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How Glp Provisions Influence Costs Of Rodenticide Field Evaluations, Richard M. Poche Mar 1992

Calciferols And Bait Shyness In The Laboratory Rat, C.V. Prescott, Vusa El-Amin, R.H. Smith Mar 1992

Back To The Future For Aphis's Vertebrate Pesticides, Craig A. Ramey, Edward F. Schaffer Jr., Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Steve D. Palmateer Mar 1992

Back To The Future For Aphis's Vertebrate Pesticides, Craig A. Ramey, Edward F. Schaffer Jr., Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Steve D. Palmateer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Many vertebrate pesticides used by the Bureau of Biological Survey at the turn of the century were registered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) beginning in 1960 with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). A review of archives and other documents at the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC) has shown that a total of 72 federal registrations were established by the USFWS between 1960 and 1985. Because of increased regulation by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), selective transfers from USFWS to USDA, voluntary cancellations, conversions to state local need registrations, and a reduced development pace, there are …

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A Review Of Chemical And Particle Marking Agents Used For Studying Vertebrate Pests, Peter J. Savarie, Brad E. Johns, Stanley E. Gaddis Mar 1992

A Review Of Chemical And Particle Marking Agents Used For Studying Vertebrate Pests, Peter J. Savarie, Brad E. Johns, Stanley E. Gaddis

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A wide variety of chemicals including dyes, stains, inks, drugs, fluorescent and non-fluorescent particles, and radioisotopes have been used as markers to identify free-ranging mammals and birds. Markers are useful for studying: (1) home ranges, migration patterns, and population dynamics; (2) bait acceptance, palatability, and exposure of target animals via different baiting techniques for delivering toxicants, chemosterilants, or vaccines; and (3) exposure of non-target animals to control techniques. Five general classes of markers with specific marking capabilities are available for use: (1) dyes, stains, and inks that may be either fluorescent or non-fluorescent which stain the gastro-intestinal tract and …

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Why Bad Things Happen To Good Animals, Robert H. Schmidt Mar 1992

Why Bad Things Happen To Good Animals, Robert H. Schmidt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The terms "good" and "bad" are completely subjective, yet the public has expectations that wildlife damage management professionals "do bad things to good animals." It is argued that wildlife damage management decisions are made in a value-laden context, with science in a supportive role. The principle of collective human values is the driving force of society's concerns, and collective values are currently highlighting animal welfare and other environmental concerns. Wildlife damage management professionals could modify their operational paradigm from a focus on populations of animals to a focus on aggregations of individual animals in order to respond proactively to both …

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A Cage Trap For Live-Trapping Mountain Lions, James D. Shuler Mar 1992

A Cage Trap For Live-Trapping Mountain Lions, James D. Shuler

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The use of cage traps to capture mountain lions (Felix concolor) has the potential to become a valuable tool in the USDA-APHIS-ADC program. Because of California public sentiment, many of the traditional methods can no longer be used or are being severely restricted. Due to increasing requests for assistance, California ADC personnel have had to develop a method that will be highly selective, humane, and effective in rural and urban areas. The development of the mountain lion cage trap and it’s applications are described.

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Management Of Birds Associated With Buildings At The University Of California, Berkeley, Arthur J. Slater Mar 1992

Management Of Birds Associated With Buildings At The University Of California, Berkeley, Arthur J. Slater

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Information concerning fifteen species of birds associated with twenty-five buildings on the University of California at Berkeley has been collected for nineteen years. Fourteen species are included under three minor associations (temporary roosters, building invaders, and species that nest on, or in buildings in small numbers). Two species (cliff swallows, and feral pigeons) have caused major problems. Feral pigeons problems have been the most difficult and complex to resolve. Case histories are used to describe problems associated with these birds (ectoparasites, building defacement and messiness, slipping hazards and noise), and human contributions to the problems (feeding, trap vandalism, and legal …

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Summary Of A Usda Forest Service Pocket Gopher Trapping Contract, Michael D. Smeltz Mar 1992

Summary Of A Usda Forest Service Pocket Gopher Trapping Contract, Michael D. Smeltz

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Data for this report were gathered from three different contractors working on a service contract for the Butte Falls Ranger District of the Rogue River National Forest in southwest Oregon to control pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.). Other data were collected from formal open-hole inspection plots. These plots were also the basis for payment on this contract. Issues of concern on this project were: 1) Production. Could we treat enough acres of the high-risk plantations in the City of Medford Municipal Watershed; 2) Control effectiveness? Could we reach a control comparable to strychnine-treated grain; 3) Cost effectiveness? Would bid prices …

