Digital Commons Network^™

Waste Of Colossal Oil Revenues, Corruption And Lack Of Development In Nigeria: Five Decades Of Self-Governance And Four Decades Of Oil-Driven Economy, Tonyesima Furro

Journal of African Policy Studies

The study examines the circumstances that have continually plagued the Nigerian state to remain in its doldrums of underdevelopment after five decades of self-governance and four decades of oil driven economy. The nation has not been able to catapult itself from a Third World to that of developed nation such as South Korea, Singapore and Malaysia - all of which are less naturally endowed than Nigeria. The nation's economy has been supported by oil over the last 40 years. However, successive administrations both the generals and civilian rule have continued to follow similar patterns of squandering vast resources of the …

Anti-Corruption Inspections: A Missing Element Of The Imf/World Bank Agenda?, Stuart S. Yeh

Journal of African Policy Studies

This article draws upon a range of empirical and theoretical literature to advance a theoretical argument that an international treaty is needed to establish international inspectors who would be empowered to conduct independent investigations into allegations of corruption. This type of treaty could serve to deter and reduce the level of corruption in sub-Saharan Africa, thereby promoting the rule of law, good governance, and economic growth in this region. In this view, a change in international law is needed to deter corruption and lay a foundation for good governance that would permit Western assistance to be effective. In contrast, the …

Factors Affecting Voting Behavior And Voting Patterns In Zimbabwe's 2008 Harmonized Elections, Dorothy Goredema, Percyslage Chigora

Journal of African Policy Studies

Elections in Zimbabwe in 2008 reflected a changing behavior and pattern that has existed since her attainment of independence in 1980. History has it that the ruling ZANU PF has always had a sweet and easy victory over the opposition. The 2008 elections reflected a different picture. The 2008 elections were unique not only in as far as results are concerned but also in as far as the indirect and direct players' contributions. The uniqueness was manifested in behavior of the voters and the parties themselves. There were many political contesters and many offices up for grabs at once. These …

The Choice Of Monetary Targets In Periods Of Structural Adjustment: The Case Of Nigeria, Oluwole Owoye, Olugbenga A. Onafowora

Journal of African Policy Studies

This paper examines the choice of monetary targets in Nigeria since the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in 1986. We employed cointegration vector error correction methodology using quarterly in order to ascertain if M2 targeting over Ml targeting was a prudent monetary policy rule. We tested for the stability of real Ml and real M2 money demand functions and found the former to be an unstable during the SAP period. Both the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests confirmed the stability of the short- and long-run parameters of the real M2 money demand function but not for real M1. The …

Economic Integration As A Contribution To Sustainable Development In The Horn Of Africa, Mengsteab Tesfayohannes, Hany Besada

Journal of African Policy Studies

The Horn of Africa is one of the most geopolitically important regions of the world, with great human and natural resource potential. Unfortunately, the region is notorious for its crises and instability. This is due to internal and external destabilising factors related to ethnicity, tribalism, resource sharing, poverty, superpower rivalry, porous borders and hegemonic desires. Although it differs slightly between countries, the average per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of the region is less than $200. Gender disparity in education and economic activity is prevalent in the region at all levels. Over 75% of the labour force is engaged in …

An Empirical Analysis Of The Microfoundation Of Demand For Money Theory In Nigeria, Kenneth Ofori-Boateng, Perekunah B. Eregha

Journal of African Policy Studies

The study examines the microfoundations of money demand function specifically the Sidrauski model of money in the utility function was adopted for Nigeria. Data for the study were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical and Economic Review Bulletin (various issues) and used Error Correction Specification which tied the short run to the long run relationships. The result of the study confirms the Sidrauski conclusion that consumption expenditure has positive impact on money demand. The study then concludes by recommending that for a developing country like Nigeria monetary policy requires careful examination of the microfoundations behavior underpinning monetary economics …

Fostering Constructive Public And Private Sector Linkages For Agricultural Research And Development In Sub Saharan Africa, Kefasi Nyikahadzoi, Adewale Adekunle

