Digital Commons Network^™

Long-Range Interactions For Hydrogen Atoms In Excited D States, Chandra M. Adhikari, Ulrich D. Jentschura

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Pressure shifts inside an atomic beam are among the more theoretically challenging effects in high-precision measurements of atomic transitions. A crucial element in their theoretical analysis is the understanding of long-range interatomic interactions inside the beam. For excited reference states, the presence of quasi-degenerate states leads to additional challenges, due to the necessity to diagonalize large matrices in the quasi-degenerate hyperfine manifolds. Here, we focus on the interactions of hydrogen atoms in reference states composed of an excited nD state (atom A), and in the metastable 2S state (atom B). We devote special attention to the cases n = 3 …

Magic Wavelengths For 1s-Ns And 2s-Ns Transitions In Hydrogenlike Systems, Chandra M. Adhikari, Jonathan C. Canales, Thusitha P.W. Arthanayaka, Ulrich D. Jentschura

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We study the magic wavelength for two-photon 1S-nS transitions in a hydrogen and deuterium atom, as well as 2S-nS transitions, where the lower level is the metastable 2S state. At the magic wavelength, the dynamic Stark shifts of the ground and the excited state of the transition coincide, so that the transition frequency is independent of the intensity of the trapping laser field. Experimentally feasible magic wavelengths of transitions with small slopes in the atomic polarizabilities are determined; these are the most stable magic wavelengths against variations of the laser frequency. We provide data for the magic wavelengths for the …

Intra- And Interband Excitations Induced Residue Decay Of The Bose Polaron In A One-Dimensional Double-Well, Jie Chen, Simeon I. Mistakidis, Peter Schmelcher

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We Investigate The Polaronic Properties Of A Single Impurity Immersed In A Weakly Interacting Bosonic Environment Confined Within A One-Dimensional Double-Well Potential Using An Exact Diagonalization Approach. We Find That An Increase Of The Impurity-Bath Coupling Results In A Vanishing Residue, Signifying The Occurrence Of The Polaron Orthogonality Catastrophe. Asymptotic Configurations Of The Systems' Ground State Wave Function In The Strongly Interacting Regime Are Obtained By Means Of A Schmidt Decomposition, Which In Turn Accounts For The Observed Orthogonality Catastrophe Of The Polaron. We Exemplify That Depending On The Repulsion Of The Bose Gas, Three Distinct Residue Behaviors Appear With …

Pattern Formation In One-Dimensional Polaron Systems And Temporal Orthogonality Catastrophe, Georgios M. Koutentakis, Simeon I. Mistakidis, Peter Schmelcher

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Recent Studies Have Demonstrated That Higher Than Two-Body Bath-Impurity Correlations Are Not Important For Quantitatively Describing The Ground State Of The Bose Polaron. Motivated By The Above, We Employ The So-Called Gross Ansatz (GA) Approach To Unravel The Stationary And Dynamical Properties Of The Homogeneous One-Dimensional Bose-Polaron For Different Impurity Momenta And Bath-Impurity Couplings. We Explicate That The Character Of The Equilibrium State Crossovers From The Quasi-Particle Bose Polaron Regime To The Collective-Excitation Stationary Dark-Bright Soliton For Varying Impurity Momentum And Interactions. Following An Interspecies Interaction Quench The Temporal Orthogonality Catastrophe Is Identified, Provided That Bath-Impurity Interactions Are Sufficiently Stronger …

Magic Wavelengths For 1s–Ns And 2s–Ns Transitions In Hydrogenlike Systems, Chandra M. Adhikari, Jonathan C. Canales, Thusitha P.W. Arthanayaka, Ulrich D. Jentschura

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We study the magic wavelength for two-photon 1S–nS transitions in a hydrogen and deuterium atom, as well as 2S–nS transitions, where the lower level is the metastable 2S state. At the magic wavelength, the dynamic Stark shifts of the ground and the excited state of the transition coincide, so that the transition frequency is independent of the intensity of the trapping laser field. Experimentally feasible magic wavelengths of transitions with small slopes in the atomic polarizabilities are determined; these are the most stable magic wavelengths against variations of the laser frequency. We provide data for the magic wavelengths for the …

