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Articles 5281 - 5310 of 73792
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Social Groups And Development, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Social Groups And Development, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Children spend an increasing amount of time in social groups as they age. Preschoolers begin to interact with their peers around playsets, though at this stage, these early social groups are loosely organized. It is not until they reach school age that children begin to feel as true members of a peer group. A peer group interacts on a regular basis, provides a sense of belonging, has implicit or explicit norms, and has a hierarchical order. Within these groups, social status becomes important, with some members being more popular and having a greater social impact than others.
Social Rejection, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Social Rejection, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
People conform to gain social acceptance and avoid rejection. It is believed that people carry a strong, instinctive need to form social bonds and avoid the consequences of rejection. Even individuals who prefer to be alone still tend to have a few close friends. Rejection is one of the main obstacles faced by many individuals in their attempts to fulfill this need. Being rejected by social groups can be distressing to the individual, as the consequences of rejection can be catastrophic. However, those who feel rejected can also behave in a manner that can either strengthen their remaining social bonds …
The Doll Studies", Kenneth B. Clark And Mamie P. Clark, 1947", Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy
The Doll Studies", Kenneth B. Clark And Mamie P. Clark, 1947", Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The experiments colloquially known as the “doll studies” were a series of studies performed by Mamie P. Clark and her husband Kenneth B. Clark in the 1940’s. The purpose of the experiments was to explore how African-American children developed a sense of self. Additionally, the Clarks were interested in Black children’s racial preferences and self-esteem. In these studies, the Clarks used four diaper-clad dolls that were identical in every respect, with one exception: Two of the dolls were Black and the other two were White. These dolls were displayed before Black children between the ages of 3 and 7 while …
Forms Of Parenting, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Forms Of Parenting, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Parenting styles represent the different strategies that parents use when raising their children. Clinical and developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind believed there were two basic dimensions to parenting: warmth and control. Baumrind identified three parenting styles: Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive styles based on these two dimensions. Her work was later expanded by Maccoby and Martin to include neglectful parenting.
The Missing Child Experiment, Philip J. Hudson, Michelle P. D'Amico, Betty S. Lai
The Missing Child Experiment, Philip J. Hudson, Michelle P. D'Amico, Betty S. Lai
Essays in Developmental Psychology
“The missing child experiment” refers to a popular, non-academic, social experiment that was first conducted in 2008 by a Local 6, a news station in Orlando, Florida. The “experiment” has since been replicated and adapted in popular culture and by psychological researchers. In the “experiment,” the news crew arranged for a child actor to sit on a bench inside the entrance of a local shopping mall. Mock missing child posters featuring the child actor’s face were posted at the mall’s entrance. The child was observed by the news crew and security personnel, with her father seated in a nearby café …
Adolescent Alcohol Use, Maike Klein
Adolescent Alcohol Use, Maike Klein
Essays in Developmental Psychology
To this day, Alcohol poses a danger that literature defines as “the world's third largest contributor to disease” (Marshall, 2014). According to the World Health Organization, nearly 2.5 million deaths are caused by alcohol, with rising prevalence among adolescents (WHO, 2014). Alcohol consumption and misuse in adolescents continues to be a national health issue in the United States (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2013). In-depth reports for one month indicated underaged drinking to stand at almost 30% (SAMHSA, 2013). A recent study about ongoing drug use among high school students found an alcohol consumption level of almost …
Adolescent Drug Use, Maike Klein
Adolescent Drug Use, Maike Klein
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The adolescence stage of life is a critical period for increased risk behaviors such as use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs (Chen & Jacobson, 2012), unprotected sex and sexually transmitted infections (Center for Disease Control, 2014) as well as violent and nonviolent crimes (Pastore & Maguire, 2006; Collado, MacPherson, Kurdziel, Rosenberg, & Lejuez, 2014). Drug misuse during adolescence continues to be a problem in the United States. Mitchell et. al. (2014) illuminate the epidemical forces of drug use by reviewing data of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), showing that 1 in 10 adolescents from ages …
