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The Effect Of Cellulase On Cell Wall Structure And The Rumen Digestion Of Timothy Silage, A. Aniwaru, T. Ishida, T. Watanabe, K. Tomiyama, H. Terui, K. Ataku, L. E. Chase

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of additives on the structure changes of related tissues during the ensiling process and the rumen digestion of timothy. In the first cut-timothy, the addition of LC+AC improved the fermentation qualities of the silage. Addition of cellulase resulted in significant decreases in NDF, ADF, cellulose, and hemicellulose content. SEM examination of the samples suggests that the degradation of parenchymal tissues was enhanced by the cellulase, but no significant differences were observed among the additives in the rumen digestion. The NDF and cellulose digestibility of the AC- and LC+AC-treated silages were …

Quality Of Ammoniated Brachiaria Decumbens Hay, L. O. Fernandes, Ricardo A. Reis, L. R. A. Rodrigues

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The experiment was conducted at UNESP-Jaboticabal to evaluate the quality of Brachiaria decumbens hays harvested after seed ripening. The hays were submitted to the following treatments: control, anhydrous ammonia (3.0% NH₃ in the DM), and urea (5.0% in the DM). The chemical composition, digestibility and the performance of steers were evaluated using a complete randomized block design with three treatments and six replications. The ammoniation either with NH3 or urea increased (P< 0.05) the CP content, and the IVDMD. The NH₃ treatment reduced (P < 0.05) the contents of NDF and ADF, and the urea application reduced (P < 0.05) the contents of hemicellulose and lignin. The ammoniation did not affect (P > 0.05) the neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen values. Steers receiving Brachiaria hay plus soybean meal (1.08 kg DM.day), hay …

Ensiling Of Different Legumes Compared To Grass, S. Slottner, C. Rammer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to examine the ensiling characteristics of four different forage legumes: galega (Galega orientalis), lucerne (Medicago sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens) and red clover (Trifolium pratense), and compare these with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), using different additives. The crops were mowed using a sickle bar mower and chopped using a precision chop harvester. The crops were ensiled either direct cut or wilted to 35-45% DM. Wilting took place on a barn drier. Forages were ensiled either untreated or with addition of formic acid, Promyr or …

Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Forage Crops And Silage Fermentation, Yimin Cai, Ryuichi Uegaki, Y. Fujita

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Six strains, Lactobacillus plantarum CM 1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CM 2, Pediococcus acidilactici CM 4 Enterococcus faecalis CM 5, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides CM 7 and Weissella paramesenteroides CM 8 isolated from forage crops were used as additives at 1.0x10⁵ cfu g^-1 of fresh matter to Italian ryegrass and alfalfa, and their effect on silage fermentation was studied. The two silage’s treated with strains CM 1, CM 2 and CM 4 were well preserved; had significantly lower pH values, butyric acid and ammonia N concentrations; and had significantly higher lactic acid content than did the respective control, strains CM 5, CM …

Fermentation And Cell Wall Degradation In Guineagrass And Italian Ryegrass Silages, Mitsuhiro Niimi, O. Kawamura

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) was ensiled at the room temperature and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) was ensiled at the room temperature and at 30 under the laboratory conditions. As a result, the acetic acid silage was made from Guineagrass and the lactic acid silages were made from Italian ryegrass. The loss of cell wall components during ensiling was the most in hemicellulose followed by NDF, but those of cellulose and AD-lignin were slight. In the hemicellulosic monosaccharides, the loss of hexose (galactose and glucose) was relatively high and that of pentose (arabinose and xylose) was relatively low …

Evaluation Of Forage Sorghum Silages With The Addition Of Sorghum Grain, M. De León, E. Ustarroz, M. A. Brunetti, C. Boetto, M. Bulaschevich

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of additional sorghum grain and stage of maturity of forage sorghum silage on the animal performance. Two feeding trials were conducted with forage sorghum silage made at different stage of plant maturity. In trial 1, early silage was made with the crop harvested in early bloom stage. Four diets based on different ratios of silage: sorghum grain were evaluated: 100% silage (ES); 80% silage: 20% dry grain (ES20D); 60% silage: 40% dry grain (ES40D) and 60% silage: 40% wet grain silage (ES40W). In trial 2, late silage was made with …

Influence Of Additive Aiv-2000 And Pre-Wilted Big Bale On Silage Quality, Animal Performance And Rumen Metabolism, Jonas Jatkauskas, V. Vrotniakienė

