Digital Commons Network^™

Local Development Councils: Baseline And Recommendations For Optimizing Participatory Processes, Czarina Medina-Guce, Lawrence G. Velasco, Anne Marie T. Rey

Development Studies Faculty Publications

The Local Development Council (LDC) plays a critical role in local governance through its integrative and participatory planning and budget policymaking functions mandated by the 1991 Local Government Code. The LDC’s participatory governance goal, stemming from the Code’s requirement for civil society organization (CSO) membership, has been gradually problematized over the years to extend beyond the operational functionality of formalized activities and mechanisms toward participation that empowers citizen influence in policymaking in local government units (LGUs). Drawing from a national baseline survey of LDCs, this study examines CSO participation through the lens of compliance with mandated mechanisms and practices that …

Discontent In The World City Of Singapore, Gordon Tan, Jessie P. H. Poon, Orlando Woods

Research Collection College of Integrative Studies

A burgeoning literature on ‘left behind’ places has emerged that captures the backlash against globalisation and highlights the locales that lag world cities. This paper integrates the ‘left behind’ and world cities literatures through the lens of discontent in the context of Singapore, using sentiment analysis and topic modelling as well as interviews with local professionals to unpack the multidimensional aspects of discontent. Focusing on the Singapore–India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement that spurred discontent directed at foreign Indian professionals, we show that the worlding generated by transnational flows has accentuated intra-urban inequality through racialisation and spatialisation of financial business and …

The Climate-Biodiversity-Pollution Nexus: The Pricing Of Environmental Credit Risks For European Industrial Polluters, Dominik Hirschbühl, Andrej Ceglar, Theodor Cojoianu, Tina Emambakhsh, Yifan Qi, Caterina Rho, Elsie Hu, Marco Petracco, Fabrizio Biganzoli, Alfred De Jager, Laura Garcia Herrero, Andrea Mandrici, Carlo Pasqua

Research Collection College of Integrative Studies

This study examines how euro area banks factor pollution-induced biodiversity risks into lending decisions, using data from 832 banks and 5,000 major polluters. Our results show that banks are increasingly pricing these risks by adjusting loan-to-value ratios and interest rates. Banks adjust lending conditions in line with EU pollution and biodiversity protection legislation, particularly for companies with large pollution footprints near biodiversity-protected areas or those contributing to Environmental Quality Standards failures of downstream surface waters. The former is driven primarily by banks’ adoption of biodiversity policies and public commitments to the Equator Principles, while the latter is a result of …

Annual Report: Fy 2025 Quality Of Kerosene And Motor Fuel In Tennessee, Tennessee. Department Of Agriculture

Annual Reports on Kerosene & Motor Fuel Quality

The annual report provides data on the effectiveness of the 1989 Kerosene and Motor Fuels Quality Inspection Act, consumer complaints, inspection data, and summary of enforcement.

The International Risk Governance Council: Reflections On A 20-Year Experiment In Support Of Improved Risk Governance, M. Granger Morgan, Marie-Valentine Florin, Igor Linkov, Kenneth A. Oye, Arthur C. Petersen, Ortwin Renn, Jonathan B. Wiener, Lan Xue

Faculty Scholarship

The International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) was a nonprofit foundation, based first as an independent, freestanding Swiss foundation in Geneva from 2003 to 2012, and then affiliated with École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Lausanne from 2012 to 2023. IRGC's mission was to identify and improve the governance of emerging and systemic risks that have, or could have, impacts on human and environmental health, the economy and society, and overall sustainability. In this paper, we recount IRGC's history, describe its many reports, workshops, and conference activities (including tables referencing the many published products), and provide six brief case histories of …

Does Performance Change Budgets? Punctuated Equilibrium, Performance, And The Budget For Juvenile Justice In An American State, Elaine Yi Lu, Robert Hines, Katherine Willoughby

Publications and Research

How performance informs budgeting and budgets is contentious and unclear. Applying punctuated equilibrium theory, this research seeks to understand if performance information once placed on the media and macropolitical agendas can lead to long term budgetary shifts. This research highlights how the accumulation of performance information punctuated the funding scheme and created a new equilibrium over time.

