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The Aspergillus Nidulans Snt Genes Are Required For The Regulation Of Septum Formation And Cell Cycle Checkpoints, Peter R. Kraus, Steven D. Harris

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

In Aspergillus nidulans, germinating conidia undergo multiple rounds of nuclear division before forming a septum. Previous genetic results suggest that the ability to separate nuclear division and septum formation depends upon a threshold level of activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase NIMXcdk1. Mutations in nimX and nimT, the gene encoding the NIMXcdk1-activating phosphatase, have revealed that Tyr-15 phosphorylation is important for determining the timing of the formation of the first septum. Here, we describe a screen for suppressors of nimT23 (snt), designed to identify additional components of the pathway regulating septum formation. We show that a subset …

Age-Related Resistance In Bell Pepper To Cucumber Mosaic Virus , Hernan Garcia-Ruiz, John F. Murphy

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

We demonstrated the occurrence of mature plant resistance in Capsicum annuum 'Early Calwonder' to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) under greenhouse conditions. When Early Cal wonder plants were sown at 10 day intervals and transplanted to 10-cm square pots, three distinct plant sizes were identified that were designated small, medium and large. Trials conducted during each season showed that CMV accumulated in inoculated leaves of all plants of each size category. All small plants (with the exception of the winter trial) developed a systemic infection that included accumulation of CMV in uninoculated leaves and severe systemic symptoms. Medium plants had a …

Genomic Regions That Underlie Soybean Seed Isoflavone Content, K. Meksem, V. N. Njiti, W. J. Banz, M. J. Iqbal, My. M. Kassem, David L. Hyten, J. Yuang, T. A. Winters, D. A. Lightfoot

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Soy products contain isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein)that display biological effects when ingested by humans and animals, these effects are species, dose and age dependent. Therefore, the content and quality of isoflavones in soybeans is a key to their biological effect. Our objective was to identify loci that underlie isoflavone content in soybean seeds. The study involved 100 recombinant inbred lines (RIL)fr om the cross of ‘Essex’ by ‘Forrest,’ two cultivars that contrast for isoflavone content. Isoflavone content of seeds fromeach RIL was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The distribution of isoflavone content was continuous and unimodal. The …

Early Evaluation Of Banana Cultivars For Fusarium Wilt Tolerance, Abdulkadir Aden Mohamed

Student Works (2000-2009)

Field evaluation of banana plants for disease tolerance in soil infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is commonly used. The process is slow as disease expression usually takes 4-5 months, while inoculum concentration, edaphic conditions, temperature and other variables that may affect disease expression are difficult to control. An alternative method of screening plantlets at the nursery stage was developed. The technique consisted of a double tray set up; a perforated inner tray containing sterilized river sand or a sand-clay mixture (4 sand : I clay) on which hardened tissue-cultured plantlets were grown, and a larger outer containment tray …

The Genus Striga (Scrophulariaceae) In Africa, Kamal I. Mohamed, Lytton John Musselman, Charles R. Riches

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Twenty-eight species and six subspecies of the hemiparasitic genus Striga Lour., witchweed, occur in Africa. Twenty-two species are endemic. Witchweeds occur throughout the continent with greatest diversity in the grasslands and savannas north of the equator. Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke and S. hermonthica (Del.) Benth. have developed host-specific strains that may have distinct morphotypes. me accord these no formal taxonomic status. Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica (L.) Kuntze, limited to agroecosystems, may be recently derived from non-ruderal species. Striga hirsuta Benth. and S. lutea Lour., sometimes treated as conspecific with S. asiatica, are recognized as distinct species restricted …

D13c Signatures Of Flora, Macrofauna And Sediment Of A Mangrove Forest Partly Affected By Sewage Wastes, J F Machiwa

