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Physics, Chapter 15: Heat And Work, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

Until about 1750 the concepts of heat and temperature were not clearly distinguished. The two concepts were thought to be equivalent in the sense that bodies at equal temperatures were thought to "contain" equal amounts of heat. Joseph Black (1728-1799) was the first to make a clear distinction between heat and temperature. Black believed that heat was a form of matter, which subsequently came to be called caloric, and that the change in temperature of a body when caloric was added to it was associated with a property of the body which he called the capacity. Later investigators endowed caloric …

Physics, Chapter 46: Nuclear Reactions, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

One of the most important developments of twentieth-century physics was the formulation of the special theory of relativity. This theory was an outgrowth of the failure of all attempts to show that the motion of the source of light relative to the observer had any effect on the speed of light. It is impossible to account for these experimental findings of Michelson and Morley, and others, on the basis of classical mechanics and electromagnetic theory. In 1905, Albert Einstein put forth the suggestion that all experimental findings would be clarified if it were assumed that the speed of light is …

Physics, Chapter 41: Polarized Light, Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

The phenomena of interference and diffraction show that light is propagated as a wave motion, but they do not show whether light is a longitudinal wave or a transverse wave. The fact that the velocity of light is the same as the velocity of radio waves and the radiation of visible light from accelerated electrons, as in a betatron, indicates that light is an electromagnetic wave. We recall from Section 20-9 that a wave can be shown to be transverse if a device can be found which will prevent passage of the wave in one orientation and will allow the …

Physics [Complete Work], Henry Semat, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

This book is intended for students of science and engineering; it aims to develop both an understanding of the important concepts of physics and some analytical skill in the solutions of problems. The mathematical level of the book is such that it may be used by students who are taking a course in calculus concurrently.

The notations and methods of the calculus are introduced early in the text, beginning with the concept of a derivative in the discussion of motion, and are then extended to more complex problems as the student progresses both in physics and in mathematics. Vector algebra …

Iterative Solutions Of Kirkwood's Integral For Liquid Argon, Eugene D. Fabricius

Masters Theses

"A liquid or a dense gas may be regarded either as a very imperfect gas in which multiple collisions are frequent or as a distorted crystal in which the long range order has been lost. The crystal-like approach has not led to formal solutions, but it has led to several approximate treatments which can be used to give numerical results.

The two main types of approaches which have been used are: the cell theories, in which the liquid is regarded as a distorted crystal with one molecule located at or near each lattice point; and the hole theories, in which …

A Probe For Measuring Ultrasonic Pressures, Robert F. Rohrer

Masters Theses

"In the study of acoustics, the term ultrasonics is defined as those wave motions that have frequencies greater than about 20,000 cycles per second. The characteristics of a sound wave at any point in a medium can be regarded as completely defined when the amplitude, frequency, and phase of its Fourier components are known.

Sound measurements at their best are difficult. In the last few years sensitive linear microphones and electronic amplifiers have become available. Still, there are two difficulties of prime importance with their use in a sound field. First, there is the precise, absolute calibration of the equipment …

Correlation Between Grades In Engineering Physics And Performance In Engineering Curricula, Donald Hoyt, Louis D. Ellsworth, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

A survey of grades in Engineering Physics I at Kansas State College showed that the inner structure of the course was highly consistent. The correlation coefficient between the average of the first three tests and the final grade was about 0.88. More significantly, valuable prognostic data could be obtained from the final grade in the course. The correlation coefficient between the Engineering Physics I grade and the final grade point average of students who completed the course was about 0.83. Only 21% of the students initially failing the course successfully completed an engineering degree, while about 75% of the A, …

Volume 2, Number 1 - May 1956

The Entropy

The Entropy (also published as the Providence College Journal of Physics and Chemistry) was an undergraduate scholarship journal published by the Phi Chi Club of Providence College. (Volume 2, Number 1 - May 1956 - 16 pages in total.)