This research uses mixed methods to study the impact of performance on Florida’s (USA) Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) over a 20-year period. First, we conduct a media review of 400 randomly sampled newspaper articles to characterize the media discourse around the DJJ …

The Towering Inferno: Art, Policy, And Legacy, Charles R. Jennings

Publications and Research

The Christian Regenhard Center for Emergency Response Studies, leveraging the expertise of its faculty, staff, Advisory Board and colleagues, has consistently programmed activities focused on high-rise fire safety. The upcoming 50^th anniversary of the film The Towering Inferno was an inspiration.

We decided this would be more lighthearted and less purely technical than many of our events. We wanted to consider both the film, and use it to reflect on the state of fire safety in tall buildings in New York City.

Of course it does not escape us that the topic of fire safety is a serious one, …

Co-Creation, Interpretations And Engagement With A Movement-Based Symbol For Climate Justice: A Qualitative Inquiry, Kai Reimer-Watts

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The climate crisis demonstrates with complete clarity the need for massive systems-level changes towards far more sustainable societies. Global and local emissions need to decline rapidly to mitigate intensifying climate breakdown, accompanied by climate and sustainability solutions, to secure a far more stable, safe, and just future for all people and all life. Within these changes, engaging in our communities is essential to support and co-create broader solutions to help advance more sustainable societies, reduce negative impacts of a changing climate, and to move towards cultures and systems that recognize natural limits and centre care for people and planet.

‘Climate …

กระบวนการขับเคลื่อนเทศบาลเมืองดอนสักจากบริบทเมืองทางผ่านสู่เมืองจุดหมายเชิงเศรษฐกิจ กรณีศึกษาเทศบาลเมืองดอนสัก จังหวัดสุราษฎร์ธานี, ภูริภัทร เปลี่ยวจิตร

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาบริบท ทุน จุดแข็ง–จุดอ่อน และบทบาทของผู้มีส่วนได้ส่วนเสียในพื้นที่เทศบาลเมืองดอนสัก จังหวัดสุราษฎร์ธานี ภายใต้โจทย์การขับเคลื่อนจากเมืองทางผ่านไปสู่เมืองจุดหมายเชิงเศรษฐกิจด้านการท่องเที่ยว โดยประยุกต์ใช้แนวคิดการท่องเที่ยวเชิงสร้างสรรค์ควบคู่กับแนวคิดการสร้างแบรนด์เมืองเป็นกรอบวิเคราะห์หลัก การวิจัยใช้ระเบียบวิธีวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ เก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลจากการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกผู้มีส่วนได้ส่วนเสีย 4 กลุ่ม ได้แก่ ภาครัฐท้องถิ่น ผู้ประกอบการ ผู้นำชุมชนและเครือข่ายวัฒนธรรม ตลอดจนนักท่องเที่ยวและกลุ่มผู้สนใจจะเดินทางมาดอนสัก ประกอบกับการวิเคราะห์เอกสารและการสังเกตการณ์ภาคสนาม ผลการวิจัยพบว่า เมืองดอนสักยังคงถูกใช้และรับรู้ในฐานะเมืองทางผ่านที่เชื่อมโยงกับท่าเรือเป็นหลัก แม้จะมีทุนทางทะเลและวัฒนธรรมที่เข้มแข็ง ได้แก่ วิถีประมง ปูม้าดอนสัก ประเพณีท้องถิ่น และศรัทธาต่อหลวงพ่อจ้อย แต่ทุนดังกล่าวยังไม่ถูกพัฒนาให้เป็นอัตลักษณ์เมืองและภาพลักษณ์ร่วมอย่างเป็นระบบ งานวิจัยจึงเสนอแนวทางเชิงนโยบาย ได้แก่ การพัฒนาเส้นทางท่องเที่ยวเชิงอัตลักษณ์แบบวันเดียว การจัดทำปฏิทินการท่องเที่ยวตลอดทั้งปี การกำหนดแนวคิดแกนกลางของเมือง และการเสริมสร้างกลไกความร่วมมือด้านการท่องเที่ยวระดับพื้นที่