Long-Range Interactions For Hydrogen Atoms In Excited D States, Chandra M. Adhikari, Ulrich D. Jentschura

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Pressure shifts inside an atomic beam are among the more theoretically challenging effects in high-precision measurements of atomic transitions. A crucial element in their theoretical analysis is the understanding of long-range interatomic interactions inside the beam. For excited reference states, the presence of quasi-degenerate states leads to additional challenges, due to the necessity to diagonalize large matrices in the quasi-degenerate hyperfine manifolds. Here, we focus on the interactions of hydrogen atoms in reference states composed of an excited nD state (atom A), and in the metastable 2S state (atom B). We devote special attention to the cases n = 3 …

Non-Adiabatic Perturbations And Non-Gaussianity During Inflation: Affine Gravity Approach, Isaac Bamwidhi

Theses

This thesis is concerned with providing a complete study of non-Gaussianity and entropy perturbations that are sourced by multiple fields nonminimally coupled to gravity. The study will be performed in the framework of the two important formulations of gravity, namely: purely metric (general relativity) and purely affine formulation – where the metrical structure results from the dynamics of the spacetime affine connection. We shall employ a covariant formalism in our framework and demonstrate that it leads to a curved field space which can produce a conspicuous departure from the purely metric gravity. This work is expected, not only to derive …

The Correlation Between The Effects Of Strain And Stochiometric Coefficient On The Magnetic Properties Of Srsno₃ And Sr₃Sno, Amal Sameh Kashcoul

Theses

Perovskites (ABX₃) are one of the most prominent families of crystalline alloys have received excellent research attention globally because of their diverse multi-functionalities and the interesting physics underpinning them. On the other hand, antiperovskites (X₃BA) are electronically inverted perovskite derivates, yet they are not an insignificant class of functional materials. Antiperovskites, inheriting the flexible structural characteristics of perovskites and rich in cations at X sites, display unusual chemical and physical properties. The SrSnO₃ is a distinctive perovskite oxide in that it possesses a higher electron conductivity despite its sizeable optical band gap. This dissertation has …

Bandgap Tuning Of Mose2 And Wse2 Monolayers Through Alloying And Substitution: An Ab Initio Study, Shahida Maqsood

Theses

2D materials attracted considerable interest in the research community following the first report in 2004 on the preparation of graphene by simple micromechanical exfoliation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. For example, single-layer Molybdenum Di selenide (MoSe₂) and Tungsten Di selenide (WSe₂) transistors with on/off ratios of 108 and ultra-low standby power dissipation were demonstrated. Graphene electrodes have been used to develop fully transparent resistive memories to suppress unwanted surface effects that occur in oxide memory devices. Photodetectors based on MoSe₂ with few layers have shown excellent photodetection properties. Phototransistors based on WSe₂ monolayers exhibit …

Hyperbolic Shear Polaritons In Low-Symmetry Crystals, Nikolai C. Passler, Xiang Ni, Guangwei Hu, Joseph R. Matson, Giulia Carini, Martin Wolf, Mathias Schubert, Andrea Alù, Joshua D. Caldwell, Thomas G. Folland, Alexander Paarmann

Advanced Science Research Center

The lattice symmetry of a crystal is one of the most important factors in determining its physical properties. Particularly, low-symmetry crystals offer powerful opportunities to control light propagation, polarization and phase. Materials featuring extreme optical anisotropy can support a hyperbolic response, enabling coupled light–matter interactions, also known as polaritons, with highly directional propagation and compression of light to deeply sub-wavelength scales. Here we show that monoclinic crystals can support hyperbolic shear polaritons, a new polariton class arising in the mid-infrared to far-infrared due to shear phenomena in the dielectric response. This feature emerges in materials in which the dielectric tensor …

A Skateboarding Experiential Learning Activity For Introductory Physics, Liang Zeng, Guang Zeng, Oscar Guerrero, George Garcia