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Silage treatment with AIV-2000 or making of silage big bales resulted in a higher level of lactic acid and organic matter digestibilities and reduced concentrations of butyric acid and ammonia-N. Feeding AIV-2000 treated and big bale silages increased weight gains of young fattening bulls by, respectively, 5.44 and 6.77% in comparison with the ordinary made silage. AIV-2000 treated and big bale silages affected microflora activity in the rumen. Infusoria count was higher by 13.5 and 30.34% (P < 0.05), VFA concentration increased by 0.39 and 8.45%, the pH value decreased by 0.05 and 0.1 unit, the content of total nitrogen was by 14.67 and 18.73 mg/100 ml, protein nitrogen by 14.12 and 16.63 mg/100 ml and non-protein nitrogen by 0.53 and 1.39 mg/100 ml higher, respectively for AIV-2000 and big bale groups in comparison with the control group.

Quality And Nutritive Value Of Mott Dwarf Elephantgrass Silage With Biological Additives, T. Clavero

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of cellulase enzymes and lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and nutritive value of Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott silage. Five kinds of preparation were tested: sugar molasses (control); sugar molasses and cellulase enzymes; cellulase enzymes; concentrate of lactic acid bacteria and sugar molasses and concentrate of lactic acid bacteria. Significant differences (P< 0.05) were found in fermentation quality and chemical composition of control silage as compared to the biological additives treated silage. Addition of cellulase enzymes and lactic acid bacteria resulted in decrease of pH value, cell wall content and increased lactic acid concentration. The biological additives increased silage intake and daily live weight by growing steers.

Effects Of Different Additives On Silage Quality Of Napiergrass, Y. K. Cheng, C. S. Chen, P. W. Peng

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of different additives on silage quality of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum). The cultivar of TLG2 with high water soluble carbohydrates was used to making silages added with or without 5 and 10% corn meal or wheat bran, and then treated with or without enzyme. Crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, water soluble carbohydrates and volatile fatty acid contents of silage were determined to evaluate silage quality. From the results, it showed that var.TLG2 could be making good silages without any additives but the dry matter was low. Adding …

The Impact Of Beneficial Organisms In Corn Agroecosystems, Callie Rosalind Braley

Doctor of Plant Health Program: Dissertations and Student Research

Corn is one of the world’s, and Nebraska’s, most important crops. Millions of acres are planted to corn each year in the Cornhusker State. However, each year there are a plethora of arthropod, weed, and microorganism pests that rob farmers of reaching their maximum yield potential. There are many options available to manage these pests in corn agroecosystems, but one option is often underutilized: beneficial organisms. For each pest, there are a variety of natural enemies that can assist in mitigating the damage caused by pests.

Many beneficial organisms exist, and they can be grouped by the type of pest …

Utility Of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation For Weed And Disease Management In Solanaceous Vegetable Crops, Gursewak Singh

All Theses

Managing weeds is one of the most challenging aspects of growing specialty crops. Weed control options are limited for specialty crops due to absence of effective herbicide options. The limited current herbicide options risk carryover and damage to subsequent crops. Bacterial wilt is another problem causing significant yield losses in southeast vegetable production. After the termination of methyl bromide due to health and environmental concerns, several other chemical fumigants gained interest, including 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin and metam sodium/potassium. While less toxic to the environment than methyl bromide, these fumigants pose carcinogenic and mutagenic threats. Alternative weed control and diseases management tactics …

Effects Of Nitrogen Management And Cultivar On Strawberry Production Under Disease Pressure, Kamille A. Garcia-Brucher

Master's Theses

Effects of nitrogen management and cultivar on strawberry production under disease pressure

Kamille Garcia-Brucher

California strawberry growers face increasing regulatory pressures to manage nitrogen (N) applications in their production system. Standard practice in the California strawberry industry is to apply a synthetic pre-plant controlled release fertilizer (CRF) to ensure the crop has sufficient N during winter establishment. Some research from the UC Cooperative Extension suggests this practice is not efficient at delivering N to the crop since most of the N is released from CRF before strawberry crop N uptake is significant. Another concern for California strawberry growers is loss …

Mitigating Rice Injury Caused By Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl And Optimizing Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl Rate And Timing For Use In Furrow-Irrigated Rice, James Winston Beesinger