Tanzania Journal of Science

Stable carbon isotope ratios (d13C) of sediments, suspended particulate matter, and crab gut content from Maruhubi mangrove forest, Zanzibar, were determined. Stable carbon isotope ratios were used to determine sources of organic matter in the forest. Mangrove organic carbon (d13C±SD = - 27.97±0.25) was found to be an important component of the sediment organic matter except at the marine fringe zone (d13C±SD = - 17.26±0.83). The areal distribution of d13C values show that the marine fringe zone was rich in organic carbon of marine origin. The terrestrial fringe zone was dominated by a mixed source of sediment organic carbon (d13C±SD …

Eucalypt Woodlands A Guide To Management, Liz Brown, Colin Holt

Natural resources published reports

This guide was mainly developed using information gathered from studies in Salmon gum (E. salmonophloia) woodlands. However, the principles in this guide can be broadly applied as it considers the general ecological processes that occur within most woodlands.

If your goal is to restore a woodland to a healthy, functioning unit with a range of original species, this guide provides a way of diagnosing the health of individual woodlands and some of the causes of poor health. It also suggests some relevant management actions.

There is a huge array of different types of Euclaypr Woodlands in the Western Australian Whearbelr, …

Agriculture Western Australia's Great Southern Agricultural Research Institute Katanning, Agriculture Western Australia

Natural resources published reports

Agriculture Western Australia's Great Southern Agricultural Research Institute has been established as a centre of excellence for research, development and extension into sustainable farming systems The. agency has a long association with the town of Katanning dating back to 1925 when the agency provided a general agricultural advisor.

The new Institute is strategically located in the heart of key sheep and cropping production areas with significant growth potential.

Its role is to stimulate the contribution of ideas from individuals, groups and organisations with an interest in research, development and extension relating to innovative, profitable and sustainable animal and cropping based …

Sequences Of Citrus Tristeza Virus Separated In Time And Space Are Essentially Identical, Maria R. Albiach-Marti, Munir Mawassi, Siddarame Gowda, Satyanarayana Tatineni, Mark E. Hilf, Savita Shanker, Ernesto C. Almira, Maria C. Vives, Carmelo Lopez, Jose Guerri, Ricardo Flores, Pedro Moreno, Steve M. Garnsey, William O. Dawson

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The first Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) genomes completely sequenced (19.3-kb positive-sense RNA), from four biologically distinct isolates, are unexpectedly divergent in nucleotide sequence (up to 60% divergence). Understanding of whether these large sequence differences resulted from recent evolution is important for the design of disease management strategies, particularly the use of genetically engineered mild (essentially symptomless)-strain cross protection and RNA-mediated transgenic resistance. The complete sequence of a mild isolate (T30) which has been endemic in Florida for about a century was found to be nearly identical to the genomic sequence of a mild isolate (T385) from Spain. Moreover, samples of …

Pseudomonas Syringae Hrp Type Iii Secretion System And Effector Proteins, Alan Collmer, Jorge L. Badel, Amy O. Charkowski, Wen-Ling Deng, Derrick E. Fouts, Adela R. Ramos, Amos H. Rehm, Deborah M. Anderson, Olaf Schneewind, Karin V. Van Dijk, James R. Alfano

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Pseudomonas syringae is a member of an important group of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of plants and animals that depend on a type III secretion system to inject virulence effector proteins into host cells. In P. syringae, hrpyhrc genes encode the Hrp (type III secretion) system, and avirulence (avr) and Hrpdependent outer protein (hop) genes encode effector proteins. The hrpyhrc genes of P. syringae pv syringae 61, P. syringae pv syringae B728a, and P. syringae pv tomato DC3000 are flanked by an exchangeable effector locus and …

Utility Of The Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Ii Gene For Resolving Relationships Among Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), K. P. Pruess, B. J. Adams, T. J. Parsons, X. Zhu, Thomas O. Powers

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The complete mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene was sequenced from 17 black flies, representing 13 putative species, and used to infer phylogenetic relationships. A midge (Paratanytarsus sp.) and three mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus) were used as outgroup taxa. All outgroup taxa were highly divergent from black flies. Phylogenetic trees based on weighted parsimony (a priori and a posteriori), maximum likelihood, and neighbor-joining (log-determinant distances) differed topologically, with deeper nodes being the least well-supported. All analyses supported current classification into species groups but relationships among those groups were poorly resolved. The majority of phylogenetic …

Commercial Irrigation And Nutrition Practices For Strawberries In Western Australia, D. Phillips, D. Gatter, T. Calder, D. Pitman

Horticulture research reports

Irrigation practices employed by five commercial strawberry growers on sandy soils of the Swan Coastal Plain near Perth Western Australia were monitored for two consecutive seasons, 1995 and 1996 during the Spring production period.