Singlehood, Molly B. Keith, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Singlehood, Molly B. Keith, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Singlehood is defined as a state of being unmarried, either with or without a partner. For some singlehood is a choice to remain unmarried as an adult, or it can be a stage that is passed through temporarily when a spouse dies, or even when an adult is between partners. Singlehood is experienced differently depending on which of those groups a person finds themselves in or chooses to be part of. The experience is also varied by a person’s cultural and ethnic heritage. People in both the married group and the unmarried group are able to identify benefits and drawbacks …
The Looking Chamber Experiment, Robert Fantz, 1961, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
The Looking Chamber Experiment, Robert Fantz, 1961, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The Looking Chamber Experiment refers to a series of studies performed by Robert Fantz in 1961. Before the work of Fantz, little research was conducted on infant perception. There was presupposition that infants held the ability to perceive light, color and movement, yet, lacked the ability to respond to complex stimulus (i.e. shape, pattern, size, or solidity). Fantz and his colleagues were specifically interested in finding the degree in which babies can perceive form to categorize their current environment. They created their research techniques on past observational studies with chicks and chimpanzees. To look at the visual abilities of infants, …
Midlife Physical Changes, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Midlife Physical Changes, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Aging occurs at different rates in individuals. These rates are influenced by factors including genetics, lifestyle, and health. Midlife is considered to be the central period of one’s life, consisting of individuals who are approximately 45 to 65 years of age, although some researchers suggest midlife consists of individuals who are 40 to 65 years of age. There are a variety of changes that occur throughout life. However, a majority of the changes that occur during midlife are considered to be normative physical changes. The physical changes in midlife include but are not limited to changes in appearance, senses, muscles, …
Quiet Times: The Application Of Self-Management To Private Spiritual Practices, Noah Branson
Quiet Times: The Application Of Self-Management To Private Spiritual Practices, Noah Branson
Honors College Theses
A “quiet time” refers to the private spiritual practice of reading the Bible, praying, and meditating on one’s own initiative outside of religious sanctioned events. This study examines the effect of a self-management intervention on establishing and maintaining the habit of a daily quiet time. The study’s hypotheses predicted there would be an increase in quiet time 1) frequency, 2) duration, and 3) overall satisfaction from the baseline phase to the intervention phase. Data was collected via a daily check-in and pretest/posttest surveys, and participants attended an in-person intervention to determine how to apply self-management tactics to their own personal …
Vision In Infants, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Vision In Infants, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Essays in Developmental Psychology
There is a great deal of visual development over the first year of life. Many aspects of vision undergo this dramatic change, including visual perception (the ability to see and interpret information), visual acuity (the clarity of our vision), and smooth pursuit (the ability to follow objects). These three aspects are fundamental to early visual experiences that facilitate typical cognitive development. This entry will provide a brief overview of visual perception, visual acuity, and smooth pursuit in human infants.
Learning, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Learning, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Learning is broadly defined as the acquisition or modification of behavior or knowledge through experience. While learning is perhaps most apparent within the context of students in school, learning begins from birth (perhaps even in the womb) and continues throughout the lifespan. Without the ability to learn from our experiences, we would not be able to function in society. Although there are many types of learning, this entry focuses on three common types. First, associative learning, or the ability to learn about the relationship between two objects or behaviors, is exhibited by human beings every day. Second, formal learning (learning …
Types Of Play, Rebecca Mcmahon Giles
Types Of Play, Rebecca Mcmahon Giles
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Rather than using a universally agreed upon definition of play, the following list of characteristics, first presented in the widely cited Association of Childhood Education International position statement on play, "Play: A Necessity for All Children" (ACEI/Isenberg & Quisenberry, 1988), is used to distinguish play from non-play behaviors: intrinsically motivated and self-initiated; process oriented; non-literal and pleasurable; exploratory and active; and rule-governed. Types of play have been categorized according to both the degree of social participation (Parten, 1932) and the level of cognitive functioning (Piaget, 1962; Vygotsky, 1967).