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Florpyrauxifen-benzyl (synthetic auxin, WSSA Group 4) is a postemergence, broad-spectrum herbicide labeled for use in Mid-South rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. Introduction of florpyrauxifen-benzyl to Arkansas rice production led to observations of varying levels of injury caused by the herbicide across cultivars and environments. Findings from previous research indicated hybrid long-grain rice and medium-grain rice were more susceptible to florpyrauxifen-benzyl and hypotheses were formed using this research regarding the impact of environmental conditions on the amount of injury observed. Concerns of yield loss, delay in maturity and loss of groundcover as well as questions regarding the ability of florpyrauxifen-benzyl to …

Palmer Amaranth [Amaranthus Palmeri (S.) Wats.] Resistance To S-Metolachlor In The Mid-Southern Us And S-Metolachlor Dissipation In Soil, Koffi Badou Jeremie Kouame

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Palmer amaranth [Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Wats.] presents both a high genetic diversity and propensity to evolve resistance to herbicides of several sites-of-action which have made it one of the worst weeds in US agriculture. In Arkansas, Palmer amaranth is resistant to herbicides of seven sites-of-action, which are 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) inhibitor, acetolactate synthase inhibitors, microtubule inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid inhibitors, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors. Sustainable management requires a better understanding of its biology and that of herbicide environmental fate. This research had five objectives: 1) characterize the current status of Palmer amaranth …

Distribution And Mating Type Characterization Of Chickpea Blight (Didymella Rabiei (Kov.) V. Arx) In Ethiopia, Gezahegne Getaneh, Tadele Tefera, Fikre Lemessa, Seid Ahmed, Jandouwe Villinger

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

We have assessed the distribution and mating type of chickpea blight (Didymella rabiei (Kov.) v. Arx) from a total of 350 and 272 fields in major chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) growing areas of Ethiopia for two consecutive cropping seasons 2017 and 2018, respectively. The prevalence of D. rabiei was 20 % for the year 2017 and 7% for 2018. Severity range of 2−9 and incidence of 10–100 % were recorded for both seasons in only 7–20 % of the assed fields. Field prevalence of 2017 and 2018 seasons were significantly different (df = 31; p < 0.001 and df = 31; p < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, the disease prevalence of both seasons was significantly different (df = 31; p < 0.001). The disease prevalence ratio frequency was highly deviated from (1:1) for both seasons (X2 = 213.62 p= <0.001; X2 = 144.36 p = 0.01). Genomic DNA of Representative samples were extracted from single spore culture and Mating type 1 (MAT1-1) specific primer SP21, Mating type 2 (MAT1-2) specific primer Tail 5, and a flanking region-specific primer Com1 assay were multiplexed in a single PCR reaction to determine the occurrence of D. rabiei mating type in Ethiopia. Out of 156 samples, only 15 samples were positive to MAT1-1 (∼10 %) with the ratio of 9:1. MAT 1−2 type was the most dominant and possibly the asexual reproduction of D. rabiei is the major type in Ethiopia. The result is important for Ascochyta blight management in breeding strategy.

Forage Production From Perennial Vs. Annual Crop R~ On In Sandy Soils In Egypt, Z. Abdelhalim, O. Niemeläinen, I. A. Hanna, A. M. Rammah

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage production was studied on newly reclaimed sandy soil in Egypt trom perennial lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and two annual crop rotations. The cropping systems were: A) lucerne, B) berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) in the winter followed by pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum R. Br. Emend. Stantz.) in the summer and C) triticale (XX Triticosecale Wittm.) (forage cut + grain harvest) in the winter followed by maize (Zea mays L.) (grain + stover) in the summer. Mean annual dry matter yields (t ha^-1 ) were 20.65, 26.59 and 27.48 from A, B and C, respectively. However, …

Carry-Over Effect In Forage Rotations On Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil In Egypt, Z. Abdelhalim, O. Niemeläinen, I. A. Hanna, A. M. Rammah

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was carried out to investigate the carry-over effect of a preceding crop on the productivity of the following crop in various rotations in newly reclaimed lands in Egypt. The productivity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), maize (Zea mays L.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in summer season were much higher following berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) or lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) than after wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in both years of the study. Soyabean was the best summer …

Direct Drilling Of Soybean In A Pensacola Bahiagrass Pasture In The Northwest Region Of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil, R. B. Medeiros, J. Riboldi, J. C. De Saibro, J. E. G. Zambra