Journal of African Policy Studies

Investing in agricultural research and development is critical for improving livelihoods of the resource poor in Sub Saharan Africans and also for the conservation of natural resource. While on the global level, the contribution of public sector to agriculture research and development investment is declining; the private sector is coming in to fill the gap. In Sub Saharan Africa, private sector involvement in agriculture research and development is still very limited. This paper uses secondary data and information coming out of the Sub Saharan Africa Challenge Programme to discuss the constraints that inhibit private sector involvement in agriculture research and …

Democracy And Poverty: The Nigerian Experience, Tonyesima Furro

Journal of African Policy Studies

This study examines the plight of the poor within the new democratic rule in Nigeria. Since the inception of democracy in 1999, there has been a sustained prosperity in terms of oil windfall that swells government's revenues on the order of over $30 billion annually. For the first time in over 20 years, the GDP growth rate is 7.5 percent. The nation has accumulated an impressive foreign exchange reserve of $60 billions. This reserve is the highest ever in sub-Saharan Africa. However, this financial outlay has not resulted in improved standard of living of the broad majority of the people. …

Review Essay: Pius Msekwa's Reflections On Tanzania's First Multiparty Parliament: 1995-2000, Alexander B. Makulilo

Journal of African Policy Studies

No abstract provided.

Nexus Between Land Redistribution And Poverty Reduction: A Qualitative Overview Of The Fast Track Land Reform In Rural Zimbabwe 2000-2007, Percyslage Chigora, Edson Ziso, Niya Mtombeni

Journal of African Policy Studies

Imposition of colonial rule in Zimbabwe saw millions of hectares of productive land expropriated from the native inhabitants relegating them to perpetual poverty and deprivation. Out of this predicament, native Zimbabweans resorted to armed struggle to reclaim their land in two historical periods leading to independence in 1980. Consequently, land repossession was a primary grievance during the armed struggle and thus, land redistribution was high on the agenda at the attainment of independence but not much was done in the first two decades. In the first decade, obligatory clauses in the Lancaster House constitution effectively made popular land reform impossible. …

The Roles Of Human Capital And Infrastructure On Fdi Inflow: Empirical Evidence From Sub Saharan Africa, Alemu Aye Mengistu

Journal of African Policy Studies

This paper analyzes the impacts of physical infrastructure and human capital on FDI inflow in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Towards this effect a panel data of 960 observations of 32 countries from 1975 to 2004 have been analyzed using alternative panel estimation methods. Accordingly, the study revealed that human capital and infrastructure are indeed the key determinants for enhancing inward FDI. However, the evidence shows that the level of human capital and infrastructure are below the threshold level in SSA to play a positive role in attracting FDI and materialize a structural change in the economy. Thus, investment on education and …

Cpa - New Sudan, Old Sudan Or Two Sudan? A Review Of The Implementation Of The Comprehensive Peace Agreement, Johan Brosche

Journal of African Policy Studies

On 9 January 2005 the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and the Government of Sudan (GoS) signed a peace agreement called the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), which ended the conflict in southern Sudan that had been going on since 1983 and had resulted in at least 54 000 battle-related deaths. In total it is estimated that two million people have died during the war as a result of violence, famine and disease. The CPA was the final outcome of the so-called Machakos peace process which began in July 2002. Overall the implementation of this agreement is lacking in momentum. Some …

Secessionism In Africa, Edmond J. Keller

Journal of African Policy Studies

No abstract provided.

Finance For Development And Developing Countries: The Preconditions Revisited, David E. Amadasu

Journal of African Policy Studies

Increasing the rate of inputs- private foreign direct investments to accelerate development in LDCs or developing countries has not been attained over the years. The reason is that more poverty stares the faces of the people in these countries. This is the problem. The literature has said that accelerating development through the rate of inputs has preconditions of friendly environment, sound macroeconomic policies, absorptive capacity, competitiveness of the market, capital accumulation, technology assistance, etc, for private investment to strive. But the situation has not changed much. Do we not need to revisit the preconditions? Consider the non-economic, i.e., personality traits, …

Pathologies In De-Bureaucratic Public Organizations In Nigeria, Joseph E. Imhanlahimi

Journal of African Policy Studies

Because of the nouveau and rapidly growing interests in, and acceptance of, de-bureaucratization (popularly called "deregulation" in Nigeria), as a more attractive organization concept than bureaucratization, the central concern of this paper is an identification and objective analysis of bureau-pathologies in de-bureaucratic public organizations in Nigeria, in response to those of bureaucratic organizations which have already been analysed in the literature. The major and prevalent bureau-pathologies identified and analyzed are inconsistency and unpredictability, informality and denials, unlimited or uncircumscribed flexibility, personalization, limitation of de-categorization, laziness, and goal displacement. Their effects can be summarized as the prevalence of worrying degree of …