Attention, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Attention, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Attention is a particularly tricky concept to study because it encompasses many different aspects. For example, attention can refer to general arousal, such as when someone is experiencing a scary event. Attention also can refer to prioritizing one event over another event, such as paying attention to your friend talking to you, and ignoring a stranger in the background. This type of attention is studied extensively in cognitive psychology. Attention also can refer to multi-tasking, when the focus of your attention is split among different events, such as when you are driving and fiddling with the radio. This entry provides …
Obesity, Sara D. Mcmullin, Eric A. Goedereis
Obesity, Sara D. Mcmullin, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 in adults and above the 95th percentile for children based on age and sex norms. The prevalence of obesity across the lifespan has increased over the last several decades in the United States. Currently, 17% of children and 36% of adults in the United States meet these criteria, with higher prevalence among racial and ethnic minority groups. Childhood and adult obesity are associated with immediate and long-term medical, psychological, and cognitive consequences. Therefore, the United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends all children and adults are …
Attention In Old Age, Anna C. Mccarrey
Attention In Old Age, Anna C. Mccarrey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Attention is the first step our brains take to actively process information from the environment. Our attentional capacity is limited, such that we cannot process all the sights, sounds, smells and feelings surrounding us all at once. Attention (along with memory) is one of the basic cognitive processes most impacted by growing older. In addition, attention is not a unitary process and different types of attention require more cognitive resources than others. Thus, not all attentional systems are subject to declines with age to the same degree.
Stages Of Labor, Ashleigh Lupton, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Stages Of Labor, Ashleigh Lupton, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Labor, or the process through which a baby is born, is separated into three primary stages. The first stage begins at the onset of labor and ends when the cervix reaches a 10-centimeter dilation. This first stage is comprised of three sub-stages: early labor, active labor, and transition. The early labor phase begins at the onset of labor and ends when the women’s cervix is 3 centimeters dilated. This phase generally takes place over 8-12 hours at which point the cervix begins to open up (i.e., dilate) and thin out. During this phase, contractions, which are the uterine muscles tightening …
Intelligence- Hierarchical, Brooke Maston, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Intelligence- Hierarchical, Brooke Maston, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Within the field of psychology, intelligence is usually defined using a psychometric approach. This approach relies on the use of psychological measurement, or standardized tests, to objectively measure the cognitive processes and skills of an individual and compare them to the processes and skills of a norm group that represents the general population. Historically, psychologists who studied human intelligence fell into two major groups. One group, which included psychologists such as Charles Spearman, Phillip Vernon, and John Carroll, favored a single general factor comprised of a variety of specific factors to explain intelligence. The second group, which included psychologists such …
Building Blocks Of Language: Speech Perception In Infants (Eimas Et Al., 1971), Sanjula Mahathantila, Jonathan B. Santo
Building Blocks Of Language: Speech Perception In Infants (Eimas Et Al., 1971), Sanjula Mahathantila, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Language is a very important component of what makes humans, humans. Without language, we would not be able to communicate thoughts, feelings, or ideas. Learning a native language starts at infancy and continues well into our adult lives. However, the beginning of learning a language at infancy might not be as simple as it seems. In adulthood, when hearing a foreign language it might be hard to figure out where one word stops and where another begins. Infants are doing the same thing, except on a much different scale.
Michael Rutter, Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Michael Rutter, Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Michael Rutter was born August 15th, 1933 to Winifred and Llewellyn Rutter in Lebanon, where his father was working as a doctor. He returned with his parents to England when he was 3-years-old. In 1940, at the age of 6-years-old, Rutter and his younger sister were evacuated to North America due to fear of German invasion of the British Isles. He and his sister were taken in by different families in the United States and only living together a few months near the end of their four year stay abroad. Rutter denied feeling separated from his parents during his stay …
Battered Woman Syndrome, Emma Lathan, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling
Battered Woman Syndrome, Emma Lathan, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) is a psychological and sociological construct defined as a set of symptoms that develop as coping skills and/or survival mechanisms for repeated physical, sexual, and/or psychological abuse by an intimate partner (Walker, 2017). Symptom criteria include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicators of fear, hypervigilance, avoidance, and intrusive memories of abuse, in addition to disrupted interpersonal relationships, body image distortion and/or physical health complaints, and sexual dysfunction. Although historically BWS was considered a female syndrome, it is now known that both men and women can experience severe victimization by intimate partner violence (IPV; i.e., contact sexual violence, …
Bowlby, John, Corey Lieneman, Morgan Simpson, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Bowlby, John, Corey Lieneman, Morgan Simpson, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Edward John Mostyn Bowlby (February 27, 1907, London, England – September 2, 1990, Isle of Skye, Scotland) was a child psychologist, psychoanalyst, and psychiatrist renowned for his attachment theory. Bowlby was interested in how the caregiver-child bond impacted the child’s personality and emotional bonds formed later in life.