Physics & Astronomy Faculty Publications

Instructors of introductory college physics courses are in a unique position to explain the physics of skateboarding and its associated risks. A field trip to a skate park to explore the law of conservation of energy and measure the impact forces can enhance student analytical thinking skills and their appreciation of physics in everyday life. Through the measurement of the impact forces and student discussions of their own skateboarding experiences, students are better prepared to protect themselves from skateboarding-related physical injuries. Due to its flexible and creative nature, skateboarding has become a popular action sport worldwide. In the United States, …

Phenanthrene: Establishing Lower And Upper Bounds To The Binding Energy Of A Very Weakly Bound Anion, Elisabeth Gruber, Siegfried Kollotzek, Stefan Bergmeister, Fabio Zappa, Milan Ončák, Paul Scheier, Olof E. Echt

Faculty Publications

Quite a few molecules do not form stable anions that survive the time needed for their detection; their electron affinities (EA) are either very small or negative. How does one measure the EA if the anion cannot be observed? Or, at least, can one establish lower and upper bounds to their EA? We propose two approaches that provide lower and upper bounds. We choose the phenanthrene (Ph) molecule whose EA is controversial. Through competition between helium evaporation and electron detachment in He_nPh^- clusters, formed in helium nanodroplets, we estimate the lower bound of the vertical detachment energy …

Maximum Entropy And Constraints In Composite Systems, John D. Ramshaw

Physics Faculty Publications and Presentations

The principle of maximum entropy (PME), as expounded by Jaynes, is based on the maximization of the Boltzmann-Gibbs-Shannon (BGS) entropy subject to linear constraints. The resulting probability distributions are of canonical (exponential) form. However, the rationale for linear constraints is nebulous, and probability distributions are not always canonical. Here we show that the correct noncanonical distribution for a system in equilibrium with a finite heat bath is implied by the unconstrained maximization of the total BGS entropy of the system and bath together. This procedure is shown to be equivalent to maximizing the BGS entropy of the system alone subject …

Laws Of Nature As Constraints, Emily Adlam

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

The laws of nature have come a long way since the time of Newton: quantum mechanics and relativity have given us good reasons to take seriously the possibility of laws which may be non-local, atemporal, ‘all-at-once,’ retrocausal, or in some other way not well-suited to the standard dynamical time evolution paradigm. Laws of this kind can be accommodated within a Humean approach to lawhood, but many extant non-Humean approaches face significant challenges when we try to apply them to laws outside the time evolution picture. Thus for proponents of non-Humean approaches to lawhood there is a clear need for a …

Measurement Of The Nucleon F N2 / F P2 Tructure Function Ratio By The Jefferson Lab Marathon Tritium/Helium-3 Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiment, D. Abrams, H. Albataineh, B. S. Aljawrneh, S. Alsalmi, D. Androic, K. Aniol, W. Armstrong, J. Arrington, H. Atac, T. Averett, C. Ayerbe Gayoso, X. Bai, J. Bane, S. Barcus, A. Beck, V. Bellini, H. Bhatt, D. Bhetuwal, D. Biswas, D. Blyth, Roberto Petti, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

The ratio of the nucleon F₂ structure functions, F ⁿ₂ / F ^p₂ is determined by the MARATHON experiment from measurements of deep inelastic scattering of electrons from ³H and ³He nuclei. The experiment was performed in the Hall A Facility of Jefferson Lab using two high-resolution spectrometers for electron detection, and a cryogenic target system which included a low-activity tritium cell. The data analysis used a novel technique exploiting the mirror symmetry of the two nuclei, which essentially eliminates many theoretical uncertainties in the extraction of the ratio. The results, which cover the Bjorken …

Building A Quantum Engineering Undergraduate Program, Abraham Asfaw, Alexandre Blais, Kenneth R. Brown, Jonathan Candelaria, Christopher Cantwell, Lincoln D. Carr, Joshua Combes, Dripto M. Debroy, John M. Donohue, Sophia E. Economou, Emily Edwards, Michael F. J. Fox, Steven M. Girvin, Alan Ho, Hilary M. Hurst, Zubin Jacob, Blake R. Johnson, Ezekiel Johnston-Halperin, Robert Joynt, Eliot Kapit, Judith Klein-Seetharaman, Martin Laforest, H. J. Lewandowski, Theresa W. Lynn, Corey Rae H. Mcrae, Celia Merzbacher, Spyridon Michalakis, Prineha Narang, William D. Oliver, Jens Palsberg, David P. Pappas, Michael G. Raymer, David J. Reilly, Mark Saffman, Thomas A. Searles, Jeffrey H. Shapiro, Chandralekha Singh

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

Contribution: A roadmap is provided for building a quantum engineering education program to satisfy U.S. national and international workforce needs.

