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Plasmodium Falciparum Parasite Density And Its Association With Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Positivity Among School-Aged Children Across Diverse Malaria Transmission Settings In Mainland Tanzania, Felista Mwingira

Tanzania Journal of Science

Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) are widely used for malaria diagnosis and surveillance; however, their performance is influenced by parasite density. This study assessed the relationship between parasite density and mRDT positivity among school-aged children (SAC) across diverse malaria transmission settings in mainland Tanzania. Data were obtained from 17,131 school-aged children participating in a nationwide malaria survey. Malaria infection was assessed using mRDT and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) gene. Parasite density distributions were examined across demographic, environmental, and epidemiological characteristics. Malaria prevalence was 19.5% by malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) and 19.2% …

Antiplasmodial Activity Of Detarium Senegalense J.F.Gmel. (Fabaceae) Stembark Ethanol Extract, Cletus Anes Ukwubile, Hananiya Hamza Milagawanda

Journal of Bioresource Management

Malaria is a persistent public health impediment in sub-Saharan Africa, necessitating an incessant search for new, effective, and low-cost antimalarial agents from medicinal plants. This study was designed to evaluate the antiplasmodial efficacy of the ethanol crude extract of the stembark of Detarium senegalense. Standard methods were employed to identify the major secondary metabolites. In vivo antiplasmodial activity of the extract in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice was carried out as per the standard suppression test. The LD₅₀ was elicited in mice using a standard procedure. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of important bioactive components such as alkaloids, flavonoids, …

The Effect Of Alpha-Lipoic Acid On Sperm Cryobiology And Post-Thaw Quality Of Sperm In Livestock Species, Kashif Ali Malak, Nazar Ali Korejo, Hira Sajjad Talpur, Asmatullah Kaka, Atif Ali Malak, Muhammad Aqeel, Rasool Bux

Journal of Bioresource Management

The cryopreservation of semen is a prerequisite for artificial insemination, germplasm banking and the global distribution of elite livestock breeding. However, spermatozoa are particularly sensitive to cooling and freezing/thawing processes due to the presence of large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids in their plasma membranes and limited cytoplasmic antioxidant stores. An increase in reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, acrosomal injury and DNA fragmentation occurs due to stress associated with cryopreservation, which results in the lowering of motility as well as viability and post-thaw low quality of sperm. Alpha-lipoic acid is a natural disulfide compound that acts as a …

Molecular Mechanisms, Evidence Levels, And Translational Prospects Of Natural Products In Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Critical Narrative Review, Sakhawat Hussain, Muhammad Yousif, Habibullah Janyaro, Zahid Iqbat Rajput, Mohammad Farooque Hassan

Journal of Bioresource Management

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80–85% of lung cancers and remains a major cause of cancer mortality. Molecular heterogeneity, acquired resistance to targeted therapies, immune escape, and treatment-related toxicity continue to limit durable disease control. Natural products and standardized botanical formulations have contributed substantially to anticancer drug discovery and are being investigated as complementary approaches in NSCLC; however, the strength of evidence varies markedly across experimental and clinical settings. This critical narrative review evaluates molecular mechanisms, preclinical evidence, human studies, and translational barriers relevant to natural-product-based interventions in NSCLC. A structured literature update was performed in August …

Burden And Prioritization Of Airborne Diseases In Bogor City, 2024: A Situational Analysis, Tuti Alawiyah, Helda Helda, Menikha Maulida

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Indonesia, particularly urban agglomeration areas such as Bogor, continues to face major challenges related to air quality, resulting in an increased risk of airborne disease transmission. This study aimed to assess the burden of airborne diseases and determine health problem priorities in Bogor City using surveillance data from 2022 to October 2024. A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted in Bogor City using surveillance data from 2022 to 2024. Health problem prioritization was performed using the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)-adapted Hanlon method through structured questionnaires administered to an expert panel consisting of health office officials and heads of primary healthcare …

Covid-19 Vaccination Coverage And Associated Factors In Conflict-Affected Provinces Of The Democratic Republic Of The Congo: A Cross-Sectional Study, Anthony E. Mwakapugi

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Background: This study analysed the coverage and determinant factors for COVID-19 vaccination in Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R.C). These are war-affected provinces that have experienced prolonged armed conflict, potentially limiting vaccine access.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 9,795 people aged at least 15 years old and older fromyears from the 2023–2024 D.R.C Demographic and Health III Survey was conducted. Weighted descriptive statistics, design-adjusted chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression identified determinants of vaccination uptake.

