Digital Commons Network^™

Formation Of Partnerships Among Young Women And Men In Pune District, Maharashtra, Mallika Alexander, Laila Garda, Savita Kanade, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Bela Ganatra

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Young people in India face traditional age- and sex-stratified norms that espouse gender double standards. Premarital partnerships are taboo and anecdotal evidence suggests that in many settings in India, the hint of a romantic relationship or even social interaction between young girls and boys is sufficient to damage a family's reputation and/or result in accelerated arranged marriage, particularly for the girl. While there is a prevailing perception at the community level that in these circumstances, premarital partnerships are rare, there is a small body of literature that suggests that such partnerships are indeed formed and sexual relations experienced, among, typically, …

The Impact Of Immunization On The Association Between Poverty And Child Survival: Evidence From Kassena-Nankana District Of Northern Ghana, Ayaga A. Bawah, James F. Phillips, Martin Adjuik, Maya Vaughan-Smith, Bruce Macleod, Fred N. Binka

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Research conducted in Africa has demonstrated consistently that parental poverty and low educational attainment adversely affect child survival. Relative poverty has a pronounced effect on the survival of children, even in a setting where nearly all families are poor. Results from the research presented in the working paper lend strong support to the United Nations’ goal of reducing excess childhood mortality among the poor by directing a particular focus on immunization. Findings in this working paper show that the adverse effects of poverty disappear and that the effects of educational attainment are reduced in survival models that control for immunization …

In Our Own Hands: Swaa-Ghana Champions The Female Condom, Kathleen Cravero, Michelle Skaer, Victoria Ebin, Martha Brady

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This issue of Quality/Calidad/Qualité describes the vital role played by the Ghana branch of the Society for Women and AIDS in Africa (SWAA) in introducing the female condom, the only female-controlled method for protection from HIV. By addressing issues of gender inequity and communication within relationships, SWAA used the female condom to empower women to regain control of their bodies. Also in this issue are profiles of three other approaches to programming for the female condom from Brazil, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.

Spending, Saving And Borrowing: Perceptions And Experiences Of Girls In Gujarat, Shveta Kalyanwala, Jennefer Sebstad

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Recognizing that a better understanding of the savings patterns and potential of adolescent girls and young women is an essential prerequisite for shaping the design of appropriate savings options and services for this group, SEWA, a leading micro-credit nongovernmental organization in India, in partnership with the Population Council, conducted research among adolescent girls and young women who held accounts in one or more of SEWA’s savings schemes. The study aimed to assess their access to money, their savings and spending behaviors, their experiences as holders of savings accounts, and their preferences with regard to savings products for the young. Findings …

She Knew Only When The Garland Was Put Around Her Neck': Findings From An Exploratory Study On Early Marriage In Rajasthan, K.G. Santhya, Nicole Haberland, Ajay Kumar Singh

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The Population Council undertook an exploratory, qualitative study in two districts in Rajasthan, India to understand the extent of implementation of various policies and programs intended to prevent early marriage, and the extent to which such efforts have found acceptability among parents and the community. Findings show that adolescent girls had a clear desire to marry after the age of 18 and that they were well aware of what they would have to give up with marriage—their education, childhood, health, and opportunities to explore other interests. Some parents also noted these disadvantages of early marriage, suggesting that beliefs may be …

The Frustrations Of Families: Henry Lynch, Heredity, And Cancer Control, 1962–1975, David Cantor

United States Public Health Resources

When Henry T Lynch thought that he had discovered the existence of hereditary cancers among Nebraskan families in the 1960s, his hope was that it would lead to more effective means of cancer control. Lynch argued that the identification of such cancers offered tremendous opportunities for improving detection and treatment. If cancer ran in families, he claimed, the discovery of a hereditary cancer in one family member should be an alert to the possibility of cancer in others, and so prompt careful scrutiny for any signs that might indicate the presence of the disease in ‘‘healthy’’ individuals. Lynch hoped that …

Barriers To The Dissemination Of Four Harm Reduction Strategies: A Survey Of Addiction Treatment Providers In Ontario, Karen L. Hobden, John A. Cunningham

Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship

Abstract

A sample of service providers at addictions agencies' in Ontario were interviewed by telephone to assess attitudes toward, anticipated internal and external barriers to implementing, and expected benefits of four harm reduction strategies: needle exchange, moderate drinking goals, methadone treatment, and provision of free condoms to clients. Respondents were also asked to define harm reduction, list its most important elements, and describe what they find most troubling and most appealing about harm reduction. Attitudes toward harm reduction in general and the services provided at each agency were also assessed. Results indicated that the service providers surveyed had positive attitudes …

Predictors Of Self-Rated Health: A 12-Month Prospective Study Of It And Media Workers, Dan Hasson, Bengt B. Arnetz, Tã¶Res Theorell, Ulla Anderberg

Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship

Abstract

Objective

The aim of the present study was to determine health-related risk and salutogenic factors and to use these to construct prediction models for future self-rated health (SRH), i.e. find possible characteristics predicting individuals improving or worsening in SRH over time (0–12 months).

Methods

A prospective study was conducted with measurements (physiological markers and self-ratings) at 0, 6 and 12 months, involving 303 employees (187 men and 116 women, age 23–64) from four information technology and two media companies.

Results

There were a multitude of statistically significant cross-sectional correlations (Spearman's Rho) between SRH and other self-ratings as well as …

How To Conduct A Coverage Exercise: A Rapid Assessment Tool For Programs And Services, Carey Meyers, Solene Lardoux

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

A coverage exercise (CE) is a simple, low-cost, rapid assessment tool that can be used to profile who is reached by a given service or group of service providers or organizations with a common clientele operating within a particular geographic area. This tool was developed by the Population Council to assist programs servicing youth, but it can be used for other beneficiaries as well. A CE collects data on a variety of characteristics including gender, schooling status, living arrangements, work status, and marital status of those benefiting from a program or service. It also enables program staff and managers to …

Détection Des Mouvements De Blocs Rocheux Par Imagerie Numérique, Michel Payeur, Robert Corthésy, Maria Helena Leite

Rapports de recherche scientifique

PRÉAMBULE

Ce rapport est un condensé du mémoire de maîtrise de Michel Payeur intitulé Détection des mouvements de blocs rocheux par imagerie numérique déposé à la bibliothèque de l’École Polytechnique. Ce travail de recherche a été réalisé sous la direction des professeurs Maria Helena Leite et Robert Corthésy du département des génies civil, géologique et des mines de l’École Polytechnique. Le mémoire comporte beaucoup d’informations qui n’ont pu être incluses dans ce rapport faute d’espace.

Le mémoire de maîtrise comporte aussi en annexe, un guide d’utilisation de la méthode qui permet à qui le souhaite, de traiter des paires d’images …

Évaluation Des Contraintes Physiques Associées Au Port De Différents Vêtements Individuels De Protection Des Pompiers, Denis Marchand, Guy Tremblay, Chantal Tellier

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Lors des interventions sur les lieux d’un incendie, les pompiers sont soumis à des astreintes physiques et physiologiques importantes (Baker et coll., 2000 ; Cloutier et Champoux, 2000 ; Ftaiti et coll., 2001 ; Griefahn et coll., 2003). Le travail des pompiers est souvent très exigeant pour le système cardiorespiratoire, car il implique des efforts physiques importants dans des conditions où la chaleur ambiante est très élevée. Selon la littérature existante, une bonne partie de la charge physique serait associée au port du vêtement individuel de protection (VIP) et à l’appareil de respiration autonome (ARA). Pour Ftaiti et coll. (2001), …

Portrait De L'Utilisation Des Produits À Base D'Acrylates En Milieux De Travail Québécois, Brigitte Roberge, Yves Cloutier, Jean-Luc Malo

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Les produits à base d’acrylates sont très utilisés dans plusieurs secteurs d’activité économique à cause de leur propriété adhésive. Par contre, leur utilisation peut causer une sensibilisation allergique dont les manifestations cutanées ont été décrites dès les années 40. Ces produits sont considérés, depuis une quinzaine d’années, comme responsables de rhinoconjonctivite et d’asthme professionnels. Certains cas ont déjà été diagnostiqués au Québec. Des tests de provocation bronchique faits de façon réaliste ont parfois été utilisés.