Background: The rapidly growing quantum information science and engineering (QISE) industry will require both quantum-aware and quantum-proficient engineers at the bachelor's level.

Research Question: What is the best way to provide a flexible framework that can be tailored for the full academic ecosystem?

Methodology: A workshop of 480 QISE researchers from across academia, government, industry, and national laboratories was convened to draw on best practices; representative authors developed this roadmap.

Findings: 1) For quantum-aware engineers, …

Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Assisted With Lead-Free Perovskite Halide, Judy Fan

Physics Faculty Research

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have shown promising alternative to Si-based counterparts due to low-cost, abundant raw materials, and non-vacuum processing. Here, we report a solution-based process to create flexible DSSCs on aluminum foils. Mesoporous TiO₂ electrode was directly deposited on Al foil through spin casting. After post-thermal annealing, the resultant samples render optical smooth, crack-free, and large nanocrystalline thin films. The as-prepared double-layer porous TiO₂ thin film was incorporated with a porphyrin dye followed by a perovskite halide salt Cs₂SnI₆, as the hole transport material, replacing liquid electrolyte. A transparent conducting plastic sheet was …

Why Ideas First Appear In Informal Form? Why It Is Very Difficult To Know Yourself? Fuzzy-Based Explanation, Miroslav Svitek, Vladik Kreinovich

Departmental Technical Reports (CS)

To a lay person reading about history of physics, it may sound as if the progress of physics comes from geniuses whose inspiration leads them to precise equations that -- almost magically -- explain all the data: this is what Newton did with mechanics, this is what Schroedinger did with quantum physics, this is what Einstein did with gravitation. However, a deeper study of history of physics shows that in all these cases, these geniuses did not start from scratch -- they formalized ideas that first appeared in imprecise ("fuzzy") form. In this paper, we explain -- on the qualitative …

Wallaby Pilot Survey: H I Gas Disc Truncation And Star Formation Of Galaxies Falling Into The Hydra I Cluster, T. N. Reynolds, B. Catinella, L. Cortese, Tobias Westmeier, G. R. Meurer, L. Shao, D. Obreschkow, J. Román, L. Verdes-Montenegro, Juan P. Madrid

Physics & Astronomy Faculty Publications

We present results from our analysis of the Hydra I cluster observed in neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) as part of the Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind Survey (WALLABY). These WALLABY observations cover a 60-square-degree field of view with uniform sensitivity and a spatial resolution of 30 arcsec. We use these wide-field observations to investigate the effect of galaxy environment on HI gas removal and star formation quenching by comparing the properties of cluster, infall and field galaxies extending up to ∼5R200 from the cluster centre. We find a sharp decrease in the HI-detected fraction of infalling galaxies at a …

High Harmonic Generation In Mixed Xuv And Nir Fields At A Free-Electron Laser, Jan Troß, Shashank Pathak, Adam Summers, Dimitrios Rompotis, Benjamin Erk, Christopher Passow, Bastian Manschwetus, Rebecca Boll, Patrik Grychtol, Sadia Bari, Vinod Kumarappan, Anh(Anh-Thu) Thu Le, Cheng Jin, Carlos Trallero

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We Present the Results of an Experiment Investigating the Generation of High-Order Harmonics by a Femtosecond Near-Infrared (NIR) Laser Pulse in the Presence of an Extreme Ultraviolet (XUV) Field Provided by a Free-Electron Laser (FEL), a Process Referred to as XUV-Assisted High-Order Harmonic Generation (HHG). Our Experimental Findings Show that the XUV Field Can Lead to a Small Enhancement in the Harmonic Yield When the XUV and NIR Pulses overlap in Time, while a Strong Decrease of the HHG Yield and a Red Shift of the HHG Spectrum is Observed When the XUV Precedes the NIR Pulse. the Latter Observations …