การพัฒนาความพร้อมในการออกมาตรการและขับเคลื่อนการลดการปล่อยก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ของกรมการขนส่งทางราง ในฐานะหน่วยงานกำกับดูแล (Regulator), อริสา เลิศจีรกุลวงศ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยฉบับนี้เป็นการศึกษาความพร้อมในการออกมาตรการและขับเคลื่อนการลดการปล่อย ก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ของกรมการขนส่งทางราง ในฐานะหน่วยงานกำกับดูแล (Regulator) ซึ่งกรมการขนส่งทางราง ในฐานะหน่วยงานกำกับ ดูแล และส่งเสริมการพัฒนาระบบราง จึงมีบทบาทสำคัญในการผลักดันให้ระบบราง เป็นกลไกหลักในการลดการปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจกและแก้ไขปัญหามลพิษทางอากาศ โดยการกำหนดนโยบาย มาตรการ และมาตรฐานที่สอดคล้องกับเทคโนโลยีสมัยใหม่ งานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาความพร้อมในองค์กร เพื่อเป็นผู้กำหนดการลดการปล่อยก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ของกรมการขนส่งทางราง และเพื่อเสนอแนวทาง ในการยกระดับความพร้อมของกรมการขนส่งทางรางในการขับเคลื่อนมาตรการสู่การปฏิบัติอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ การศึกษาดังกล่าวได้นำแนวคิดความพร้อมภายในองค์กร ของ Bryan J. Weiner (2009) โดยอธิบายถึงองค์ประกอบความพร้อมไว้ 5 ด้าน ได้แก่ วัฒนธรรมองค์ นโยบายและขั้นตอน การบริหารงานที่ผ่านมาในอดีต ทรัพยากรองค์ และโครงสร้างองค์กร ประกอบกับแนวคิดการบริหารราชการแบบมีส่วนร่วม (Collaborative Governance) ของพัชรี สิโรรส (2550) ซึ่งผลการศึกษาพบว่า กรมการขนส่งทางรางมีความพร้อมที่สามารถผลักดันและขับเคลื่อนการลดการปล่อยก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ในภาคการขนส่งทางราง รวมทั้ง เปิดโอกาส ให้ทุกภาคส่วน ทั้งภายในและภายนอกเข้ามามีส่วนร่วมในการแลกเปลี่ยนความคิดเห็น และร่วมกำหนดทิศทางมาตรการด้านสิ่งแวดล้อม ผ่านกลไกต่าง ๆ เช่น การจัดสัมมนารับฟังความคิดเห็น การตั้งคณะทำงานร่วมกับหน่วยงานภายนอก การประสานความร่วมมือกับภาคเอกชน การดำเนินงานในลักษณะดังกล่าวช่วยสร้างความโปร่งใส เพิ่มการยอมรับเชิงนโยบาย อย่างไรก็ตาม ยังพบข้อจำกัดบางประการ ได้แก่ ต้นทุนด้านงบประมาณ ข้อจำกัดทางกฎหมาย สมรรถนะเฉพาะทางของบุคลากร รวมถึงการขาดคู่มือหรือแนวทางการดำเนินงาน ด้านสิ่งแวดล้อมที่เป็นรูปธรรมและใช้ได้จริงในระดับปฏิบัติ

An Integrated Machine Learning Approach For Identifying Emergency Rescue Messages On Social Media During Natural Disasters, Wael Khallouli, Jiang Li, Jingwei Huang, Ghaith Rabadi, Samuel Kovacic

School of Cybersecurity Faculty Publications

During large-scale disasters, emergency call centers are often overwhelmed by the large volume of rescue requests and calls for help. Consequently, people are turning to social media platforms to seek assistance. Rescue information posted on these platforms is extremely valuable for first responders to make informed rescue decisions. Therefore, the automatic identification of these requests from the vast amount of data posted on social media during crises is critical yet challenging. This work presents our ongoing research on applying deep learning techniques to extract actionable rescue information from social media during crises. We proposed a novel deep learning model that …

The Continuing, Resistance Popularity Of Critical Race Theory- Informed Pedagogy, Kaavonia Hinton, Karen Chandler

Teaching & Learning Faculty Publications

The article focuses on the ongoing commitment of educators to incorporate critical race theory (CRT)–informed pedagogy in English classrooms despite legislative efforts to suppress it. Topics include the historical and political context of anti-CRT policies, the personal and professional responses of educators to these restrictions, and student-centered strategies used to navigate and resist such limitations in meaningful and legally cautious ways.