Results: Overall vaccination coverage was 14.1% (95% CI: 11.3% - 17.4%)16.6% (95% CI= 14.2–19.3), with marked …

Descriptive Epidemiology Of Tuberculosis Case With Diabetes Mellitus Identified Through Screening Activities In Indonesia, 2024, Chrisshanti Putri Pasaribu

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem, particularly among individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), who are at an increased risk of developing TB disease. Screening activities conducted through health facility-based screening and active case finding (ACF) provide opportunities to identify TB cases with DM comorbidity. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of TB-DM cases identified through screening activities in Indonesia in 2024. This descriptive study used routine secondary program data obtained from the Tuberculosis Information System (SITB). The source population consisted of 615,357 individuals screened for TB in 2024, among whom 14,727 TB cases were identified. Of …

Factors Associated With Hiv Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs In Jakarta, Igo Cahya Negara, Mondastri Korib Sudaryo, Helwiah Umniyati

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

HIV infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) remains a substantial public health burden, with Jakarta consistently reporting among the highest PWID-associated HIV prevalence in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify factors associated with HIV infection among PWID in Jakarta, utilizing secondary data from the 2023 Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey (IBBS 2023). A cross-sectional study design was employed using secondary data from 261 PWID recruited in Jakarta. Bivariate associations were examined using Chi-square tests, and multivariate analysis was performed using modified Cox regression with a constant time parameter to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with 95% confidence intervals. The …

Situational Analysis Of Maternal And Child Health Problems In Dki Jakarta Province In 2024, Jennifer Irene Amorita Hadiono, Helda Helda, Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono, Inggariwati Inggariwati

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Maternal and child health (MCH) is a critical indicator of national health development aligned with SDGs targets. DKI Jakarta, as a densely populated capital city, faces unique challenges in providing equitable MCH services. This study aims to analyze the situational status of MCH problems in DKI Jakarta Province in 2024 and to determine health priorities using the PAHO-adopted Hanlon method. A descriptive study using quantitative and qualitative approaches was conducted at the DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office from October 2024 to January 2025. Primary data were collected through structured interviews, while secondary data were sourced from reports of the Nutrition …

Determinants Of Antiretroviral Therapy Status Among Men Who Have Sex With Men (Msm) Living With Hiv In Greater Jakarta, Leonita Agustine, Mondastri Korib Sudaryo, Helwiah Umniyati

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a key population contributing to the largest proportion of new HIV infections among the adult population in Indonesia, accounting for 44% of new infections in 2024. However, antiretroviral therapy (ART), as a key intervention in HIV control, remains suboptimal among this group, with previous studies showing that only around 57% of MSM living with HIV in Indonesia were receiving ART. In urban settings such as Greater Jakarta, these gaps may be more pronounced due to complex social and structural barriers to care. This study used a cross-sectional design based on data from …

Psychosocial And Demographic Determinants Of Work Stress Among Lecturers At University X, Natasha Putri Ayu Kayla, Fajaria Nurcandra, Dr. Dyah Utari, Nayla K. Fithri, Siti Norashikin Mohamad Shaifuddin

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Occupational stress is a psychological pressure related to work conditions. Psychosocial and demographic determinants may be the influence. Lecturers are white collar workers who have the opportunity to experience occupational stress. The aim of this study is to determine the factors that influence occupational stress among lecturers in X University. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional study design. The sampling technique used is Accidental Sampling. The number of samples used was 132 respondents. The study was conducted in April-June 2024. The Cox Regression Model was used to analyze. The instruments used were The Workplace Stress Scale, Multidimensional …

Reversible Microvascular Ischemia With St-Segment Elevation: An Underrecognized Manifestation Of Antibody-Mediated Rejection In Cardiac Allograft Recipients, Jonathan Ahn, Justin Daneshrad, Liset Stoletniy, Dmitry Abramov