L’utilisation des produits à base de substances de la famille des acrylates a été documentée à partir d’une revue de la littérature scientifique, de la …

Évaluation D’Un Système D’Évacuation Des Gaz D’Échappement Lors De L’Entretien Des Chariots Élévateurs Au Propane, Brigitte Roberge, Luc Ménard, Alain Turcotte, Yves Beaudet, Louis Lazure

Rapports de recherche scientifique

La problématique de l’exposition au monoxyde de carbone (CO) est une préoccupation constante pour les intervenants en santé et en sécurité du travail au Québec. Ce gaz incolore et inodore est une des causes d’exposition pouvant mener à une intoxication reliée au travail notamment des mécaniciens lors des travaux d’entretien de moteurs à combustion interne alimentée au propane de chariots élévateurs. Parmi les travaux d’entretien, l’ajustement des systèmes de carburation et d’allumage de ces véhicules peut entraîner une exposition sévère au CO des mécaniciens. De façon générale, ces travaux d’entretien sont souvent exécutés chez le client, sans accès à des …

Étude Exploratoire Des Dynamiques De Formation Et D’Apprentissage : Apprentissage Des Tâches Et Prévention Des Troubles Musculo-Squelettiques Dans Trois Entreprises Du Secteur Avicole, Céline Chatigny, André Balleux, Monique Martin, Jacinthe Grenier, Sylvie Ouellet, Martin Corbeil, Marie Laberge, Diane Rochette

Rapports de recherche scientifique

La problématique de cette recherche est issue de la rencontre des résultats d’une étude conduite par Richard (2004; 1997 a et b) de l’IRSST et d’études portant d’une part, sur les situations vécues par des apprentis, et d’autre part, par des situations vécues par des formateurs. La première étude avait mené trois entreprises du secteur avicole, à contribuer au développement de formations et d’outils vidéo pour la prévention des troubles musculo-squelettiques. Les contenus proposés visaient à soutenir le développement des savoir-faire de prudence dans la formation aux tâches de type répétitif. On sait par ailleurs, grâce à des études que …

Contrôle Des Vibrations Main-Bras Engendrées Par L'Opération D'Outils Portatifs Vibrants : Considérations De L'Interface Humaine Et Comportement Biodynamique, Pierre Marcotte, Paul-Émile Boileau, Subhash Rakheja, Yasser Aldien, Jérôme Boutin

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Cette étude s’inscrit dans une démarche plus large visant à soutenir le développement de modèles simulant le comportement dynamique du système main-bras, lorsque soumis à des vibrations transmises par l’intermédiaire de la poignée d’outils. Les résultats rapportés dans cette étude portent sur la caractérisation des fonctions de réponse biodynamique du système main-bras, en tenant compte des variations dans les forces de couplage, les postures, les caractéristiques vibratoires et les configurations des poignées. Dans un premier temps, des mesures de la force statique, en utilisant 7 participants, ont permis d’établir des relations linéaires entre la force de contact et les forces …

Comparaison De Deux Indices D'Exposition À La Matière Particulaire De Diesel, Brigitte Roberge, Michel Grenier, Rodrigue Gravel, Thierry Petitjean-Roget

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Le Règlement sur la santé et la sécurité dans les mines du Québec inclut une valeur limite d’exposition (VLE) à la matière particulaire générée par la combustion des moteurs alimentés au diesel. Cette valeur utilise comme indice d’exposition la mesure de la poussière combustible respirable (PCR). L’utilisation de cet indice a deux limitations majeures reliées à la méthode gravimétrique : son manque de spécificité et de sensibilité. Un autre indice, de plus en plus recommandé par les organismes de santé au travail, utilise la mesure du carbone élémentaire (CE), plus directement relié à l’exposition aux émissions de matière particulaire diesel …

Cueillette De Données Et Vérification De La Concordance Entre La Température De L’Air Corrigée Et L’Indice Wbgt Sous Des Ambiances Thermiques Extérieures, Pierre C. Dessureault, Benoît Gressard

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Depuis sa sortie à l’été 2003, le Guide de prévention des coups de chaleur élaboré par un comité CSST-Réseau de la santé a soulevé un vif intérêt. Cet outil permet aux intéressés d’estimer le niveau de contrainte thermique par une méthode simple appelée température de l’air corrigée (T_a,corr) et suggère un ensemble de mesures à prendre selon quatre zones d’intensité de l’exposition. Ces zones sont basées sur une correspondance entre la température de l’air corrigée et les valeurs limites du Règlement sur la santé et la sécurité du travail et de l’American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) …