Nutritional practices for the same grower group plus one Albany grower were monitored by plant, soil and sap analysis at 14 day intervals throughout the 1996 season.

Irrigation records showed that market quality strawberries could be produced at this time of year (August to December in Perth) on soils with very poor water retention properties with an average crop factor(E Pan) for the season of 0.7 …

Condition Of Green Ash, Incidence Of Ash Yellows Phytoplasmas, And Their Association In The Great Plains And Rocky Mountain Regions Of North America, J. A. Walla, W. R. Jacobi, N. A. Tisserat, M. O. Harrell, J. J. Ball, G. B. Neil, D. A. Reynard, Y. H. Guo, L. Spiegel

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

About 50% of 1,057 green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) systematically sampled in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions had substantial dieback (>10% of crown branches with dieback), and the average growth ring width during the last 20 years was 2.9 mm. The overall condition of the population was rated fair. Ash yellows phytoplasmas were identified at 102 of 106 sites throughout six U.S. states (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas) and three Canadian provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba). These phytoplasmas had not previously been known in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Wyoming, Colorado, or Kansas. Incidence of phytoplasmal …

Crop Updates 2000 - Weeds, Vanessa Stewart, David Minkey, Abul Hashem, Glen Riethmuller, Martin Harries, Peter Newman, Cameron Weeks, Harmohinder S. Dhammu, Aik Cheam, David Bowran, Terry Piper, Alexandra Wallace, Bill Roy, Keith L. Devenish, Lisa J. Leaver, Brad Rayner, Mike Collins, Marta Monardino, David Pannell, Stephen Powles, Sally Peltzer, Michael Walsh, Charles Boyle, P. Neve, D. Lorraine-Colwill, C. Preston, Art Diggle, Rick Llewellyn, Ryan Duane, Siew Lee, David Nicholson, Peter Carlton, Stewart Smith, Bill Crabtree, Gordon Cumming, David Cameron, Mike Jackson, Scott Paton, John R. Peirce, Greg Shea

Crop Updates

This session covers thirty six papers from different authors:

INTRODUCTION, Vanessa Stewart Agriculture Western Australia

INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT

1. Effect of seeding density, row spacing and Trifluralin on the competitive ability of Annual Ryegrass in a minimum tillage system, David Minkey, Abul Hashem, Glen Riethmuller and Martin Harries, Agriculture Western Australia

2. High wheat seeding rates coupled with narrow row spacing increases yield and suppresses grass, Peter Newman¹ and Cameron Weeks²,¹Agronomist, Elders Limited ²Mingenew/Irwin Group

3. Resistant ryegrass management in a wheat – lupin rotation, Abul Hashem, Harmohinder S. Dhammu, Aik Cheam, David Bowran and …

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Crop Updates 2000 Cereals - Part 3, Roslyn J. Jettner, Blakely Paynter, Glenn Macdonald, Pierre Fievez, Ian Foster, David Tennant, Wal Anderson, James Ridsdill-Smith, Celia Pavri, Ross Chapman, Senthold Asseng, Steve Carr, Brad Nutt, Lindrea Latham, Roger Jones, Anyou Liu, Clinton K. Revell, David Ferris, Roy Latta, Lisa-Jane Blacklow, Chris Matthews, Ted Woodburn, Paul Yeoh, Ian Rose, Anita Lyons, Simon Cook, Matthew L. Adams, Robert J. Corner

Crop Updates

This session covers eighteen papers from different authors:

BARLEY AND OAT AGRONOMY

1. Unicorn barley must meet malting specifications to be a viable option, Roslyn Jettnerand Blakely Paynter, Agriculture Western Australia

2. Optimum oat seed rates, Glenn McDonald, Agriculture Western Australia

3. Production and Quality of export Oaten Hay (1998 and 1989), Pierre Fievez, Pierre Fievez and Associates

FROST

4. Climatology of Frost in Southern Western Australia, Ian Foster, Agriculture Western Australia

5. Flowering calculator, David Tennant, Agriculture Western Australia

6. Some options for managing the risk of frost damage, Wal Anderson, Agriculture Western Australia

PASTURE

7. …

The Wheat Book : Principles And Practice, W K. Anderson, J R. Garlinge

Bulletins 4000 -

Contents : Environment / revised by J. Cramb, J. Courtney and P. Tille - The structure and development of the cereal plant / revised by T.L. Setter and G. Carlton - Germination, vegetative and reproductive growth / revised by T.L. Setter and G. Carlton - Crop water use / D. Tennant - Nutrition / revised by M.D.A. Bolland, R.F. Brennan, J.W. Bowden, M.G. Mason, N.K. Edwards, M.M. Riley and S.W. Gartrell - Wheat in farming systems / revised by B. Bowden, P. Blackwell, P. Carmody, M. Ewing, R. Kingwell, R. L ghman, I. McFarlane, P. Michael, P. Nelson, I. Pritchard, …

The Pseudomonas Syringae Hrp Pathogenicity Island Has A Tripartite Mosaic Structure Composed Of A Cluster Of Type Iii Secretion Genes Bounded By Exchangeable Effector And Conserved Effector Loci That Contribute To Parasitic Fitness And Pathogenicity In Plants, James R. Alfano, Amy O. Charkowski, Wen-Ling Deng, Jorge L. Badel, Tanja Petnicki- Ocwieja, Karin Van Dijk, Alan Collmer

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

The plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae is divided into pathovars differing in host specificity, with P. syringae pv. syringae (Psy) and P. syringae pv. tomato (Pto) representing particularly divergent pathovars. P. syringae hrp/hrc genes encode a type III protein secretion system that appears to translocate Avr and Hop effector proteins into plant cells. DNA sequence analysis of the hrp/hrc regions in Psy 61, Psy B728a, and Pto DC3000 has revealed a Hrp pathogenicity island (Pai) with a tripartite mosaic structure. The hrp/hrc gene cluster is conserved in all three strains and is flanked by a unique exchangeable …

Basic Biotechnology, Jennifer Flak, Julie Albrecht

Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary

An introduction to traditional cross-breeding and genetic engineering of plants, and to biotechnology.

Objectives - Basic Biotechnology

After completing Nutrition Basic Biotechnology, participants should be able to:

• Describe one similarity between traditional cross-breeding and genetic engineering of plants.
• Give two limitations that are encountered with traditional cross-breeding of plants.
• Explain why genetic engineering is not limited in the same way as traditional cross-breeding.
• Define biotechnology in broad terms.
• List three plant applications of biotechnology.
• List the three areas of nutritional profiles that have been improved with biotechnology.

Modules:

• Lesson home
• Objectives - Basic Biotechnology
• Historical Uses of Biotechnology
• Basic Understanding …

Ec00-103 Nebraska Fall-Sown Small Grain Variety Tests 2000, Lenis Alton Nelson, David D. Baltensperger, Robert N. Klein, Roger Wesley Elmore, P. Stephen Baenziger, Todd Campbell

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This circular is a progress report of variety trials conducted by personnel of the Agronomy Department and the South Central, West Central and Panhandle Research and Extension Centers and their associated agricultural laboraties. The 2000 estimated winter wheat yield for Nebraska was a 36 bushels per acre from 1,750,000 harvested acres. The total production of winter wheat for the state was 63,000,000 bushels. This circular reports data from winter wheat trials conducted throughout Nebraska. Entries included varieties or hybrids and promising experimental strains from Nebraska and surrounding states and private breeders. This was the ninetenth year for privately developed varieties. …

Field Maps 2000, Grace K. Attea, Ryan W. Mcewan, John L. Vankat

Data Files for Old-Growth Deciduous Forest Dynamics Archive: Hueston Woods

Historical field map scans (2000) for the permanent 100m x 105m research plot in Hueston Woods State Nature Preserve.