The VAD Journal

Electrocardiographic manifestations of cardiac allograft rejection are often subtle, and stress-induced ST-segment elevation associated with antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is rarely reported. We describe a 34-year-old heart transplant recipient with progressive exertional angina, nonobstructive coronary disease on angiography, and exercise-induced ST-segment elevation in lead augmented vector right, high-lateral leads I, and augmented voltage left, along with diffuse ST-segment depressions, hypotension, and transient ventricular tachycardia. Concurrent emergence of complement-binding donor-specific antibodies with high mean fluorescence intensity raised concern for AMR, prompting treatment with corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulin despite the absence of biopsy confirmation. After therapy, symptoms, exercise-induced ischemic electrocardiographic abnormalities, …

Overview Of Glp-1ra Medications, Thomas A.F. Cordaro Pharmd, Sumaiya A. Difaa Pharmd, Amel J. Basil Pharmd

Transformative Medicine

GLP-1 is an incretin hormone that is naturally produced in the body that regulates blood glucose and appetite. The first GLP-1RA that was FDA approved, exenatide, in 2005, originated from the Gila monster and beaded lizard, via the discovery of the exendin-4 peptide. GLP-1RAs function by mimicking endogenous GLP-1 incretin hormone, leading to an increase in glucose-dependent insulin release from beta-cells of the pancreas, decrease in glucagon release, delayed gastric emptying, and satiety. Due to the benefits seen from initiating GLP-1RAs in the market, it sparked interest in numerous studies which proved that certain GLP-1RAs can provide cardiorenal protection. The …

Wolff-Parkinson-White Pattern: Recognition Of Ventricular Pre-Excitation And Risk Stratification, Devi Parvathy Jyothi Ramachandran Nair, Badri Aryal

Transformative Medicine

Background: Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) pattern is characterized by ventricular pre-excitation through an accessory atrioventricular pathway. Although often asymptomatic, some pathways carry a risk of tachyarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death.

Case Description: A 45-year-old man with hypertension, polysubstance use, and bipolar disorder presented with altered mental status following suspected substance intoxication. His course was complicated by hypoxic respiratory failure requiring intubation and a large right basal ganglia hemorrhage requiring surgical evacuation. During hospitalization, an abnormal ECG prompted Cardiology consultation. The ECG demonstrated sinus rhythm with a short PR interval, delta wave, and widened QRS complex, consistent with ventricular pre-excitation. He had …

Hands Up! A Case Of Bilateral Luxatio Erecta, Madison Heck Do, Henry Kramarski Do, Adam Sigal Md

Transformative Medicine

Background:  An inferior shoulder dislocation, luxatio erecta, is a rare phenomenon that is seen in approximately 0.5% of shoulder dislocations; the incidence of bilateral luxatio erecta is even more uncommon. They can often be mistaken for anterior shoulder dislocations.

Case Description: This case report discusses the rare occurrence, identification and management of bilateral luxatio in a 48-year-old man after he dove 6 feet from a bridge and into a body of water.

Discussion: The pathognomonic presentation is a patient arriving with an arm hyper-abducted above the head with flexed elbows and pronated forearms. There are several concomitant injuries that can …

Elite Esports Players And Their Physical Health: A Systematic Review Of Injuries, Musculoskeletal Pain, And Fitness-Related Factors, Michal Steffl, Daniel Opelik, Vladimir Hlinka, Grzegorz Mikrut, Petra Hospodkova

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The rapid rise of competitive esports has sparked concerns over the physical health of elite players. Prolonged sedentary behaviour, repetitive movements, and poor ergonomic practices may predispose these athletes to injuries, musculoskeletal pain, and unfavourable body composition. Materials and methods: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted by searching Pub-Med, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science for cross-sectional studies on physical activity (PA), body composition, physical fitness, and musculoskeletal health in elite esports players. Data from 22 peer-reviewed studies involving 5,035 participants aged 16 to 35 were synthesized. Results: Findings consistently show that esports players engage in lower …