Economic Growth And Exchange Rate In Sierra Leone: An Empirical Investigation, Abu Bakarr Tarawalie, Oluwole Owoye

Journal of African Policy Studies

This paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and exchange rate in Sierra Leone for the period 1970-2005. We followed the lead of Edwards (1989, 1988) and Elbadawi (1994) within an error-correction model (ECM) to identify the determinants of the real effective exchange rate, and we specified a real output growth equation to capture not only the effect of real effective exchange rate on real GDP growth, but also to establish the relative effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy on real output growth during the review period. Our empirical results suggest that the terms of trade, nominal exchange rate devaluation, …

Information, Public Policy Analysis And Sustainable Development In Nigeria, Joseph E. Imhanlahimi, M. O. Ikeanyibe

Journal of African Policy Studies

Information and public policy analysis are critical factors in adequate public policy formulation, implementation and evaluation if the public good is to be achieved in Nigeria. This paper has carried out a critical examination of the interface between information and the public policy process and the effect on public policy analysis and has found that there is a crucial interrelationship among them in order to promote sustainable development. The paper found that the interrelationship is however, seriously interfered with or obstructed by a variety of dominant constraints. The constraints include inadequate human capital, financial resources, large-scale secrecy in government business, …

Of Corruption And Anti-Corruption Strategies In Nigeria: The More You Look The Less You See, Sylvester Olubani Fajonyomi

Journal of African Policy Studies

This statement from the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria reflects the outcome of the regime's efforts at fighting corruption in its first four years (1999-2003) in office: "Some members of the Nigerian public have expressed their opinion to the effect (that) our anti-corruption crusade in the last four years has been deficient in credibility because it appeared to lack the support of the Federal Executive Council who only rarely expressed their support in public. The situation has to change with the new cabinet. Each and every one of you must do more than give a nodding support for …

Public Policy Making At The State Level In Nigeria: A Review Of Contemporary Developments, A. Sat Obiyan

Journal of African Policy Studies

This paper examines public policy making at the second tier level of government, namely the state, in Nigeria. It adopts a comparative approach by looking at the state of policy making under the current democratic government and the immediate past military regimes. Questionnaires were administered to some bureaucrats for this study. It found that personality of the individual leader and his perception of governance was a crucial variable in explaining the nature and pattern of public policy at the state level in the country. These factors were relevant regardless of the nature of government.

In addition, while the paper recognizes …

Challenges And Opportunities Of Agricultural Research In The Sudan, Allam Ahmed

Journal of African Policy Studies

National research institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are under increasing governmental pressure to make direct and visible contributions to national research and development strategies. Although Sudan is a predominately agricultural economy, crop productivity is extremely low and does not exceed thirty percent of the level attained in research farms. The aim of this paper is to develop a framework for analyzing problems and identifying opportunities to strengthen African research institutions' role in development-oriented research. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the implementation capacity constraints, which exist in formal agricultural research, and the impact this has on …

Book Reviews, Ogwo Jombo Umeh, Abraham Mbachirin

Journal of African Policy Studies

No abstract provided.

Standardization Or Modification? Uk Firms' Marketing Strategy In Africa, Maktoba Omar, A. Vindelyn Smith-Hillman

Journal of African Policy Studies

The paper aims to identify those factors that influence UK multinational corporations' policy of standardisation within African economies. This is an important strategic issue as foreign direct investment within Africa represents a small but growing proportion of total FDI inflows. Regression analysis reveals that political risk is statistically significant as are cultural factors, whilst regulation proved to statistically insignificant.

