Digital Commons Network^™

Ampère's Law

Calculus-Based General Physics

Everyone has seen a bar magnet in the form of a compass or a door catch. Anyone who has ever casually played with magnets or magnetic toys knows that magnets interact with other magnets; i.e., a magnet experiences a force caused by thp presence of an external magnetic field produced by the other magnet. A wire carrying a current experiences a force caused by the presence of a nearby magnet (as you saw in the module Magnetic Forces). We then expect the converse to also hold true, i.e., that the bar magnet will also experience a force from the presence …

Capacitors

Calculus-Based General Physics

Capacitors are important components of electronic circuits and of electrical machinery and power grids. You can find large oil-insulated capacitors on powerline poles or small ceramic-insulated capacitors in a radio. In each application the capacitor is used to store electrical charge and electrical energy - for example, sometimes for a short time in an alternating-current cycle, sometimes for a long time until the energy is needed, as in a strobe light for a camera. Your body can be a capacitor, storing up enough charge and energy to cause a painful spark when the capacitor discharqes.

Practical capacitors are basically two …

Equilibrium Of Rigid Bodies

Calculus-Based General Physics

Most of the objects that one sees are in a state of equilibrium, that is, at rest or in a state of uniform motion. Many man-made structures are designed to achieve and sustain a state of equilibrium, and this, in turn, sets requirements to the materials (their sizes and shapes) that can be used. This module will give you some practice in analyzing the forces that result in equilibrium. From this analysis, if you are given the values of an appropriate set of forces you can find the remaining ones. On the other hand, in designing a stable system you …

Inductance

Calculus-Based General Physics

Anyone who has ever grabbed an automobile spark-pluq wire at the wrong place, with the engine running, has an appreciation of the ability of a changinq current in (part of) a coil of wire to induce an emf in the coil. What happens is that the breaker contacts open, suddenly interrupting the current, and causing a sudden large change in the magnetic field through the coil; according to Faraday's law, this results in a (large) induced emf. In general, the production of an emf in a coil by a changing magnetic field due to a current in that same coil …

Introduction To Quantum Physics

Calculus-Based General Physics

You have probably encountered a system known as an "electric eye," which senses light from an artificial source or the sun. This information is used to open doors, count pedestrian or auto traffic, turn on lights at sunset, read holes in punched card, and for a host of other applications. Most of these devices are based on the photoelectric effect, which is the light-induced emission of electrons from atoms.

The photoelectric effect completely baffled physicists at the time of its discovery. Einstein's explanation of this process, which won the Nobel Prize in 1921, was a major part of the twentieth-century …

Maxwell's Predictions

Calculus-Based General Physics

With this module, you will reach a milestone in your study of electromagnetic phenomena. From past modules, you now have (at your fingertips, hopefully!) the same basic laws of electromagnetism that Maxwell collected together in the nineteenth century. However, as powerful as these laws were, Maxwell found that there was a basic flaw -- a logical inconsistency -- in the one known as Ampere's law. He was able to deduce (in advance of any direct experimental test) precisely the correction that was needed. With this correction, the addition of what is called the "displacement-current" term to Ampere's law, it follows …

Reflection And Refraction

Calculus-Based General Physics

Sight is certainly one of our most important senses and depends on the interaction of electromagnetic waves in the visible portion of the spectrum with the eye. The use of materials that reflect light and that refract or "bend" light extends throughout our industrialized society. In this module we deal with light traveling in two dimensions and encounterinq the boundaries between media under those conditions in which the wavelength is small compared with the size of the obstacles or apertures. Under such conditions, since diffraction and interference effects are negligible, the principal phenomena occurring at the interfaces, reflection and refraction, …

Calculus

Calculus-Based General Physics

Differentiation of a function, say f(x), is a mathematical operation which yields a second function called the derivative of f [symbolized by f '(x) or dy/dx]. This procedure is represented in the diagram, which shows

Input                  Differentiation Operation               Output

f(x)                                   →                               f ' (x) = df/dx

the function f(x) being input to an "analytical machine" that manufactures as output the derivative of f. A detailed mathematical prescription for the differentiation operation is nontrivial. It usually involves a quarter or semester course, which requires time, attention, and effort on the student's part.