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Rodent Disease Implications Associated With Campgrounds And Public Use Areas In California, Charles R. Smith Mar 1992

Rodent Disease Implications Associated With Campgrounds And Public Use Areas In California, Charles R. Smith

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Rodents, both commensal and wild, serve as reservoirs for a variety of diseases in nature communicable to man. Forty-six percent of the 30 human plague cases in the past two decades in California are associated with campgrounds and public use recreational sites. In addition, human cases of tularemia, giardiasis, relapsing fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colorado tick fever, and Lyme disease have been associated with recreational activities. Commingling of humans, wild rodents and ectoparasites in disease endemic areas places the public at risk from the above-mentioned diseases. Construction of recreational sites without knowledge of wild rodent and disease ecology may …

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Potentiation Of Anticoagulant Toxicity To Rattus Rattus By Two, Shakunthala Sridhara, T.R. Krishnamurthy Mar 1992

Potentiation Of Anticoagulant Toxicity To Rattus Rattus By Two, Shakunthala Sridhara, T.R. Krishnamurthy

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

In view of resistance reported to have developed towards second generation anticoagulants and the problem of bait shyness and neophobia when acute rodenticides are used it becomes imperative that methods be evolved to overcome these problems. Attempts to potentiate anticoagulants for effective rodent control is a new concept with very few studies. Experiments using two non-steroid anti-inflammatory, drugs namely ibuprofen and phenylbutazone at 80 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight respectively to potentiate the action of two second generation anticoagulants, brodifacoum and bromadiolone yielded positive results for Rattus rattus. The drugs reduced the lethal dose required for 100% mortality …

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Population Dynamics Of Rattus Rattus In Poultry And Implications For Control, Shakunthala Sridhara, T.R. Krishnamurthy Mar 1992

Population Dynamics Of Rattus Rattus In Poultry And Implications For Control, Shakunthala Sridhara, T.R. Krishnamurthy

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Rodents cause significant economic loss to poultry by feeding on poultry feed, contaminating it, damaging eggs, attacking chicks and transmitting bacterial and protozoan diseases. A year long study was undertaken to generate data on population structure and dynamics of Rattus rattus inhabiting poultry. Peak density was observed during summer (April). Although rats bred throughout the year, maximum breeding occurred in December (Winter). Adults were preponderant and sex ratio tilted slightly towards females. The calculated annual productivity of female R. rattus was 69.59 young/female/year. The continuous availability of food and ample shelter well protected from predators and immigrants indicates behavioral regulation …

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The Pesticide Reregistration Process: Collections Of Human Health Hazards Data For 3-Chloro-P-Toluidine Hydrochloride (Drc-1339), Ray T. Sterner, Donald J. Elias, Daniel R. Cervin Mar 1992

The Pesticide Reregistration Process: Collections Of Human Health Hazards Data For 3-Chloro-P-Toluidine Hydrochloride (Drc-1339), Ray T. Sterner, Donald J. Elias, Daniel R. Cervin

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The 1988 Amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) accelerated the reregistration schedule for pesticide products registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prior to 1984. The compound 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (DRC-1339), an avicide registered to control 14 pest bird species, was included on Pesticide List B published by EPA. For the reregistration of DRC-1339,44 studies were required — 22 product chemistry, 7 wildlife/aquatic hazards, 8 human/domestic animal hazards, 5 environmental fate, and 2 residue chemistry studies. In 5 acute human-health-hazards studies, DRC-1339 was found to: (1) have an oral LD₅₀ of 330 (272-401) mg/kg in rats, …

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Use Of Microcomputers For Randomly Assigning Animals To Treatment Groups, Formulating Baits, And Keeping Records, Robert T. Sugihara Mar 1992

Use Of Microcomputers For Randomly Assigning Animals To Treatment Groups, Formulating Baits, And Keeping Records, Robert T. Sugihara

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A computerized laboratory animal tracking database system and several interactive microcomputer application programs for monitoring captive animals, selecting and randomly assigning animals to treatment groups, formulating baits, and other tasks are described.