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The response of methods of soil preparation (M₁=conventional tillage, and with notillage using the following herbicides M₂=50% Paraquat plus 50% Orizalin; M₃=50% Paraquat plus 50% Diquat and M₄=Paracol (20% Paraquat plus 20 Diuron)) and row spacing (E₁=17 cm, E₂=24 cm, E₃=51 cm and E₄=68 cm) on soybean grain yield direct drilled in an eight-year-old grazed sward of Bahiagrass cv. Pensacola (Paspalum notatum var. saurae Parodi) were studied in southern of Brazil. The results showed that direct drilling of soybean on Pensacola accompanied by …

Forage Quality Evaluation Of Chopped Elephantgrass Hay Through Intake And Digestibility Trial, E. M. De Aguiar, G. F. Da C. Lima, L. G. Da Paz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The research was carried out to evaluate forage quality of chopped elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) hay and to define a proper stage for cutting and haymaking of this grass. Chemical composition, voluntary intake, and apparent digestibility of the hays were studied at five different growth stages (30, 48, 63, 76, and 91 days). Twenty-five common wethers were utilized in a completely randomized experimental design. Dry matter (DM) voluntary intake was not different (P> 0.05) from 30 to 63 days of regrowth and from 63 to 91 days and comprised 3.9; 3.5; 3.2; 2.1; and 2.4% of animal liveweight, respectively …

Berseem Clover In Binary Mixtures With Oats, Triticale Or Barley For Silage And Late Season Grazing, S. M. Ross, J. R. King

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experiment was conducted at northerly latitudes with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L) in binary mixtures with oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). The effects of cereal species, variety and density were assessed for a two cut harvest. Total dry matter yields were 11.7 to 14.5 t ha^-1, with 7.8 to 10.2 t ha^-1 as silage, and 2.0 to 6.0 t ha^-1 as berseem regrowth. Berseem regrowth added an average of 4.0 t ha^-1 in forage yield. Total yields did not differ with cereal …

Forage Productivity Of Panicum Maximum Pastures In Two Different Agropastoral Systems, Tsutomu Kanno, Manuel C. M. Macedo, J. A. Bono, J. D. G. Santos Jr., M. R. Correa, L. G. R. Beretta

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage productivity was evaluated for Panicum maximum pastures established after 4 years of soybean cultivation in the summer (PM-SO), and 4 years of rotation of soybeans in the summer and millet for winter grazing (PM-MI). In the PM-MI pasture, biomass and dry matter production were much lower than in the PM-SO, and the amount of copper and nitrogen in the top part of the plants in PM-MI were significantly lower than that in PM-SO. Thus, it was considered that the shortage of copper and nitrogen restricted photosynthesis and forage production in PM-MI.

Nitrogen Mineralization From Root Residues Of Subterranean Clover And Lucerne, T. P. Bolger, J. F. Angus, M. B. Peoples

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

To understand why crops grown in the first or second year after lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) yielded less than crops grown after subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) despite greater nitrogen (N) fixation by the lucerne, we studied the N mineralization patterns of their root residues in soil incubation assays. Fine roots of both species produced more mineral N than the control soil with no root residues. In contrast, coarse roots mineralized less N than the control soil. These differences in N mineralization were not explained by the physical size and therefore surface area differences between fine and coarse …

Transgenic Maize Hybrid Crop Residues: Nutritive Value And Their Effects On Performance Of Grazing Beef Cows, S. K. Barnhart, J. R. Russell, M. J. Hersom, D. E. Farnham

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Several maize (Zea mays) hybrids, including three transgenic hybrids containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) enzymes (Bt-maize hybrids), were planted in a field study. Mature, midgestation, beef cows (Bos tarus) strip-grazed post-harvest residues as paddocks over 126 days. Body condition-scores and weights were monitored. Forage yield, weathering losses and forage composition were monitored on grazed and ungrazed areas. Forage selection and intake were estimated. Grain yields, dropped grain, initial crop residue concentrations of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) yields were similar among hybrids. Hybrids varied in infestation of maize borers, …

Supplementation Of Temperate Pastures, D. H. Rearte, G. A. Pieroni

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Generally in temperate regions, beef and milk were produced on extensive systems with forage from perennial pasture and natural grassland being the main component of animal diet. Supplementation on pasture was usually applied strategically to supply nutrients to grazing cattle only when forage availability was not enough to satisfy animal’s requirements. At present beef and dairy production systems have become more intensive and even when forage from pasture continue being the main component of the diet higher level of different type of supplement are fed to the animals. Intensive systems are characterized by a higher stocking rate capable of consuming …

Feeding Of Conserved Forage - Implications To Grassland Management And Production, C. W. Holmes, P. N. P. Matthews

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This review will focus on the use of conserved forages in pastoral dairy farm systems; especially on their conservation as an aid to good grazing management during periods of rapid pasture growth, and on their consumption as an aid to good feeding management and grazing management during periods of slow pasture growth. Conservation of pasture, in order to move it from one time to another later time, always involves “costs”, either financial expenditure or physical losses (of dry matter/quality) or both, which must be evaluated in the whole system.