An Investigation Of The Internal Friction Of Manganese-Copper Alloys, Ed. (Edward) Sickafus

Masters Theses

"Internal friction is defined as the ability of a vibrating solid to convert its mechanical energy of vibration into heat, even when completely isolated from its surroundings. (1) The most familiar manifestation of internal friction is the damping of a freely vibrating body, such as a torsional pendulum. Another example would be the increased width of the resonance peak observed when a nonelastic body is forced to vibrate over a spectrum of frequencies.(2) Internal friction manifests itself in numerous ways, and we will here be concerned with the first example cited and the potency of data gained in studying the …

The Thermal Conductivity Of Potassium Chloride At Elevated Temperatures, Wendell D. Miller

Masters Theses

"The transport of heat in solids is attributed to the combined effect of the quantized vibrations of lattice points, or phonons, and the flow of valence electrons. In dielectric solids, the thermal conductivity is due almost entirely to phonons, while in metals the latter method preponderates. Scattering processes in dielectric solids, giving rise to thermal resistance, also serve to limit the thermal conductivity. Scattering results from vacancies, dislocations, interstitial atoms and phonon interaction. Crystal boundaries also function as scattering points and in crystals of small dimensions, this process is the most pronounced conductivity-limiting factor. At low temperatures the thermal resistance …

Direct Correlation Functions For Liquid Argon, Arthur Reetz Jr.

Masters Theses

"The purpose of this research is to obtain the direct interaction functions from the liquid argon x-ray scattering structure factors of Eisenstein at various temperatures and over a wide range of interatomic separations"--Introduction, page 1.

The Thermal Conductivity Of Sodium Chloride At Elevated Temperatures, Howard Martin Brown

Masters Theses

"The thermal conductivity of solids has been attributed to a combined effect of the quantized vibration of the lattice points, called phonons, and the flow of valence electrons. In nonconductors the thermal conductivity is due almost entirely to phonons, as was shown by Debye, whereas in metals the conductivity is due mostly to the flow of valence electrons. After Debye, Peierls calculated the lattice conductivity at elevated temperatures using quantum mechanics and demonstrated that it is proportional to 1/T. There are not enough data available to substantiate any theory but what data there are seem to indicate a mixed conductivity …

Correlation Functions For Use In Small Angle X-Ray Scattering, James Edwin Thomas Jr.

Masters Theses

"Thus, the determination of the structure of the material, and obtaining a distribution function which will enable the theoretical scattering to be predicted is the major problem.

In this work the diffraction material shall be considered to contain scattering regions of identical geometrical forms at such a distance from one another that they will essentially scatter the incident beam independently of their closest neighbor. An effort will be made to determine a correlation function characteristic of these forms, which may be interpreted as a distribution function, that might allow the low angle scattering pattern to be predicted. This correlation function …

Volume 1, Number 1 - January 1954

The Entropy

The Entropy (also published as the Providence College Journal of Physics and Chemistry) was an undergraduate scholarship journal published by the Phi Chi Club of Providence College. (Volume 1, Number 1 - January 1954 - 22 pages in total.)

Determination Of The Thermal Conductivity Of Sodium Chloride At Elevated Temperatures, Harold Robert Weisbrod

Masters Theses

"The purpose of this research is to investigate possible methods of determining the thermal conductivity of small poorly conducting samples at elevated temperatures, and, further, to assemble a suitable apparatus, followed by measurement of thermal conductivity of one or more cubic lattice samples.

Basic requirements of the apparatus are few. It is first required that the measurement of thermal conductivity be made over a considerable range temperature. It is also preferred that the basic apparatus be placed in a vacuum where undesirable heat flow by convection is eliminated and air corrodible samples are preserved.

The apparatus must use only the …

The Velocity Of Ultrasonics In Liquids, Mack A. Breazeale

Masters Theses

"In acoustics the term ultrasonics is used to refer to those frequencies which are above the range of human hearing; that is, frequencies above approximately 20,000 cycles per second. Since the laws of sound which are valid for the audible range are also valid in the ultrasonic range and since the wave length of ultrasonics is much shorter than that of audible sound, ultrasonic has proved very valuable in the calculation of both the velocity and the absorption coefficient of sound in various media. This is especially notable in the case of liquids, where the velocity of sound is much …

The Fluorescence Of Uranium In Solid Solution, Robert Emmett Kelly

Masters Theses

"The fluorescence of uranium finds its greatest application in the so-called "bead test" which is a method of qualitative analysis. In the form of a bead, the uranium is in solid solution, and if the proper chemical solvent is used, the bead will fluoresce under ultraviolet radiation.