Cu2+ And Cu3+ Acceptors In Β-Ga2O3 Crystals: A Magnetic Resonance And Optical Absorption Study, Timothy D. Gustafson, Nancy C. Giles, Brian C. Holloway, Christopher A. Lenyk, J. Jesenovec, J. S. Mccloy, M. D. Mccluskey, Larry E. Halliburton

Faculty Publications

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption are used to characterize Cu²⁺ (3d⁹) and Cu³⁺ (3d⁸) ions in Cu-doped β-Ga₂O₃. These Cu ions are singly ionized acceptors and neutral acceptors, respectively (in semiconductor notation, they are Cu⁻ and Cu⁰ acceptors). Two distinct Cu²⁺ EPR spectra are observed in the as-grown crystals. We refer to them as Cu²⁺(A) and Cu²⁺(B). Spin-Hamiltonian parameters (a g matrix and a ^63,65Cu hyperfine matrix) are obtained from the angular dependence of each spectrum. Additional electron-nuclear double resonance …

Glcms Based Multi-Inputs 1d Cnn Deep Learning Neural Network For Covid-19 Texture Feature Extraction And Classification, Elaf Ali Abbood, Tawfiq A. Al-Assadi

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that appeared because of the newest version of discovered coronavirus. The advent and rapid spread of this disease over the world necessitated a concerted effort to contain and eradicate it. Computer Tomography (CT) imaging and X-Ray images are considered as one of the important medical examinations used for disease diagnosis. To speed up and confirm the correctness of the medical diagnosis, many artificial intelligence techniques and machine learning methods are proposed. In this paper, a new and efficient proposed system is introduced to extract appropriate and meaningful features for CT scans …

Machine Learning-Based Soft Computing Regression Analysis Approach For Crime Data Prediction, Rabia Musheer Aziz, Aftab Hussain, Prajwal Sharma, Pavan Kumar

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

The crime rate in India is considerably increasing day by day. Consequently, the data associated with crime is also increasing, opening doors for data-driven approaches to these data to extract insightful knowledge, which can help police and other law enforcement organizations of the country in crime control and prevention. Crime prediction using machine learning algorithms on crime data can predict region-wise crime counts. In this paper, a machine learning-based soft computing regression analysis approach for Indian Crime Data Analysis (ICDA) is proposed. Different regression algorithms, namely, Simple Linear Regression (SLR), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Decision Tree Regression (DTR), Support Vector …

Design Of Broadband Helmholtz Resonator Arrays Using The Radiation Impedance Method, Vidhya Rajendran, Andy Piacsek, Tomás Méndez Echenagucia

All Faculty Scholarship for the College of the Sciences

This paper describes the design process of a low-frequency sound absorptive panel composed of differently tuned Helmholtz resonators (HRs), considering size and fabrication constraints relevant for applications in the building sector. The paper focuses on cylindrical and spiral resonators with embedded necks that are thin and can achieve high absorption. the mutual interaction between the resonators was modeled based on the radiation impedance method and it plays a key component in enhancing the absorption performance of the array. The differential evolution search algorithm was used to design the resonators and modify their mutual interaction to derive the absorption performance of …

Research Priorities Of Applying Low-Cost Pm2.5 Sensors In Southeast Asian Countries, Shih-Chun Candice Lung, To Thi Hien, Maria Obiminda L. Cambaliza, Ohnmar May Tin Hlaing, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Mohd Talib Latif, Puji Lestari, Abdus Salam, Shih-Yu Lee, Wen-Cheng Vincent Wang