Évaluation De Mannequins Anthropodynamiques Destinés Aux Essais De Vibrations Des Sièges En Laboratoires, Hugues Nélisse, Paul-Émile Boileau, Subhash Rakheja, Suresh Patra, Jérôme Boutin

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Pour s’assurer qu’un siège à suspension remplisse efficacement ses fonctions, des essais peuvent être réalisés en laboratoire sur un simulateur de vibrations reproduisant un environnement vibratoire représentatif de celui d’un véhicule dans lequel le siège est destiné. Une norme internationale ISO 10326-1:1992 définie déjà une méthode à appliquer qui requiert que des sujets humains de poids variés prennent place sur le siège tandis que la performance d’atténuation des vibrations par le siège est évaluée. L’utilisation de sujets humains engendre différents types de difficultés, d’où l’intérêt d’utiliser un système mécanique ou mannequin pour simuler l’interface humaine avec le siège.

Depuis quelques …

Musculoskeletal Disorders And Computer Work: The Impact Of Workstation Layout On Posture And Muscle Load Of The Upper Limbs, Alain Delisle, Christian Larivière, André Plamondon, Daniel Imbeau

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Cliquez ici pour la version française de ce rapport

La présente étude avait pour objectif de déterminer si l'utilisation d'un mobilier de bureau ajustable en hauteur offrant un appui au niveau des avant-bras sur la surface de travail permet de réduire la sollicitation musculaire tout en minimisant l’impact sur la posture du membre supérieur. Dix-huit sujets ont effectué une tâche de travail à l’ordinateur de 20 minutes impliquant du travail alterné entre le clavier et la souris, avec trois mobiliers de bureau différents : un mobilier à surface unique avec support-écran indépendant, entièrement ajustable en hauteur, permettant l'appui des avant-bras …

Multiple Disadvantages Of Mayan Females: The Effects Of Gender, Ethnicity, Poverty, And Residence On Education In Guatemala, Kelly Hallman, Sara Peracca, Jennifer Catino, Marta Julia Ruiz

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Although access to primary education in Guatemala has increased in recent years, particularly in rural areas, levels of educational attainment and literacy remain among the lowest in Latin America. Inequalities in school access and grade attainment linked to ethnicity, gender, poverty, and residence remain. Age trends show that Mayan females are the least likely to ever enroll, and, if they do enroll, start school the latest and drop out earliest. Innovative programs for girls that combine instruction with social interaction in safe local community spaces may increase their educational attainment and their social networks and means of social support. In …

Measuring Women's Work: A Methodological Exploration, Ray Langsten, Rania Salem

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In this working paper, the authors contrast two approaches to the measurement of women’s work applied to the same population of ever-married women. These women were interviewed on two occasions—first during the 2003 Interim Egypt DHS, and again during the Slow Fertility Transition (SFT) survey conducted in 2004. The DHS uses a standard keyword question to measure work, while the SFT employs an activities list question format. The authors argue that the widely used keyword approaches to measuring women’s work underestimate the level of female labor force activity. They demonstrate that the activities list approach captures a wider range of …

Poverty, Wealth Inequality, And Health Among Older Adults In Rural Cambodia, Zachary Zimmer

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This working paper examines the distribution of household wealth and tests whether associations exist between wealth inequality and health outcomes among older adults living in one of the world’s poorest regions, rural Cambodia. Results confirm difficult economic conditions among most elderly in rural Cambodia. This study suggests there is some validity to generalizing the relationship between wealth inequality and health to extremely poor populations and that a very small difference in wealth makes a relatively large difference in regard to the association with health among those living in impoverished surroundings.