In the systematic separation of the metallic elements, uranium is associated with the aluminum group in that it is not precipitated by hydrogen sulfide in 0.3 N H ion but is precipitated by ammonium hydroxide and ammonium sulfide. In the analytical scheme, uranium acts like beryllium. This process of detection is sometimes tedious …

A Demonstration Of Various Procedures Used To Interest And Help Pupils To Understand Physics, O. M. Bjeldanes

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Integrated Scattering Of Microwaves By Small Metal Spheres, A. L. Merts

Masters Theses

"When electromagnetic radiation falls upon a material body of any kind, the associated electric field induces periodic oscillations of the electrons of the material synchronous with the incident radiation. The material serves as a secondary source and emits energy in the form of scattered radiation with a frequency equal to that of the incident electromagnetic wave. The polarization and intensity of the scattered radiation are determined by the size, shape, electric constants, and interactions among the scattering elements.

The scattering of electromagnetic waves is an old problem in physics. Such names as Rayleigh, Debye, and Mie have become associated with …

A Light Source To Be Used With A Vacuum Spectrograph, Roy George Woodle Jr.

Masters Theses

"A grazing incidence vacuum grating spectrograph for use in the vacuum ultraviolet was designed and partially constructed by Mr. L. H. Chapin, as a research project for a Master’s Degree. This instrument is designed to photograph the region of the spectrum from 100 Å to 1000 Å. As Boyce pointed out in his exhaustive review, there is much important observational work to be done in this region.

The author of this paper has undertaken to develop a satisfactory source for the region from 100 Å to 1000 Å. This is part of a project to photograph the emission and absorption …

Square Wave Modulation, Richard Henry Duncan

Masters Theses

"Modulation of a radio frequency carrier can be defined as the variation of some wave parameter such as amplitude, frequency, or phase, in accordance with intelligence to be transmitted. An unmodulated carrier is simply a continuous sine wave and contains no information other than the fact that the transmitter has been turned on. The spectrum of an unmodulated signal consists of a single frequency. Any type of modulation is characterized by the appearance of additional frequencies, known as sidebands. One of the fundamental problems in radio engineering is to reduce the number of sidebands to a minimum and still adequately …

A Correlation Function For Liquid Argon, Walter Graham

Masters Theses

"X-ray scattering patterns have given considerable information concerning atomic distributions in matter, both crystalline and amorphous. Work on the diffraction of x-rays by crystals was begun in 1912 by Friedrich, Knipping, and Laue, and much valuable information concerning the arrangement of atoms in crystals has been supplied by this method. Diffraction of x-rays by gases was studied as early as 1911, and work in this field has given information concerning the arrangement of atoms in molecules and electron distribution in atoms. Work on the diffraction of x-rays by liquids was begun by Friedrich who obtained diffraction patterns of Canada Balsam, …

An Application Of The Atomic Distribution Function Of Liquid Mercury, Robert Lee Choate

Masters Theses

"The study of liquids and the knowledge of an adequate description of liquid structure have not advanced as rapidly as it has in the case of solids and gases. In a perfect crystal, the atoms or molecules are held in equilibrium positions by strong intermolecular forces. There are vibrations about these positions, but the translational energy is negligible. The molecules of an ideal gas move independently of each other and the intermolecular potential energy may be neglected. For each of these cases it is possible to derive a partition function from which the properties of the state can be readily …

Torsional Modulus Of Rupture Of Thick-Walled Magnesium Alloy Fs-1 Tubing, Delbert R. Cox

Masters Theses

"Magnesium is taking a more prominent position in the structure of aircraft, and because of this, it is important that the mechanical properties of the material be understood more fully. In the high speeds of today, the tendency is toward the use of thick-walled tubing instead of the thin-walled tubing with stiffening structures. For this reason, it is of interest to note the characteristics of thick-walled tubing when subjected to torsion.