Kieran Egan, Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Kieran Egan, Benjamin Lowry, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Kieran Egan was born in 1942 in Clomel, Ireland. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966 from the University of London. After graduating he was employed at the Institute for Comparative Studies in Kingston upon Thames as a research fellow. Egan then began a Ph.D. program in philosophy of education from Stanford Graduate School of Education, but after two years he transferred to Cornell University and completed his degree in 1972. He then worked at Simon Frasier University as a professor of education.
Adolescent Social Development, Randall E. Osborne
Adolescent Social Development, Randall E. Osborne
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Views about the manner and nature of human development have changed across time (Psyking.net 2016). Some of these views have been religious (e.g., creationism) and some of these views have been more biological (e.g., preformationism). Regardless of the focus of the view, how we believe human beings develop has a profound effect on our expectations for those beings. One early view of human development from a biological perspective was Preformationism. This is explained as, “A notion that was widespread among pioneer biologists in the 18th century was that the fetus, and hence the adult organism that develops from it, is …
The Concrete Operational Period Of Development, Rebecca Olson, Kelsey Eackles, Cassandra Kepple, Cheryl B. Mcneil
The Concrete Operational Period Of Development, Rebecca Olson, Kelsey Eackles, Cassandra Kepple, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Jean Piaget was one of the first psychologists to systematically investigate the cognitive development of children. He believed that intelligence develops as a result of both biological and environmental reactions rather than being an unchangeable, inherited trait. He believed cognition develops in distinct stages from infancy to adulthood, which became the basis of Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory.
Sibling Relationships In Old Age, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Sibling Relationships In Old Age, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The relationship between siblings is unique among family relationships in that sibling relationships have a dimension of equality. In other words, they do not necessarily share the same obligations toward each other as a married partners or parents and child may, especially in Western cultures. Durkheim (1933) described sibling relationships as a “mechanical” bond rather than an “organic” bond, which would better characterize a complimentary relationship, such as that between married partners or a parent and child. This mechanical bond results in ambivalence and rivalry towards one another during childhood and early adulthood, as siblings are often forced to compete …
Speech (Building Blocks), Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Speech (Building Blocks), Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Nova Southeastern University The building blocks of language begin with the smallest distinguishable unit, the phoneme, and grow in complexity to convey meaning within a specific social context. The study of meaning is known as semantics. According to Kellogg (2003), the goal of semantic theories is to explain how individuals form mental representations of words and thus derive meaning from them. The smallest distinguishable unit of speech is the phoneme. A phoneme is essentially a unique speech sound, or phonological segment, that can alter the meaning of a word. For instance, if you examine the words “pat” and “cat” you …
Sensorimotor Period, Maria Munoz, Heidi Kloos
Sensorimotor Period, Maria Munoz, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The developing mind does not merely follow a linear trajectory—say from knowing little to knowing more. Instead, the mind appears to actively organize information into coherent structures. According to Jean Piaget, these mental organizations – referred to as schemas – go through qualitatively distinct stages, the first of which is the sensorimotor period. Cognition at this stage is characterized by a reliance on reflexes and primary sense, rather than on symbolic or abstract thought. The argument is that children younger than 2 years base their cognition on immediate actions-perception loops, making distinctive mistakes when the task requires an ability to …
Cognitive Dissonance, Afton Nelson, Eric A. Goedereis
Cognitive Dissonance, Afton Nelson, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Leon Festinger proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance in 1957, in which he extensively outlined the major derivations of dissonance, consonance, and justification (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959). In short, cognitive dissonance occurs when one’s actions are inconsistent with previous beliefs about one’s self. The inconsistency in these beliefs creates conflict within the self. For example, an individual may think of herself as a good person, yet she breaks a law. In this example, there is inconsistency between one’s current action and prior beliefs about the self.