Assessment Of District Health Supervisory System, Pakistan Initiative For Mothers And Newborns (Paiman)

Reproductive Health

The Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns (PAIMAN) is a five-year project designed to reduce the country's maternal and neonatal mortality by making sure women have access to skilled birth attendants during childbirth and throughout the postpartum period. PAIMAN developed a community-based approach that provides a continuum of care to mothers and newborns through supportive linkages from home care to hospital-based care. Various assessments of the district health system suggest that it suffers from weaknesses that impair its efficiency, quality, and impact. Inefficient and ineffective supervision is one of the most important factors for the health sector’s poor performance. Effective, …

Baseline Household Survey: Buner District, Pakistan Initiative For Mothers And Newborns (Paiman)

Reproductive Health

The Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns (PAIMAN) is a five-year project funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). PAIMAN is committed to assisting the Government of Pakistan in implementing the full spectrum of interventions necessary to address maternal and neonatal health issues. USAID has provided a grant to implement PAIMAN in ten districts of Pakistan’s four provinces. The goal of the project is to reduce maternal, newborn, and child mortality. The project calls for a multipronged and integrated strategic approach combining individual health care with public health and community-based interventions. To ensure that success is properly …

Baseline Household Survey: Lasbela District, Pakistan Initiative For Mothers And Newborns (Paiman)

Reproductive Health

The Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns (PAIMAN) is a five-year project funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). PAIMAN is committed to assisting the Government of Pakistan in implementing the full spectrum of interventions necessary to address maternal and neonatal health issues. USAID has provided a grant to implement PAIMAN in ten districts of Pakistan’s four provinces. The goal of the project is to reduce maternal, newborn, and child mortality. The project calls for a multipronged and integrated strategic approach combining individual health care with public health and community-based interventions. To ensure that success is properly …

Baseline Household Survey: Dera Ghazi Khan District, Pakistan Initiative For Mothers And Newborns (Paiman)

Reproductive Health

The Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns (PAIMAN) is a five-year project funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). PAIMAN is committed to assisting the Government of Pakistan in implementing the full spectrum of interventions necessary to address maternal and neonatal health issues. USAID has provided a grant to implement PAIMAN in ten districts of Pakistan’s four provinces. The goal of the project is to reduce maternal, newborn, and child mortality. The project calls for a multipronged and integrated strategic approach combining individual health care with public health and community-based interventions. To ensure that success is properly …

Baseline Household Survey: Rawalpindi District, Pakistan Initiative For Mothers And Newborns (Paiman)

Reproductive Health

The Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns (PAIMAN) is a five-year project funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). PAIMAN is committed to assisting the Government of Pakistan in implementing the full spectrum of interventions necessary to address maternal and neonatal health issues. USAID has provided a grant to implement PAIMAN in ten districts of Pakistan’s four provinces. The goal of the project is to reduce maternal, newborn, and child mortality. The project calls for a multipronged and integrated strategic approach combining individual health care with public health and community-based interventions. To ensure that success is properly …

Baseline Household Survey: Khanewal District, Pakistan Initiative For Mothers And Newborns (Paiman)

Reproductive Health

The Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns (PAIMAN) is a five-year project funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). PAIMAN is committed to assisting the Government of Pakistan in implementing the full spectrum of interventions necessary to address maternal and neonatal health issues. USAID has provided a grant to implement PAIMAN in ten districts of Pakistan’s four provinces. The goal of the project is to reduce maternal, newborn, and child mortality. The project calls for a multipronged and integrated strategic approach combining individual health care with public health and community-based interventions. To ensure that success is properly …

Baseline Household Survey: Upper Dir District, Pakistan Initiative For Mothers And Newborns (Paiman)

Reproductive Health

The Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns (PAIMAN) is a five-year project funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). PAIMAN is committed to assisting the Government of Pakistan in implementing the full spectrum of interventions necessary to address maternal and neonatal health issues. USAID has provided a grant to implement PAIMAN in ten districts of Pakistan’s four provinces. The goal of the project is to reduce maternal, newborn, and child mortality. The project calls for a multipronged and integrated strategic approach combining individual health care with public health and community-based interventions. To ensure that success is properly …

Baseline Household Survey: Sukkur District, Pakistan Initiative For Mothers And Newborns (Paiman)

Reproductive Health

The Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns (PAIMAN) is a five-year project funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). PAIMAN is committed to assisting the Government of Pakistan in implementing the full spectrum of interventions necessary to address maternal and neonatal health issues. USAID has provided a grant to implement PAIMAN in ten districts of Pakistan’s four provinces. The goal of the project is to reduce maternal, newborn, and child mortality. The project calls for a multipronged and integrated strategic approach combining individual health care with public health and community-based interventions. To ensure that success is properly …