This thesis was first suggested by a circular letter on proposed thesis titles from the Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. When interest was …

Application Of X-Ray Technique To The Detection Of Internal Insect Infestation Of Grain, Max Milner, Milford R. Lee, Robert Katz

Robert Katz Publications

During the course of a comprehensive investigation of methods for the determination of internal insect infestation in commercial wheat, radiographic techniques have been developed at this station which provide satisfactory delineation of internal infestation. We have applied these techniques to the observation of the growth of such insects as granary weevil, Sitophilus granaries L., and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryza L., from the hatching of the egg within the kernel through larval and pupal growth to emergence as a mature insect. Although considerable detail is always lost in the reproduction of radiographs during engraving and printing, the accompanying figures (1, …

The Theory Of The Specific Heat Of A Face-Centered Cubic Lattice, Charles Robert Bonnell

Masters Theses

"It is generally accepted that a normal crystalline solid can be pictured at absolute zero as an assembly of atoms at rest arranged at periodic lattice points. Since at higher temperatures each molecule becomes a harmonic oscillator about its lattice point, it is necessary to know the distribution of normal modes of vibration in order to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the lattice...Many approaches have been made to get a simple solution of the problem, but either accuracy is sacrificed for simplicity, or the solutions demand a very considerable amount of labor. The classical theories failed to explain the change …

A Grazing Incidence Vacuum Grating Spectrograph For Far Ultra Violet Spectroscopy, Lawrey Huber Chapin

Masters Theses

"Spectroscopy, in the region of the far ultraviolet from 100 Angstroms to 1000 Angstroms, requires special equipment and techniques, inasmuch as these wavelengths are highly absorbed by air. Many gases have resonant frequencies corresponding to the wavelengths mentioned and hence absorption bands appear in the spectrograms obtained by using spectrographs for the visible region. One solution of the problem of obtaining data in this region is to construct a spectrograph from which all intervening gas molecules have been removed, thus eliminating the absorbing material. A vacuum of 10⁻⁴ mm. of mercury is necessary to reduce the absorption to a value …

The Reflection Coefficient At The Truncated Corner Of A Rectangular Wave Guide, John Raymond Barcroft

Masters Theses

"The term wave guide refers to a hollow conducting tube (usually of rectangular or circular cross section) filled with a dielectric (or vacuum) and used for the transmission of electromagnetic waves. We shall consider the guide to be bounded by a perfect conductor and to be filled with a lossless homogeneous isotropic dielectric (or vacuum). The electromagnetic wave in the guide must of course satisfy Maxwell's equation. It must also satisfy the boundary condition that there be no tangential component of electric field at the surface of the conductor. If the electromagnetic waves traveling along the guide meet a discontinuity …

A Microwave Polarimeter, Alfred E. Schwaneke

Masters Theses

"The dissertation on the following pages may read more like a construction article than an approach to a study of physical phenomena. If so, its purpose is clearly defined. this subject has been studied little from an experimental viewpoint, so one of the main objectives of this writing is to describe the instrument so others may read the article and reproduce this or an equivalent device without a great amount of reading and searching for information on just how to fabricate and mount the parts. No single book or article that I know of covers the inexpensive construction of such …

The Effect Of Spontaneous Crystallization Of Some Inorganic Compounds At The Critical Temperature Of Their Solvents, John William Buttrey

Masters Theses

"For many years the phenomena which occur at the critical temperature of liquids have been investigated. And since 1912, when Laue and other discovered that a beam of x-rays could be made to yield a diffraction pattern by passing it through a crystal, scientists have been attempting to change the x-ray pattern for various crystals by somehow changing the arrangement of the atoms in the crystal lattice. Harvalik has already shown that crystallization occurs when a solvent reaches the critical point and his work indicates that under these conditions of crystallization there is a change in the crystal pattern. The …