Maritime Industry Cybersecurity Threats In 2025: Advanced Persistent Threats (Apts), Hacktivism And Vulnerabilities, Minodora Badea, Olga Bucovetchi, Adrian V. Gheorghe, Mihaela Hnatiuc, Gabriel Raicu

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

Background: The maritime industry, vital for global trade, faces escalating cyber threats in 2025. Critical port infrastructures are increasingly vulnerable due to rapid digitalization and the integration of IT and operational technology (OT) systems. Methods: Using 112 incidents from the Maritime Cyber Attack Database (MCAD, 2020-2025), we developed a novel quantitative risk assessment model based on a Threat-Vulnerability-Impact (T-V-I) framework, calibrated with MITRE ATT&CK techniques and validated against historical incidents. Results: Our analysis reveals a 150% rise in incidents, with OT compromise identified as the paramount threat (98/100 risk score). Ports in Poland and Taiwan face the …

Food Insecurity And Academic Self-Efficacy: Military Students And Student Veterans, Kim E. Bullington, Matthew J. Smith, William L. Nuckols, Dennis E. Gregory, Joshua L. Howell

Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Faculty Publications

Food insecurity (FI) affects households worldwide and is also seen on college and university campuses with adverse effects on student success. We examine FI and academic self-efficacy levels of military students and student veterans enrolled in higher education in the United States which has not been extensively studied regarding FI. Military students and student veterans may have access to G.I. Bill funds and may not be perceived as requiring additional assistance. The results reveal that military students and student veterans have some level of FI. The qualitative analysis yielded five themes that center on FI, economic vulnerability, inequities in the …

Implementing Gross National Happiness In Bhutan As A Development Model And Governance Tool – Perspectives Of Policy Influencers, Tashi Dorji, Angus Morrison-Saunders, David Blake

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Bhutan’s development philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH) prioritises the collective wellbeing of its people over economic growth through a multidimensional index that informs policy. While GNH has received global recognition, persistent challenges in conceptual clarity and practical implementation are argued and debated. This qualitative study examines the role and utility of GNH as a development model and its implementation as a multifaceted governance tool in Bhutan. The findings reveal that GNH is conceptualised in diverse ways, ranging from personal happiness to a more generic communal philosophy. While its strengths lie in its culturally grounded framework, key limitations include a …

Needs And Pathways For Strengthening The Contribution Of Qualitative Methods Toward More Effective Impact Assessment Practice, Heidi Walker, A. John Sinclair, Alan P. Diduck, Alan Bond, Jenny Pope, Angus Morrison-Saunders, Francois Retief

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Many jurisdictions are looking to next-generation impact assessment (IA) that includes sustainability considerations that extend beyond biophysical. Subjectivity is inherent in many of these additional impact considerations, and they are often not easily nor effectively quantified. Delivering effective IA within this broadening scope requires new, innovative, and rigorous applications of qualitative methods that enable meaningful inclusion of diverse knowledges, values, and information. While many qualitative methods are available for IA, there remains a significant opportunity to strengthen their contribution toward more effective IA practice. As such, we establish in this paper needs that must be addressed if qualitative methods are …

Revisiting African Religion As An Academic Discipline In Africa: History And Prospects, Ivan B. Kivinge

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

Three main religious traditions—indigenous African beliefs and practices (African religion), Christianity and Islam—have dominated everyday life of communities in Africa today. Scholarship on religion indicates that only African religion originated in Africa— Christianity and Islam are foreign religions. Many Africans today have been active Christians and Muslims, who are sometimes being misleadingly taught that African religion is demonic and forms of paganism. This article employs historical and philosophical approaches to show how the study of African religion has navigated through various historical currents and resultant implications on the way the current generation views it. In the end, the article proposes …

Review Of Decolonising Sociology: An Introduction, Armstrong K. Matogwa

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

Decolonizing Sociology is one of the few works in sociology that makes critical assessment of the discipline. It is a kind of self-critique within the discipline that aims to reveal epistemic setbacks that have existed for decades. To arrive to the point, Meghji, has situated his thesis along decolonial sociology, which interrogates dominant sociological theories in the context of imperialism. By so doing, he makes three main arguments as follows; first, what is called sociology is colonial in nature as it is based on the ideas of the Western thinkers namely Marx, Durkheim and Weber which emerged and institutionalized during …

Health Literacy Of Unhealthy Diet Consumption In Thailand, Sitaporn Suriya, Buraskorn Torut

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: The burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing worldwide, including in Thailand. One risk factor for NCDs is an unhealthy diet. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the consumption of an unhealthy diet and determine the proactive policies that support factors inhibiting an unhealthy diet.