Partial Derivatives

Calculus-Based General Physics

If we have a function of more than one independent variable, then we can define a partial derivative with respect to one of the variables, which is simply the derivative of the function with all the other variables fixed, The notation using ∂, which we will use below, tells you it is a partial derivative, For example, suppose we have the function y that depends on the independent variables x and t:

y = A sin(kx – ωt),

where A, k, and ω are constants, Then, "the partial derivative of y with respect to x" …

Wave Properties Of Light

Calculus-Based General Physics

How do Polaroid sunglasses reduce glare? What evidence is there for an expanding universe? You will learn the answer to these two questions by considering some properties of light. Gamma rays, x rays, light (ultraviolet, visible, and infrared) and radio waves are all forms of electromagnetic radiation and therefore share the same basic properties as mentioned in this module and the module Maxwell's Predictions. The basic difference among these types of electromaonetic radiation is their wavelengths or frequencies.

Excitation Of Atomic Hydrogen To The N=2 States By 15-200-Kev Protons, John T. Park, J. E. Aldag, J. M. George

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Cross sections for the process H+ + H H+ + H* (n=2) are determined from the energy-loss spectra of 15-200-keV protons. After normalization at 200 keV to the Born approximation, the maximum value (1.07 x 10-16 cm2 at 60 keV) lies below close-coupling calculations and above Glauber-approximation calculations. The agreement with low-energy (5-30-keV) data of others is very good. © 1975 The American Physical Society.

Analogy Between Spinodal Decomposition And Martensitic Transformation, Tetsuro Suzuki, Manfred Wuttig

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

The translation of the theory developed for the spinodal decomposition of a supercooled alloy to the language appropriate for the martensitic transformation is carried out. In the spinodal theory, the stability of the alloy with respect to the composition fluctuation is examined, while in the present theory the stability of the crystal with respect to the shear displacement fluctuation, the transverse phonon, is studied. The analogy to the spinodal theory requires the revival of the strain gradient energy term or the couple stress term, the presence of which has been a subject of controversies for a long time since Laval. …

Multimedia Dispersion Relation For Surface Electromagnetic Waves, C. A. Ward, K. Bhasin, Robert John Bell, Ralph William Alexander, I. Tyler

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We Have Derived a General, N-Media Dispersion Relation for Surface Electromagnetic Waves Propagating on Isotropic Layers with Complex Dielectric Functions. the Equation is Presented in a Convenient, Compact Form for Ease of Application. Copyright © 1975 American Institute of Physics.

Biquadratic Exchange And First-Order Ferromagnetic Phase Transitions, Harry A. Brown

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We have calculated some properties of a ferromagnet using a Heisenberg Hamiltonian with a biquadratic exchange term added. The constant-coupling approximation was employed. If the strength of the biquadratic exchange relative to the bilinear is given by a dimensionless parameter α, there is a critical value αc at which the phase transition changes character from second order for αα>αc. The spontaneous magnetization, the exchange energy, and the spin-correlation function show discontinuous jumps at α=αc and unstable behavior for α>αc. © 1975 The American Physical Society.

Surface Electromagnetic Waves On Layered Systems With Damping, C. A. Ward, Ralph William Alexander, Robert John Bell

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Dispersion Curves, Propagation Distances, and Poynting Vectors of Surface Electromagnetic Waves Propagating on a System of Cu-Cu2O-Air with Variable Film Thickness Have Been Calculated using the Full Dispersion Realation Including Damping. Double-Dip Structure in the Propagation Distance for Intermediately Thick overlayers, the Shifting of One Dip Below ΣTO, and the Presence of the Other Dip at ΣLO Are Explained in Terms of Features of the Dispersion Curve. the Complete Poynting-Vector Calculations Show that Predictions of Field Bunching at ΣLO Are Probably in Error. © 1975 the American Physical Society.