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Operational Application Of Diversionary Food In Young Lodgepole Pine Forests To Reduce Feeding Damage By Red Squirrels, Thomas P. Sullivan Mar 1992

Operational Application Of Diversionary Food In Young Lodgepole Pine Forests To Reduce Feeding Damage By Red Squirrels, Thomas P. Sullivan

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The use of diversionary food is an ecological method to reduce feeding damage by wildlife to forest and agricultural crops. The red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) feeds on the vascular tissues of young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) and this damage is particularly severe in intensively managed stands. Aerial application of sunflower seed on an operational scale significantly reduced damage by squirrels. This result was achieved in three different ecological zones in the interior of British Columbia, Canada. The food shortage apparently experienced by these rodents during the May-June damage period can be accommodated by an …

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Control Strategies To Reduce Preharvest Rat Damage In Bangladesh, Parvin Sultana, Michael M. Jaeger Mar 1992

Control Strategies To Reduce Preharvest Rat Damage In Bangladesh, Parvin Sultana, Michael M. Jaeger

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The principal objective of this study was to determine when during the year the control of bandicoot rats would be most cost-effective under the agricultural conditions existing in Bangladesh. An annual cycle in the rise and fall of burrow density was found. This argues for a management strategy directed at reducing rat damage at a specific time period within the year as opposed to a strategy of continuous population reduction. A model predicting rat damage was developed based on monthly estimates of burrow densities in rice and wheat; and projected losses were compared among the four major cereal growing seasons …

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An Evaluation Of 4-Aminopyridine Baits Coated To Delay Reaction Time, Kelly F. Swindle Mar 1992

An Evaluation Of 4-Aminopyridine Baits Coated To Delay Reaction Time, Kelly F. Swindle

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

In cold weather and early mornings, birds feeding on Avitrol® baits treated with 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0% (percent) 4- aminopyridine have shown reaction times as short as four minutes (reaction times of seven to ten minutes are common). Relatively fast reaction times, staggered arrival times of a flock at feeding sites, and delayed feeding by some members of a flock continue to result in premature reactions which frighten birds from the treated bait resulting in insufficient numbers reacting to give the desired repellency. This paper reports preliminary results of an effort to slow chemical absorption in an attempt to minimize …

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Behavioral Effects Of Removal Of Coyote Pups From Dens, James A. Till Mar 1992

Behavioral Effects Of Removal Of Coyote Pups From Dens, James A. Till

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Predation by coyotes (Canis latrans) upon domestic sheep is a serious economic problem for some sheep producers in the United States. One of the few depredation control techniques that has been quantitatively analyzed is denning, the process of removing pups from the dens of depredating coyotes. The significance of coyote prey selection and territoriality are discussed with regard to the efficacy of denning and possible future depredation management strategies.

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Eradication Of Feral Goats And Sheep From Island Ecosystems, Dirk Van Vuren Mar 1992

Eradication Of Feral Goats And Sheep From Island Ecosystems, Dirk Van Vuren

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Feral goats (Capra hircus) and feral sheep (Ovis aries) occur on numerous islands throughout the world and cause severe damage to island resources. Damage includes large-scale alteration of plant communities, negative impacts on insular endemic species of plants and animals, and damage to soils and cultural resources. Complete eradication is the best solution to the problem. Proposed control techniques include poisons, predators, diseases, sterilization, trapping, and shooting from the air, but experience shows that shooting from the ground, combined with the use of dogs, Judas goats, and perhaps fencing, is the best approach in most cases. …

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Rejex-It™ Brand Bird Aversion Agents, Peter F. Vogt Mar 1992

Rejex-It™ Brand Bird Aversion Agents, Peter F. Vogt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

ReJeX-iT^TM brand bird aversion agents have been formulated from non-toxic, food-grade ingredients that meet or exceed US Food Chemical Codex (FCC) and US Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications. The products, based on methyl anthranilate (MA) as the active ingredient have been developed in liquid and powder form to cover the widest possible range of applications. EPA/FIFRA registration is being actively pursued for all products.

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Clinical Approach To The Diagnosis Of Diseases And Disorders In Pets And Domestic Animals Sometimes Mistaken For Anticoagulant Toxicosis, Benny J. Woody Mar 1992

Clinical Approach To The Diagnosis Of Diseases And Disorders In Pets And Domestic Animals Sometimes Mistaken For Anticoagulant Toxicosis, Benny J. Woody

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

To differentiate the causes of bleeding disorders requires a basic understanding of the hemostatic process and the proper interpretation of history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A brief overview of the hemostatic process is presented. Tables and flow charts are provided to assist in developing a sound clinical approach to the bleeding patient through the proper assessment of history, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests. Categories of inherited and acquired bleeding disorders are briefly presented.