Physics Faculty Publications

The low-cost and easy-to-use nature of rapidly developed PM2.5 sensors provide an opportunity to bring breakthroughs in PM2.5 research to resource-limited countries in Southeast Asia (SEA). This review provides an evaluation of the currently available literature and identifies research priorities in applying low-cost sensors (LCS) in PM2.5 environmental and health research in SEA. The research priority is an outcome of a series of participatory workshops under the umbrella of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project–Monsoon Asia and Oceania Networking Group (IGAC–MANGO). A literature review and research prioritization are conducted with a transdisciplinary perspective of providing useful scientific evidence in assisting …

Morphological Phenotypes, Cell Division, And Gene Expression Of Escherichia Coli Under High Concentration Of Sodium Sulfate, Khanh Nguyen, Pradeep Kumar

Physics Faculty Publications and Presentations

Sodium and sulfate ions are among the suggested abundant ions on Europa, a moon of Jupiter. In order to investigate the potential habitability of Europa, we study the effects of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) on a non-halophilic bacterium by subjecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) to a wide range of Na2SO4 concentrations (0–1.0 m). We discover that, as the concentration of sodium sulfate increases, the biomass doubling time increases and the cell growth is completely inhibited at 1.0" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-height: none; display: inline; line-height: normal; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: left; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: …

Quantum Capacitance Investigation Of Different Tas2 Polymorphs For Energy Storage Applications – First Principles Study, Mahmoud Elattar

Theses and Dissertations

Energy is an essential requirement, which has a growing demand due to the growth of population and the world transformation into electronic. More than 70% of energy resources are fossil-fuel based which has an environmental impact due to the CO₂ emissions. Energy hubs for Fossil-fuel to electric energy conversion, controlled CO₂ emissions processing units, and energy storage system are key factors for a smooth transition to green energy without lack of energy supplies, where electrical energy storage systems (ESS) are key enablers to achieve that. One of the effective components which determines the ESS efficiency is the electrode …

Spectroscopic Properties Relevant To Astronomical And Laboratory Detection Of Mch And Mch+ (M = Al, Mg), Vincent J. Esposito, Tarek Trabelsi, Joseph S. Francisco

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

New spectroscopic parameters have been calculated to aid in the laboratory and observational detection of AlCH, AlCH⁺, MgCH, MgCH⁺, and their deuterated analogs. All species exist in linear geometry except for AlCH+, which exhibits a bent structure. Rotational frequencies have been calculated and the transition with maximum intensity is discussed for three temperature regions present in space: 100 K for a central circumstellar envelope (CSE), 30 K for an outer CSE, and 3 K indicative of the interstellar medium. Pertinent frequencies range from 25 to 250 GHz, depending on the species. At 30 K, the most …

The Distance And Dynamical History Of The Virgo Cluster Ultradiffuse Galaxy Vcc 615, J. Christopher Mihos, Patrick R. Durrell, Elisa Toloba, Patrick Côté, Laura Ferrarese, Puragra Guhathakurta, Sungsoon Lim, Eric W. Peng, Laura V. Sales

Pacific Faculty Work

We use deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging to derive a distance to the Virgo Cluster ultradiffuse galaxy (UDG) VCC 615 using the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) distance estimator. We detect 5023 stars within the galaxy, down to a 50% completeness limit of F814W ≈ 28.0, using counts in the surrounding field to correct for contamination due to background sources and Virgo intracluster stars. We derive an extinction-corrected F814W tip magnitude of , yielding a distance of Mpc. This places VCC 615 on the far side of the Virgo Cluster (d Virgo = 16.5 Mpc), at a Virgocentric …

Comparison Of Maximum-Likelihood Mapping Methods For Gravitational-Wave Backgrounds, Arianna I. Renzini, Joseph D. Romano, Carlo R. Contaldi, Neil Cornish

Physics & Astronomy Faculty Publications

Detection of a stochastic background of gravitational waves is likely to occur in the next few years. Beyond searches for the isotropic component of a stochastic gravitational-wave background, there have been various mapping methods proposed to target anisotropic backgrounds. Some of these methods have been applied to data taken by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo. Specifically, these directional searches have focused on mapping the intensity of the signal on the sky via maximum-likelihood solutions. We compare this intensity mapping approach to a previously proposed, but never employed, amplitude-phase mapping method to understand whether this latter approach may …