Maps were digitized in 2022.

Salinity Tolerance Of Selected Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (Pisolithus Tinctorius Pers.) And Ectomycorrhizal Eucalypts, Ben Bradshaw

Theses : Honours

Increasing soil salinity has become a major problem worldwide. It has led to a reduction in the amount of arable land, has put at risk the supply of freshwater and threatens the existence of many natural habitats. The major increase in salinity has been attributed to human activities such as clearing of natural vegetation and large-scale irrigation programmes. The alleviation of this problem has focussed on changed management strategies. the most significant of which is the re-establishment of deep rooted plants in sail affected areas. This, however, is difficult because of the variation in salt tolerance of such plants and …

Modelling Age- And Density-Related Gas Exchange Of Picea Abies Canopies In The Fichtelgebirge, Germany, Eva Falge, John D. Tennhunen, Ronald J. Ryel, Martina Alsheimer, Barbara Köstner

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

Differences in canopy exchange of water and carbon dioxide that occur due to changes in tree structure and density in montane Norway spruce stands of Central Germany were analyzed with a three dimensional microclimate and gas exchange model STANDFLUX. The model was used to calculate forest radiation absorption, the net photosynthesis and transpiration of single trees, and gas exchange of tree canopies. Model parameterizations were derived for six stands of Picea abies (L.) Karst. differing in age from 40 to 140 years and in density from 1680 to 320 trees per hectare. Parameterization included information on leaf area distribution from …

Soybean Cyst Nematode Reproduction In The North Central United States, J. Wang, P. A. Donald, T. L. Niblack, G. W. Bird, J. Faghihi, J. M. Ferris, C. Grau, D. J. Jardine, P. E. Lipps, A. E. Macguidwin, H. Melakeberhan, G. R. Noel, P. Pierson, P. M. Riedel, P. R. Sellers, W. C. Stienstra, T. C. Todd, G. L. Tylka, T. A. Wheeler, D. S. Wysong

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

An experiment was conducted in Heterodera glycines–infested fields in 40 north central U.S. environments (21 sites in 1994 and 19 sites in 1995) to assess reproduction of this nematode. Two resistant and two susceptible soybean cultivars from each of the maturity groups (MG) I through IV were grown at each site in 6.1 m by 4 row plots. Soil samples were collected from each plot at planting and harvest and processed at Iowa State University to determine H. glycines initial (Pi) and final (Pf) population densities as eggs per 100 cm3 of soil. Overall, reproduction (Pf/Pi) of H. glycines …

Crop Quality And Utilization: A Twelve-Hour In Vitro Procedure For Sorghum Grain Feed Quality Assessment, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, Todd Milton, R. A. Mass

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Improvedmethods for assessing cereal crop feed value are a prerequisite for the genetic improvement of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] feed value. Rate of starch digestion is now commonly believed to be the limiting factor in sorghum utilization by cattle (Bos taurus). However, techniques to assess this trait are not useful to sorghum breeders because of high labor inputs, lab error associated with starch measurement, and need for high numbers of replications. The objective of this study was to develop a simple technique capable of identifying differences in digestion between sorghum and corn (Zea mays L.) …

Ethylene Production, Cluster Root Formation, And Localization Of Iron(Iii) Reducing Capacity In Fe Deficient Squash Roots, Brian M. Waters, Dale G. Blevins

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Dicots and non-graminaceous monocots have the ability to increase root iron(III) reducing capacity in response to iron (Fe) deficiency stress. In squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) seedlings, Fe(III) reducing capacity was quantified during early vegetative growth. When plants were grown in Fe-free solution, the Fe(III) reducing capacity was greatly elevated, reached peak activity on day 4, then declined through day 6. Root ethylene production exhibited a temporal pattern that closely matched that of Fe(III) reducing capacity through day 6. On the 7th day of Fe deficiency, cluster root morphology developed, which coincided with a sharp increase in the root Fe(III) …