A Guide To What, How, Why And Why Not Of Psi, Vernon Williams, Robert Fuller, David Joseph

Personalized System of Instruction (PSI), or Keller Plan, Materials

The production and distribution of the film, Personalized System of Instruction: An Alternative, © 1973, by the Instructional Media Center of the University of Nebraska Lincoln was met with considerable interest among academics in the USA. A one time the film lending library had 24 copies of the film that were is almost continuous distribution in the early 1970s.

The film lead viewers to ask many questions and the Instructional Media Center got many requests for additional information. In response to that need, Vernon Williams of the Teaching and Learning Center and Professors Robert Fuller and David Joseph of …

Can Psi Help Him?

Personalized System of Instruction (PSI), or Keller Plan, Materials

PSI (Personalized System of Instruction) can help students learn!

If the lecture-taught course has you meeting the students as adversaries, continually answering redundant questions, haggling over half credit for half correct answers, and generally finding your students being inhibited by the lock-step timing of a lecture course, then PSI is an alternative.

It is also the title of a film, PSI: An Alternative, that imaginatively and graphically outlines an intriguing and dynamic system for learning.

PSI (also known as the Keller Plan) is self-paced, mastery oriented, student tutored for junior college and college level instruction with classes of all sizes …

Metamagnetic Behavior Of Linear Chain Pyridine Compounds: Co(Pyridine)2Cl2, Fe(Pyridine)2Cl2, Fe(Pyridine)2(Ncs)2 And Ni(Pyridine)2Cl2, S. Foner, R. B. Frankel, W. M. Reiff, B. F. Little, G. J. Long

Physics

Magnetic phase transitions in the pyridine (pyr) compounds Co(pyr)₂Cl₂, Fe(pyr)₂Cl₂, Fe(pyr)₂(NCS)₂ and Ni(pyr)₂Cl₂ have been observed at applied magnetic fields of not, vert, similar0.7, 0.7, 1.1 and 2.7 kG respectively. These low field phase transitions are observed in the Fe and Ni compounds at T = 4.2 K, and in the Co compound at T < 3K, and are consistent with metamagnetic behavior. Magnetic saturation is not achieved in any of these compounds for fields of 60 kG, reflecting high anisotropy.

Supersaturated Zincate Solutions, W. Van Doorne, T. P. Dirkse

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

A study of supersaturated zincate solutions is made using light scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The results indicate strongly that the excess zinc is present as a solute species rather than in a colloidal form. The solute species appears to be the same as that in solutions of ZnO in aqueous KOH, viz., Zn(OH)42-. There is no strong evidence to indicate the presence of other solute species.

Evaluation Of The Transition Density Function Of Carbon On Various Substrates From Kll Auger Spectrum. Application Of Auger Electron Spectroscopy To The Bulk-To-Surface Precipitation And Surface Diffusion Of Carbon On Polysrystalline Nickel, Juan F. Mojica

Doctoral Dissertations

"The time evolution of the KLL Auger spectrum of carbon was considered to be an effective tool in the l study of the diffusion process of carbon on polycrystalline nickel. Although very simple in theory, the useful application of this procedure to the desired purpose required a deeper involvement in the understanding of the Auger process.

Integration and deconvolution techniques were necessary to gain access to the information contained in the derivative mode of the Auger signal.

Part I of the dissertation describes the experimental and analytical procedures that were used in the evaluation of the transition density function of …

Inclusion Of Rectangular And Triangular Geometries In The Space-Dependent Kinetics Code, Fx2, Ted Perry

Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects

The computer code FX2 is used to model liquid-metal fast-breeder reactors now being developed by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. These reactors differ from thermal reactors in that they have no moderator material in their cores and thus operate at mean neutron energies of 100 keV or more as opposed to neutron energies of less than 1 keV for thermal reactors. Also these reactors have the advantage that as a consequence of the high neutron energies, these reactors can be used to "breed" their own fuel: enriched ²³⁸U placed in the core is changed into plutonium which can …

Mössbauer Properties Of Synthetic Analogs Of Active Sites Of The Iron-Sulfur Proteins, Richard B. Frankel, B. A. Averill, R. H. Holm

Physics

Mössbauer spectroscopy of the synthetic tetramers [Fe₄S₄(SR)₄]^2- (R = alkyl, aryl) and the corresponding trianions obtained by one-electron reduction, when compared with available data for 4-Fe and 8-Fe iron-sulfur proteins, shows that these tetramers are electronic analogs of the active sites of the proteins.