Beyond Electromyography: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Ai Enabled Wearables For Neuromuscular Assessment In Sports Medicine And Rehabilitation, Dariusz T. Skalski, Michał Spieszny, Łukasz Jaworski, Marcin Żak, Artur Terbalyan, Marlena Stawiarska, Wirginia Likus, Adam Maszczyk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Conventional laboratory based EMG systems constrain neuromuscular assessment to controlled environments, limiting ecological validity in sport and rehabilitation. While AI enabled wearable sensor systems, including surface EMG (sEMG), high density EMG (HD-EMG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), and multimodal configurations, have expanded ambulatory monitoring capabilities, no prior meta-analysis has quantitatively synthesized their agreement with laboratory grade comparators or examined the moderating roles of sensor class and task domain. Objective: To determine the overall agreement between AI enabled wearable neuromuscular systems and laboratory benchmarks; to examine sensor class and task domain as moderators of measurement fidelity; to evaluate multimodal gain over …

Evaluation Of Disaster Mitigation Policy Implementation And Public Health Integration Through The “Sipatokkong” Program In Strengthening Tourism Village Resilience, Nurul Azisah Sahrani, Andi Alif Raihan Analta

Journal of Indonesian Health Policy and Administration

Disaster risks in tourism villages are increasing, generating multidimensional impacts on environmental, economic, institutional, and public health. In late 2024, Mattabulu Tourism Village experienced an 83% decline in tourist visits following a series of disasters, disrupting tourism activities and weakening local governance capacity. This study uses a qualitative case study design to evaluate disaster mitigation policy implementation through the “Sipatokkong” Program. Evaluation applied four Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development–Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) criteria: relevance, effectiveness, impact, and sustainability, operationalized through policy implementation, street-level bureaucracy, and collaborative governance frameworks. Data were obtained from five documents and non-participatory field observations conducted …

When Should You Repeat A Child's Cbc?, Mike Smith, Sara Mcelroy

Pediatrics in Practice: A CME Podcast

"I found an unexpected abnormal CBC — should I repeat it or refer?" This episode focuses on repeat testing and early steps for abnormal CBCs. Sara McElroy, MD, pediatric hematologist at Children's Mercy explains when mild changes can be safely rechecked versus urgent referral. She covers transient marrow suppression with infection, lab artifact and repeat timing (about 4–6 weeks), the role of return precautions, and when to escalate to hematology or the ER.

Click here to stream the podcast episode.

The Effects Of C-Arm Positioning On The Accuracy Of Acetabular Reorientation In A Periacetabular Osteotomy Surgical Model, Cameron S. Baller

Summer Research Program Abstracts

No abstract provided.

Eeg-Emg Coupling And Functional Neuroplasticity In Elite Combat Athletes: Effects Of Neurofeedback Training On Corticomuscular Coherence And Performance, Alicja Markiel, Kinga Łosińska, Marcin Żak, Adam Maszczyk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Neurofeedback training has gained attention as a neuroplasticity based intervention for athletic performance, yet pathways linking cortical oscillatory modulation to neuromuscular adaptation and strength remain poorly characterized in elite combat athletes. Objective: This study examines whether EEG neurofeedback targeting sensorimotor alpha upregulation and frontal theta/delta modulation enhances cortico-muscular coherence, neuromuscular function, and maximal strength in elite MMA athletes. Methods: Thirty elite male MMA athletes (n = 10/arm) were randomized to intensive neurofeedback (E20G, 20 sessions), abbreviated neurofeedback (E15G, 15 sessions), or sham control. EEG spectral indices, EMG parameters (RMS, MF, iEMG, onset latency), beta band CMC, and maximal strength …

A Real-World Characterization Of Patients Receiving Biologics For Type 2 Inflammatory Diseases In A Tertiary Rhinology Practice, T. Blaise Marshall, Matthew Lelegren, Joseph K. Han, Kent Lam

Eastern Virginia Medical Journal

Background: Biologic therapies, such as omalizumab, mepolizumab, dupilumab, and benralizumab, are increasingly used in the treatment of various type 2 inflammatory diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), asthma, and atopic dermatitis. While these biologic therapies have demonstrated efficacy and safety in their respective clinical trials, real-world characterization of the use of biologic therapies provides insight into how these treatments are prescribed and utilized among the general population.