Smes In Developing Countries And The Problem Of Exporting: Market Entry Costs, Exchange Rate Shocks And The Capital Structure Of Firms, Trond-Arne Borgersen

Journal of African Policy Studies

This paper integrates a sunk-cost model of foreign trade with a discussion on the capital structure of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries. A model of foreign trade where firms have to incur irrecoverable market entry costs in international markets is presented. As a result of the market entry costs the foreign trade structure is non-linear. This non-linearity complicates the relationship between foreign trade flows and exchange rates, compared to the predictions of conventional foreign trade theory. Both the entry and the operating decision are affected, as the non-linearity puts pressure on the capital structure of firms. In …

Globalization And Sub-Saharan Africa: Will The Promise Of Shared Prosperity Ever Be Realized?, Donald L. Sparks

Journal of African Policy Studies

Globalization, the accelerated economic integration among nations, clearly has brought benefits in terms of worldwide economic growth. However, these benefits have not been evenly distributed, and income disparities between rich and poor countries, and even within countries, have increased. This is most pronounced in sub-Saharan Africa. Globalization was supposed to provide gains for all, or at least the gains were supposed to outweigh the losses. Despite adherence to market liberalization and the rapid pace of globalization, during the past three decades sub-Saharan Africa has continued to be marginalized in the world economic system. At the same time, however, many other …

Sudan-Ethiopia Relations And Islamization Policy, Solomon Hailu

Journal of African Policy Studies

The central focus of this paper is on Sudan's islamization policy under Al-Bashire's regime and its regional impact. In the past, some African countries have officially protested against Sudan's Muslim fundamentalism policy while other states have officially broken relations with Sudan and have come close to taking military measures against it. Ethiopia has become one of Sudan's neighbors which had her relations severely stained due to Sudan's cross-border Islamic expansionist agenda. The study will analyze the fact that the quest for Ethiopia's internal opposition have always been characterized as having fully political motives rather than religious ambitions. It would appear …

Fertility Decline In Sub-Saharan Africa: Introduction, Charles M. Becker

Journal of African Policy Studies

No abstract provided.

External Debt And Secondary Education In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Analysis, Gladys B. Mutangadura, Judith R. Blau, Vicki L. Lamb

Journal of African Policy Studies

Debt burdens associated with structural adjustment policies have created severe hardships in many sub-Saharan African nations and may be especially detrimental to educational enrollments. This paper considers the possible deleterious effects of external debt on access to and participation in secondary education in sub-Saharan Africa. It provides a pooled cross-national time series analysis to assess the impact of external debt on secondary education enrollments. Findings indicate that external debt burden has a negative effect on secondary school enrollments. Since human resource development is crucial for the advancement of a nation and the well-being of its people, we conclude that debt …

Zimbabwe's Land Reform And Environmental Dilemma, Smile Dube

Journal of African Policy Studies

This paper examines the evolution of thinking in the World Bank on development land reform in Zimbabwe. It argues that the evolving and broader definitions of land reform in Zimbabwe must consider the conditions necessary for the attainment of economic development that encompasses sustainable development, poverty alleviation, capacity building, gender equality, good governance and now conflict prevention and resolution. The paper explores an economic model of political power derived from Mancur Olson's work relating power and prosperity in both transition and developing economies. The model is applied to Zimbabwe after independence, under one ruler and one party — Robert Mugabe …

Communities’ Perception Of Tourism And The Environment In Kenya: A Case Study Of Nairobi National Park, Frances Ekwulugo, A. Binsardi, J. Muhati

Journal of African Policy Studies

The study focuses on the community perception of tourism on the local environment in the Nairobi National Park in Kenya. It highlights not only the importance of tourism in the process of economic development, but also the environmental impacts of tourism on the surrounding communities in the Nairobi National Park. Kenya. Structured interviews were used to obtain local communities' perception of Masaai and Nairobi Communities. In order to complement the interview, an in-depth interview was employed by interviewing local experts from the communities, voluntary organization, non-governmental organization, and the ministry of tourism. A purposive random sampling of 300 respondents was …

A Framework For Managing Environmental Policy In Nigeria, Felix Moses Edoho

Journal of African Policy Studies

This paper examines environmental issues in Nigeria. It argues that there is the need for public commitment to effective management of environmental policies in Nigeria. The paper provided a management framework that could be used by the Nigerian government for the effective implementation of their environmental policies. The underlying rationale is that any goal-oriented environmental policy must have management at its core. It is argued that regardless of their levels of sophistication, environmental policies are unlikely to be successful without a corresponding management infrastructure. Establishing effective management infrastructure for the implementation of environmental policies, in turn, requires political leadership and …