Clonal Growth Of Lithospermum Caroliniense (Boraginaceae) In Contrasting Sand Dune Habitats, Stephen G. Weller, Kathleen H. Keeler, Barbara A. Thomson

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

The occurrence of clonal growth of distylous Lithospermum caroliniense was investigated in a population in the Nebraska Sandhills, an area where sand dunes have been relatively stable for at least 1,500–3,000 yr, and compared to a population occurring at the Indiana Dunes, an area of active sand dune formation. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated the occurrence of significant clonal propagation of genetically based floral morphs at Arapaho Prairie, but not for the Indiana Dunes. Apparent clonal growth in the Sandhills population had no overall negative effect on pollen deposition or fecundity relative to the Indiana population, although in some large clones …

Phylogeny Of Calostoma, The Gelatinous-Stalked Puffball, Based On Nuclear And Mitochondrial Ribosomal Dna Sequences, Brandi D. Hughey, Gerard C. Adams, Tom D. Bruns, David S. Hibbett

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Nucleotide sequence of the nuclear small and large subunit and the mitochondrial small and large ribosomal genes of Calostoma were used to investigate evolutionary relationships with other Basidiomycetes. In separate analyses with each gene, Calostoma was placed within the Boletales and outside the clades containing most gilled mushrooms, puffballs, stalked puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, and nonboletalean Gasteromycetes. This contradicted previous taxonomic hypotheses. Calostoma was most closely related to Gyroporus, Pisolithus, and Scleroderma based on maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis of the mitochondrial large ribosomal gene database, which contained several representatives of most genera of the Boletales. In three …

Kajian Kultur Tisu Tumbuhan Zinnia Elegans Jacq. Dan Rosa Hybrida Linn. Var. Christian Dior, Rashidi Othman

Student Works (2000-2009)

From the first experiment, it was found 1ha1 the primary root elongation of Z. elegans was optimum on the fifth day with a value of 40.82 ± 15.39 mm Thus, the root segment with an elongation in the range of25.43 to 56.21 mm has been adopted as the standard length for the m VI VO and m vt/fo cytological studies. In vivo cytological studies on Z. elegans revealed that the mitotic index (MI) measured was 13.47 ± 0.46%, the chromosome number observed was 2n = 23, the average cell and nuclear area values were 113.55 ± 4.44 μm1 and 40.58 …

Vegetation Trend In The Fitzroy Region. An Analysis Of 1995 And 1998 Ground Monitoring Data., Noelene Duckett, Paul Novelly, Ian Watson, National Landcare Program (Australia), Csiro

Research Reports

This document summarises the analyses carried out on the ground monitoring data from the Kimberley region of Western Australia as part of the Natural Heritage Trust project 953024 - ‘'Development of Information Products for Reporting Rangeland Changes.”

This project has been investigating ways of integrating rangeland trend information collated from Landsat satellite data and site-specific ground vegetation data. This has been carried out by extending and refining previous approaches developed by Agriculture Western Australia and CSIRO Mathematical and Information Sciences (e.g. Wallace et al. 1994). The principal objective of the project is to develop useful information products which …

Biological Control Of Bipolaris Sorokiniana On Tall Fescue By Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia Strain C3, Z. Zhang, G. Y. Yuen

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain C3 was evaluated for control of leaf spot on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. In growth chamber experiments, C3 inhibited conidial germination on leaf surfaces and reduced lesion frequency and percent diseased leaf area compared with nontreated controls. The amount of leaf spot suppression was related to the C3 dose applied. The highest dose tested, 10⁹ CFU/ml, prevented nearly all B. sorokiniana conidia from germinating on treated leaf surfaces and provided nearly complete suppression of lesion development. When colloidal chitin was added to C3 cell suspensions of 10⁷ or …