Methods: We investigated the factors affecting unhealthy diet consumption behavior by multiple linear regression analysis by surveying 970 Thai patients with early-stage NCD. In addition, we investigated appropriate policy proposals by conducting in-depth interviews with 20 key informants.

Results: Knowledge (−0.247, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.285 to −0.210), …

Community Perceptions On Ecotourism Development In Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, Lisna Yulianti, Yun Pratiwi, Susan M. Cheyne, Andi Muhammad Kadhafi

Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Policy Studies

Sebangau National Park (SNP), Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, is home to the world’s largest contiguous population of orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) and a vast number of other fauna and flora. Ecotourism is a developing activity in this region and has the support of regional and national governments and possibilities for local, national and international tourism are extensive. In this case study we investigate perceptions of the local community in the village of Kereng Bangkirai to ecotourism through the following topics: 1) Ecotourism Development, 2) public tourist presence and visits, 3) how involved local people are in SNP management, 4) …

Curug Cipamingkis Strategy As A Leading Travel Destination In Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan (Kph) Perhutani Bogor, Nurazahra Dwi Putri

Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Policy Studies

This research discusses the promotion strategy for the Cipamingkis Waterfall as a famous destination at the Kesatuan Pemangku Hutan (KPH) Perhutani Bogor with the aim of knowing how to promote Cipamingkis Waterfall in utilizing its tourism potential. This research was conducted when the author did an internship for 3 months. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques based on observations, interviews with managers, conducting direct surveys to destinations and literature studies or literature studies according to the theme. The results from the promotional strategy carried out by Cipamingkis Waterfall are quite good and must be maintained, …

A Conceptual Framework To Assess The Health, Socioeconomic And Environmental Burden Of Chronic Kidney Disease, Charlotte Johnston-Webber, Isaac Bencomo-Bermudez, George Wharton, Robin Van Kessel, Salvatore Barone, Francisco Brotons Muntó, Steven Chadban, Juan Jose Garcia Sanchez, Janwillem Kocks, Kyra Obolensky, Petra Sandow, Neil Skolnik, Ming-Hui Zhao, Alexei Volaco, David Wheeler, Alistair Mcguire, Elias Mossialos

Department of Medicine Faculty Papers

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health challenge that affects patients, caregivers, healthcare systems, the environment and national economies. Despite its far-reaching impact, there is no framework to systematically evaluate national CKD prevention and management programmes or evaluate the societal burden of disease. This paper has two objectives: first, to introduce a comprehensive framework to assess national programmes, which recognises gaps and weaknesses and identifies feasible policy interventions to reduce overall CKD burden; second, to present some key challenges and success stories in delivering CKD services delivered in eight different country settings. A literature review informed an initial version …

Volume 7 (2024) Artificial Intelligence And Responsibility, Arwa Alnajashi, Danielle Derise, Philip L. Frana, David Mcgraw, Amanda Sawyer, Tatjana Titareva, Raafat Zaini, Allie Zombron

International Journal on Responsibility

The seventh volume of the International Journal on Responsibility (IJR) arrives at a crucial moment in the evolution of artificial intelligence and its integration into our academic and social fabric. As we witness the rapid advancement and deployment of AI systems across various domains, this special issue examines the multifaceted dimensions of responsibility surrounding AI technology, with a particular focus on its role in higher education and broader societal implications.