Most of the data is drawn from New Zealand and Australia, …

Protein Sources For Growing Beef Steers Fed With A Diet Based On Corn Silage, M. De León, E. Ustarroz, C. Boetto, J. M. Simondi, M. Bulaschevich

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different protein sources in growing beef cattle (25 Aberdeen Angus steers) fed with a corn silage based diet on daily live weight gain (DLWG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion (FC). Five treatments with different supplies of crude, degradable and metabolizable protein (MP) were used. The treatments were formulated with different protein sources to provide different rate and extents of protein degradation, as follow: a negative control (T0) without protein supplements and below animal requirements, urea (T1), soybean meal (T2), whole cotton seed (T3) and a positive control (T4), which …

High Moisture Sorghum Grain Silage: Effects Of Tannin Content And Urea Treatment On The Performance Of Dairy Cows, L. A. Romero, E. A. Comerón, O. A. Bruno, A. R. Castillo, M. C. Gaggiotti

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grain sorghum silage tannin content effect was evaluated on milk production and chemical composition of Argentinean Holstein bred cows, and it are described dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in situ digestion parameters and effective degradability. The base diet was constituted by alfalfa pasture, maize silage, and a protein – mineral supplement, differing in three treatments based on high moisture grain silage characteristic: LTS= Low tannin grain sorghum, HTS= High tannin grain sorghum, and HTSu= High tannin sorghum plus the addition of urea. Grain sorghum silage tannin content affects milk production, without significant alteration of chemical composition. Beside the …

Changes Of Forages Fed To Dairy Cows In The Whole Year In Taiwan, F. H. Hsu, C. H. Lu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Objectives of this study were to determine the kinds and the percents of forages fed to dairy cows in the whole year. Data were taken weekly by the dairy farmers for one year, including kinds and weights of forages fed to dairy cows, the heads of milking cows, dry cows and heifers. Dairy farmer A used napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum) green chop 68.2%, napiergrass silage 15.3%, pangolagrass (Digitaria decumbens) hay 3.2% and imported bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay 13.3% to feed cows. Dairy farmer B fed cows with napiergrass green chop 65.1%, pangolagrass 13.0% and imported …

Comparative Growth Performance Of West African Dwarf Goat Supplemented With Calliandra Calothyrsus, Leucaena Leucocephala, Or Cotton Seed Cake In West Cameroon, E. Tedonkeng Pamo, G. D. Assontia, C. Njehoya

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A comparative growth performance study of African Dwarf Goats supplemented with Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala or cotton seed cake was carried out on farm around Dschang and in the University Experimental Farm. Goats between 12 and 16 months of age were divided into 4 groups of 11 goats each with one group kept as a control. The supplemented animals received respectively 390 g of L. leucocephala, 380 g of C. calothyrsus (fresh matter) and 88.8 g of cotton seed cake each, corresponding to 6 g of nitrogen per animal per day. The animals were weighed every 21 days …

Voluntary Intake Of Tanzania Grass (Panicum Maximum) Under Rotational Grazing By Lactating Cows, M. L. P. Lima, T. T. Berchielli, J. R. Nogueira, A. K. D. Salman, Ana C. Ruggieri, Paulo Roberto Leme, L. J. M. Aroeira, J. P. G. Soares

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The study was conducted at Nucleo de Pesquisas Zootecnicas Nordeste of the Instituto de Zootecnia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, in a rotational grazing area of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum), to estimate the dry matter intake by lactanting cows. The estimation of dry matter intake was calculated from the feces production estimated using extrusa Chromium-mordent and the in vitro digestibility of diet. The three treatments were crossbreed cows fed 3 kg.day^-1 of concentrate, crossbred cows without concentrate suplementation and pure Gir cows also without concentrate supplementation. The milk production was 11.98, 6.53 and 5.46 kg per cow per day, …