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Alpha-Chloralose Efficacy In Capturing Nuisance Waterfowl And Pigeons And Current Status Of Fda Registration, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer, Thomas W. Seamans, William R. Lance Mar 1992

Alpha-Chloralose Efficacy In Capturing Nuisance Waterfowl And Pigeons And Current Status Of Fda Registration, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer, Thomas W. Seamans, William R. Lance

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

During 1990 and 1991 we conducted safety, efficacy and clinical trials required to register alpha-chloralose (A-C) for capturing nuisance waterfowl and pigeons with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We determined the Most Effective Dose (MED) to be 30 and 60 mg of A-C/kg of body weight for capturing waterfowl and pigeons, respectively. We conducted 11 field trials in 4 states, capturing 587 waterfowl and 1,370 pigeons with 8% mortality for ducks, 0% for geese, and 6% for pigeons. We submitted a New Animal Drug Application to FDA in October 1991 and anticipate registration in 1992.

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Rodenticide Ecotoxicology: Pre-Lethal Effects Of Anticoagulants On Rat Behaviour, Paula Cox, R.H. Smith Mar 1992

Rodenticide Ecotoxicology: Pre-Lethal Effects Of Anticoagulants On Rat Behaviour, Paula Cox, R.H. Smith

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Anticoagulant rodenticides may pose a secondary poisoning hazard to non-target predators and scavengers because of the time-delay between ingestion of a lethal dose and death of a target rodent. We investigated some pre-lethal effects of an anticoagulant rodenticide on the behavior of wild rats in cages and in enclosures. We found that social interactions shortened time to death, that most rats died away from cover and that thigmotactic behavior was reduced in the enclosures. The normal light-dark rhythm was upset in intoxicated rats in both cages and enclosures. Thus pre-lethal effects are likely to alter the exposure of predators and …

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The Characteristics And History Of Behavioural Resistance In Inner-City House Mice (Mus Domesticus) In The U.K., Richard E. Humphries, Adrian P. Meehan, Richard M. Sibly Mar 1992

The Characteristics And History Of Behavioural Resistance In Inner-City House Mice (Mus Domesticus) In The U.K., Richard E. Humphries, Adrian P. Meehan, Richard M. Sibly

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Since 1984 pest control operatives in some inner-city areas in the U.K. have found that house mice have become increasingly difficult to control. Mice in these very localized areas have stopped taking rodenticide bait from bait containers, a phenomenon referred to here as behavioral resistance. We report here preliminary experiments designed to characterize the phenomenon more precisely by comparing West Midlands behaviorally resistant (WMBR) populations with non-resistant (BC) populations in Berkshire. We investigated three hypotheses, that compared with non-resistant populations, resistant mice 1) are less likely to enter conventional live-capture traps; 2) have unusual food preferences; and 3) avoid bait …

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A Review Of Available Anticoagulants And Their Use In The United States, William B. Jackson, A.D. Ashton Mar 1992

A Review Of Available Anticoagulants And Their Use In The United States, William B. Jackson, A.D. Ashton

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Nearly half a century ago anticoagulant rodenticides changed the nature of rodent control. Warfarin, and succeeding first-generation compounds, provided effective and increasingly safe baits for reducing commensal rodent populations. Environmental deficiencies were overridden by these “miracle” chemicals, but excessive and irresponsible use selected for resistant populations. Second-generation compounds with a single-feeding characteristic have controlled such resistant populations, at least initially. But use extensions to crop and field areas have been held back by registration requirements, costs, and concerns over local effects on predators. New compounds, formulations, and applications in the near future are likely to be quite limited.

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The Effectiveness Of Difethialone (Lm 2219) For Controlling Norway Rats And House Mice Under Field Conditions, Edward F. Marshall Mar 1992

The Effectiveness Of Difethialone (Lm 2219) For Controlling Norway Rats And House Mice Under Field Conditions, Edward F. Marshall

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Under an Environmental Protection Agency Experimental Use Permit, a pelleted bait containing 0.0025% (25 ppm) of the new anticoagulant difethialone was tested to determine the effectiveness in controlling Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and house mice (Mus musculus). Sixteen (16) individual field studies were conducted in five (5) geographical locations of the United States. The results were conclusive in showing that difethialone bait formulated at 25 ppm was both palatable and efficacious in controlling both Norway rats and house mice under actual field conditions.