The articles in this volume contribute to our understanding of responsibility through diverse lenses, from classroom implementation to ethical design considerations. Together, they fulfill IJR’s central mission of exploring “Who …

How Should China Respond To “Pan-Data Sovereignty” Competition Among China, U.S., And Eu—An Analysis Based On The Digital Stack Model?, Yan Liu, Congjing Ran

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Data sovereignty has become deeply intertwined with various economic and social development factors such as technology, trade, economy, culture, society, and politics, leading to a “Pan-Data Sovereignty” competition pattern in the digital space. Through the digital stack model, which examines digital technologies in a layered framework, we can more clearly assess the competitive capacities in“Pan-Data Sovereignty” of China, United States, and European Union. The analysis identifies a three-tiered global “Pan-Data Sovereignty” competition structure among China, U.S., and EU, with each entity holding distinct advantages across various layers of the digital stack. Intense future competition is anticipated in fields such as …

Accessing U.S. Census Bureau Data And Insights From The Release Of The American Community Survey, Josie Gatti Schafer

CPAR Presents: A Data and Research Series for Community Impact

In this timely session you will learn how to access the most recent data resources available from the U.S. Census Bureau and learn about the most recent trends in Nebraska.

Health Equity Innovation In Precision Medicine: Data Stewardship And Agency To Expand Representation In Clinicogenomics, Patrick J Silva, Vasiliki Rahimzadeh, Reid Powell, Junaid Husain, Scott Grossman, Adam Hansen, Jennifer Hinkel, Rafael Rosengarten, Marcia G Ory, Kenneth S Ramos

Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy Staff Publications

Most forms of clinical research examine a very minute cross section of the patient journey. Much of the knowledge and evidence base driving current genomic medicine practice entails blind spots arising from underrepresentation and lack of research participation in clinicogenomic databases. The flaws are perpetuated in AI models and clinical practice guidelines that reflect the lack of diversity in data being used. Participation in clinical research and biobanks is impeded in many populations due to a variety of factors that include knowledge, trust, healthcare access, administrative barriers, and technology gaps. A recent symposium brought industry, clinical, and research participants in …

Protect Small Businesses: Addressing Security Threats And Insider Risks, Alan Saquella

Publications

Small businesses face unique security challenges that make them highly vulnerable compared to larger organizations. While large companies often have dedicated teams of cybersecurity experts, fraud examiners, investigators and the resources to implement robust security measures, small businesses typically operate with limited budgets and minimal staff, making them prime targets for a variety of internal and external threats.

Ad Hominem Arguments In Zimbabwean Political Discourse: An Analysis Of Political Argumentation, Jack Mutsvairo, Mawande Dlali

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

The article investigates the motivation behind the prevalent use of the subtypes of ad hominem (personal attacks) arguments in Zimbabwe political discourse in the build-up to the 2023 harmonised council, parliamentary and presidential elections. This qualitative case study research looks at the use of ad hominem arguments by Zimbabwean politicians. Using analytical tools and concepts from informal logic and pragma-dialectical argumentation theories, this article focuses on identifying, analysing, and evaluating ad hominem arguments used in Zimbabwean political discourse, particularly in parliamentary debates and broadcast interviews. Data were purposively sampled and gathered from Hansard records, and a television interview transcript. It …

Lessons Learned: Calvin Mitchell Iii, Mercedes Cardona

Journal of Financial Crises

Calvin Mitchell III served as executive vice president of the communications group within the executive office of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY) during the Global Financial Crisis. In 2008, Mitchell was tapped by Timothy Geithner, who was then FRBNY president, to head a new group charged with expanding the communications and community affairs functions. Mitchell left the FRBNY in 2009 for the private sector and returned to government in 2021 as assistant secretary for public affairs in the US Treasury Department.

International Monetary Fund: Special Drawing Rights Allocations, 2009, Ikbal S. Ahluwalia, Owen Heaphy, Rosalind Z. Wiggins

Journal of Financial Crises

Despite efforts by the world’s major economies to address stresses in the global financial system, by early 2009, the Global Financial Crisis caused developing and lower-income countries to experience shortages of the major reserve currencies. In August 2009, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) distributed a general allocation of Special Drawing Rights (SDR) of unprecedented size—totaling USD 250 billion (SDR 161.3 billion)—to all member countries in an effort to address these issues and provide liquidity to the world’s economies. In September 2009, it also distributed a special “catch-up” allocation of USD 33 billion in SDRs (SDR 21.5 billion) to eligible members …