A Theoretical Study Of The Predissociation Of The O2 B 3Ʃu- Electronic State, Richard Allan Harris

Physics & Astronomy ETDs

It has been known for many decades that the B 3Ʃ_u^- state of the oxygen molecule, the upper state of the Schumann-Runge electronic band system, is predissociated. The predissociation has been attributed to the 3Π_u state, arising from the ground state, separated atom, manifold of molecular states, by previous investigators with the crossing point of the potential energy curves ranging from somewhere on the inner limb to somewhere on the outer limb of the bound excited B 3Ʃ_u^- state. This research has been undertaken to quantitatively describe the observed predissociation. A model with adjustable parameters …

Pi-Meson Absorption On The Deuteron, Bruce Goplen

Physics & Astronomy ETDs

The nonradiative absorption of positive pi-mesons by deuterons is studied within the framework of Lagrangian formalism and the impulse approximation. The pi-nucleon absorption interaction is taken to be pseudovector; however, the reaction is believed to be dominated by pi­nucleon scattering. Thus, the main thrust of the investigation is directed at three different approaches to the scattering interaction. First, the Hamiltonian formalism of Koltun and Reitan is extended to include energetic pions. An off-shell form is chosen for p-wave scattering which at low energy reduces to the field-theoretical result of Klein. In the second approach, the S-matrix formalism of Lazard, Ballot …

Science Foundations: A Science Program For The Non-Science Student. Technical Report No. 4., James Shymansky

Educator Preparation & Leadership Faculty Works

No abstract provided.

Spin-Flip In 12C (P,P') 12C Near The 9.14 Mev Doublet, John Ambani Muhanji

Masters Theses

No abstract provided.

Antithesis In Physical Science, Russell W. Maatman

Pro Rege

No abstract provided.

Kinectics Of The Ground State Transformation In Fe(Ii) (N, N -Dicyclohexylthiourea)6(Cio4)2, R. Latorre, J. A. Costamagna, E. Frank, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel

Physics

The high spin complex Fe(II) (N, N'-dicyclohexylthiourea)₆(ClO₄)₆ exists in two forms which only differ in the distortion from octahedral symmetry of the environment of the Fe ion. Thermodynamic data for the transformation from one form to the other as obtained from Mössbauer spectroscopy are presented and a method to derive kinetic parameters is described.

Oer For Mixed Neutrons And Γ Rays, Robert Katz, S. C. Sharma

Robert Katz Publications

A formula for the OER in a mixed field of neutrons and gamma rays (Hall, 1972a; 1972b) is given .... Our results, calculated from track structure theory (Katz and Sharma, 1973) and secondary particle-energy spectra in tissue from these neutrons (Caswell and Coyne, 1973; Dennis, 1972) are within 5 per cent of the values of O_mix found from the Hall formula, when that formula is supplied with calculated values of R_n, O_n, and O_γ, at appropriate survival levels. Our calculations suggest that the Hall formula may be used with confidence for neutrons of …

Molecular Model For Ice Clusters In A Supersaturated Vapor, Barbara N. Hale, P. L. M. Plummer

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

A molecular model previously applied to prenucleation water clusters is used to examine ice I_h, embryos. The canonical partition function is evaluated for clusters having from 6 to 64 water molecules. The intermolecular vibrational free energies are extrapolated to clusters containing up to 120 molecules and free energies of formation, nucleation rates, and critical supersaturation ratios are calculated and compared with experiment. For the clusters studied, the ice I_h structure appears to be much less stable at all temperatures than the more spherical clathratelike cluster.