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Laboratory And Field Evaluation Of Difethialone, A New Anticoagulant Rodenticide, Y. Saxena, Deepak Kumar, Tanuja Bhandari, Hema Bhasin Mar 1992

Laboratory And Field Evaluation Of Difethialone, A New Anticoagulant Rodenticide, Y. Saxena, Deepak Kumar, Tanuja Bhandari, Hema Bhasin

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The efficacy of the newly developed anticoagulant rodenticide, difethialone was evaluated against various rodent species in laboratory and fields. Difethialone at 0.025% concentration in the form of loose bait (broken wheat and rice + vegetable oil + garlic powder) gave absolute mortality in Rattus rattus, Mus musculus, Funambulus pennanti, and Meriones hurrianae during ‘no-choice’ tests in one day feeding. No significant difference was noted in poison bait intake and mean days to death between two and three days poison feeding. Mean days to death were ranged between 2.9 to 5.70 in all the species tested. In fields, …

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Field Efficacy Evaluation Of Pelleted Strychnine Baits For Control Of Mountain Beavers (Aplodontia Rufa), D.L. Campbell, J.P. Farley, R.M. Engeman Mar 1992

Field Efficacy Evaluation Of Pelleted Strychnine Baits For Control Of Mountain Beavers (Aplodontia Rufa), D.L. Campbell, J.P. Farley, R.M. Engeman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Radio-telemetry evaluation of several concentrations of pelleted strychnine bait in earlier tests indicated moderate to good bait efficacy for control of mountain beavers. Evaluation of operational baiting with 0.0%, 0.15%, 0.50%, and 0.90% strychnine bait pellets was made in 1990 and 1991 on 24 reforestation units in Washington and Oregon. Results of baiting monitored with burrow activity indicators showed there was little difference in reduction of activity among treatments. Chemical assays and pen bioassays showed baits were lethal, but ingestion was often delayed or baits were discarded. Reexamination of test plots 1 year after baiting showed no detectable change in …

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The Starling In Europe: Multiple Approaches To A Problem Species , Chris J. Feare, Pierre Douville De Franssu Mar 1992

The Starling In Europe: Multiple Approaches To A Problem Species , Chris J. Feare, Pierre Douville De Franssu

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

In Europe, Starlings are widely distributed and comprise both resident and migrant populations. These cause various kinds of damage which varies with the crops grown in different European Economic Community (EEC) countries. Although EEC member states are governed by the same legislation on bird protection, each state interprets the Community legislation in its own national legislation. This leads to different national approaches to the prevention of Starling damage, with little information exchange between member states. The establishment of an EEC (or wider) working group on bird pests is recommended to coordinate research and development.

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Which Useful Toxicological Information Can Be Drawn From Studies On The Hepatic Fixation Of Anticoagulant Rodenticides, J.C. Lechevin, A. Vigie Mar 1992

Which Useful Toxicological Information Can Be Drawn From Studies On The Hepatic Fixation Of Anticoagulant Rodenticides, J.C. Lechevin, A. Vigie

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Anticoagulant rodenticides act at the hepatic level where they are more or less fixed according to their lipophilic nature. The studies on kinetics and metabolism carried out with no toxic doses are useful to know how products act but do not allow to anticipate the toxicity risks for non target species, because of low residual contents. These risks can only be assessed after the administration of toxic doses taking into account the residue levels. The use of half-life to express the results is not sufficiently accurate and may lead to wrong conclusions. The studies involving the residue and secondary toxicity …

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Transient Overvoltage Testing Of Environmental Controllers, Richard S. Gates, Larry W. Turner, Douglas G. Overhults Mar 1992

Transient Overvoltage Testing Of Environmental Controllers, Richard S. Gates, Larry W. Turner, Douglas G. Overhults

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

The integrated electronic control system will provide a new method for the day-to-day management of environmental control of animal production systems. No standards are currently accepted for transient overvoltage protection of these controllers. To assess the adequacy of existing designs, a test circuit was designed and used for a transient open circuit over-voltage waveform (ANSI/IEEE C62.41-1980) of 16 environmental control units: a maximum spike of 770 V was applied to the power supplies, and a spike up to 100 V was applied to temperature sensor lines. For these relatively mild tests, no failures were noted due to power supply transients, …

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