Nicole M. Lavoi

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

To address misconceptions about the lack of women in sport coaching, factors influencing intercollegiate women coaches' career decisions, including their choices to leave positions, apply for new ones, and accept or deny job offers were explored. Utilizing a multi-level analysis underpinned by critical feminist theory, a comprehensive understanding of the systemic and structural barriers women coaches faced, as well as the strategies they employed to navigate their careers were illuminated. Key findings revealed that unequal pay, lack of administrative support, insufficient resources, and pervasive gender biases significantly impacted women's career choices. The importance of supportive workplace environments, flexible working conditions, …

Benefits, Challenges, And Strategies For Increasing Women Coaches In Elite Sport: The Trail To Gold (T2g) Initiative In U.S. Cross-Country Skiing, Anika Anna Angriman, Lynda B. Ransdell, Shelley Lucas, Nicole Lavoi

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Despite tremendous growth in sport participation of girls and women following Title IX in 1972, women’s participation as sport coaches did not follow the same trajectory. In fact, women remain significantly underrepresented in sport coaching. Research highlights ongoing barriers within the sport industry's patriarchal structure, and although strategies have been proposed to improve women’s representation, the lack of progress over the past two decades indicates limited effectiveness. A better approach is essential to address this issue across individual, interpersonal, organizational, and societal levels. The purpose of this study is to interview participants within the U.S. cross-country skiing program, Trail to …

Improper Fitting Personal Protective Clothing And Subsequent Countermeasures For Physical Conditioning In Female Firefighters: A Narrative Review, Katie Sell, Mark Abel, J. Jay Dawes, Megan Thompson, Annette Zapp, Ofra Pottorf, Lilly Bernardi, James Prendergast

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The purpose of this paper was to 1) use an explorative literature overview to identify issues related to ill-fitting clothing and occupational gear for female firefighters, and 2) use an inductive approach to develop generalizable recommendations for exercise professionals to utilize by identifying significant themes in published peer reviewed articles related to movement and injury risk. Research, including both qualitative and quantitative approaches, has shown that the majority of current personal protective clothing (PPC) and operational gear was developed to fit a limited array of male physiques. Consequently, the improper fit of PPC and gear has presented numerous concerns that, …

Impact Of A Light Volleyball Intervention Among Older Chinese Adult Women, Ka-Man Carman Leung, Paul Lee, Wing Sze Alice Lai, Yanan Zhao, Lynda Ransdell

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Modified sports offer a strategic approach to promoting health in older adults. Light volleyball, which uses a larger, lighter ball than traditional volleyball, is more accessible for this population. This study investigated the effects of a 16-week light volleyball program on the functional fitness of older adults in Hong Kong. A total of 275 participants aged 60 years or older were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups: a light volleyball intervention group, a Tai Chi group, and a control group. Functional fitness was assessed at the pretest, posttest, and 6-month follow-up. Results revealed that the light volleyball group exhibited …

The Quic-Sp: A Spanish Language Tool Assessing Unpredictability In Early Life Is Linked To Physical And Mental Health, Sabrina R. Liu, Natasha A. Bailey, Sara Romero-González, Amy Moors, Belinda Campos, Elysia P. Davis, Laura M. Glynn

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Accumulating evidence indicates that unpredictable signals in early life represent a unique form of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) associated with disrupted neurodevelopmental trajectories in children and adolescents. The Questionnaire of Unpredictability in Childhood (QUIC) was developed to assess early life unpredictability, encompassing social, emotional, and physical unpredictability in a child’s environment, and has been validated in three independent cohorts. However, the importance of identifying ACEs in diverse populations, including non-English speaking groups, necessitates translation of the QUIC. The current study aims to translate and validate a Spanish language version of the QUIC (QUIC-SP) and assess its associations with mental and …

Multicenter Prospective Pilot Study Identifying Thrombomodulin As A Potential Biomarker For Neurocognitive Outcomes In Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Aaron B Boothby, Michael D Evans, Shangbin Yang, Senthil Sukumar, James G Scott, Deirdra R Terrell, Spero Cataland, Marshall Mazepa

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background/Objectives: Immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a rare, chronically relapsing disorder that causes life-threatening thrombotic microangiopathy. Many survivors in clinical remission show evidence of ongoing silent cerebral infarction and neurocognitive deficits. Prospective longitudinal studies of this population are needed to acquire a complete understanding of the mechanism behind this ongoing neurologic injury. We aimed to assess the feasibility of a multicenter prospective study of neuropsychological and cognitive function in iTTP survivors in remission and examine novel biomarkers.

Methods: We aimed to enroll 50 iTTP patients across three USTMA consortium sites between 2019 and 2022 in a 24-month …

Case Report On Endocrine Induced Paralysis - " Unraveling The Impact Of Thyrotoxicosis On Potassium Homeostasis.", Srujith Pullipudi, Basava Chethan, Srinath K. M, Savitha Vijayakumar, Meghna B.S.

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism, marked by episodes of muscle weakness and hypokalaemia. Although it predominantly affects young Asian men, it can also occur in females and individuals from non-Asian ethnic groups. TPP is a treatable form of hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and can often be the first indication of thyrotoxicosis. Triggers such as a high-carbohydrate diet, strenuous exercise, emotional stress, and steroid use can provoke TPP attacks. During an acute episode, the key diagnostic indicators are hypokalaemia along with elevated levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Treatment consists of two phases: promptly correcting hypokalaemia …

Successful Application Of Craniosacral Therapy In A Case Of Self-Harming And Low Mood In A 13-Year-Old Female., Caro O’Neill, Angie Butterfield

Journal of Transformative Touch

This case reports on the effectiveness of CranioSacral Therapy (CST) for a 13-year-old female presenting with self-harming by cutting, self-starving and poor sleep. Seven treatments of 45 minutes each, over a period of 9 months between September 2023 and June 2024 took place and monthly treatments are still ongoing. An improvement in symptoms was recorded after the first treatment and over the period of the treatments the client did not self-harm or self-starve and her sleep improved. At the first session the client scored 24 with the Patient Health Questionnaire – 9 (PHQ-9); at the seventh session her score was …

Decriminalizing Disease: A Health Justice Approach To Infectious Diseases And Criminal Law, Sean E. Bland

Arkansas Law Review

Infectious diseases, also called communicable diseases, are largely a public health issue and should not be criminalized. This Article seeks to re-frame the discussion around the legal framework for infectious diseases in a way that moves beyond a punishment mindset and toward a health justice mindset. The focus in this Article is on health justice rather than traditional understandings of public health, defined as the science and practice of improving the health of people and their communities. The Article makes three novel contributions. First, it applies a health justice framework to the critique of infectious disease criminalization. Second, the Article …

Prevalence Of Flat Foot Among School-Age Girls And Its Relationship With Body Mass Index And Activity Level, Hisham Mohamed Hussein, Ehab Kamel, Walid Mohamed Kamel, Ibrahim Metwally Dewir, Ahmed Abdelmoniem Ibrahim

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Background: The foot and ankle are important structures in the skeletal system of the human body. Deviation in normal structure of the foot,such as in flat foot deformity, can lead to many health problems. Our study aimed to explore the prevalence of flexible flat foot (FFF) among school-age female students in the Ha’il region, Saudi Arabia, and to assess the association between the body mass index (BMI), activity level, and FFF in the selected samples. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 543 female students between 7 and 12 years of age. Data regarding age, height, weight, level …