Objective: We aim to characterize the patient population in a single tertiary otolaryngology practice that is receiving biologic therapies for all type 2 inflammatory diseases.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart …

An Introduction To The Philosophy Of Medicine, Debate, And Civil Discourse, Victor Saenz Phd

History of Medicine Seminar

No abstract provided.

Intimate Partner Violence And Child Wasting Across Countries: An Ecological Cross-Sectional Study, Wanri Lumbanraja, I Ketut Kasta Arya Wijaya, Ruben Cornelius Siagian

Journal of Indonesian Health Policy and Administration

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health issue that can affect the well-being of women, their families, and the child-rearing environment. Meanwhile, wasting in under-five children reflects acute malnutrition linked to food insecurity, infectious diseases, poverty, and access to healthcare services. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the prevalence of IPV among women in the past 12 months and the prevalence of wasting in children under the age of five at the national level. This study addresses the gap in cross-national research, which remains limited in linking IPV as an indicator of social vulnerability with wasting as …

Perceived Susceptibility And Automatic Compliance In Indonesia's Triple Elimination Screening: A Mixed-Methods Study, Ratna Dewi Puspita Sari, Josef Maria Seno Adjie

Journal of Indonesian Health Policy and Administration

Despite global commitments to eliminating mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, and hepatitis B, gaps remain in understanding the behavioral and systemic drivers of screening coverage in decentralized health systems such as Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze individual behavioral determinants and structural health system barriers affecting triple elimination screening coverage among pregnant women, focusing on perceived susceptibility and automatic compliance. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory study was conducted in Central Jakarta, Surabaya, and Karawang. The quantitative phase involved a cross-sectional survey of 1,224 pregnant women, with Health Belief Model variables analyzed using logistic regression. The qualitative phase comprised three …

Development Of An Indirect Elisa Kit For Measurement Of Circulating Thyroid Peroxidase Levels In Patients With Hypothyroidism, Aulanni’Am Aulanni’Am, Devi Ramadani, Almas Dwi Khairana, Saidun Fiddaroini, Muhammad Fikri Nur, Andreas Budi Wijaya, Rulli Rosandi, Dyah Kinasih Wuragil, Wibi Riawan

Makara Journal of Science

Hypothyroidism, characterized by insufficient thyroid hormone production, affects approximately 5% of the population, especially women, thus increasing pregnancy-related risks. Conventional screening mainly measures thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4). Detecting the presence of anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies indi-cates autoimmune thyroid disease. This study developed an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for detecting circulating TPO using polyclonal antibodies generated in rabbits. TPO was isolated from positive sera of pa-tients with hypothyroidism, purified by electroelution, and confirmed as a 52-kDa protein by Western blot. Rabbits immunized with this protein produced polyclonal antibodies with the highest titer (OD = 0.334) at …

Levofloxacin-Ketoprofen Multicomponent Salt Development As A Strategy To Improve The Antibiotic Potency And Anti-Inflammatory Performance, Ilma Nugrahani, Nadhira Dzaky Naushafira, Nova Suliska, Marlia Singgih Wibowo, Hana Fauziah

Makara Journal of Science

Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with higher solubility than those from previous generations, but it is light-sensitive. Antibiotics, including levofloxacin, are generally prescribed in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflamma-tory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat inflammatory infections. Furthermore, NSAIDs have poor water solubility, which can be improved by forming salts or multicomponent systems. This study aimed to develop a multicomponent system from levofloxacin with ketoprofen, an NSAID, and to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics; antibiotic potency; in vivo anti-inflammatory activity; absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME); and in silico toxicity risk. First, a phase diagram was created to predict the interaction type in the …

Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea L.) Supplementation Ameliorates The Histological Structure Of Skeletal Muscle In Protein-Deficient Mice, Raquellynda Fadilla Syafanisa, Rimonta Febby Gunanegara, Sunarti Sunarti, Siti Aeniah, Ardaning Nuriliani

Makara Journal of Science

Protein deficiency may cause histological alterations and pathological effects in skeletal muscle, leading to reduced mus-cle size and functional degeneration. Bambara groundnuts contain essential amino acids that have the potential to meet the body’s protein requirements. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of bambara groundnut supplemen-tation on skeletal muscle in protein-deficient mice. Twenty-five female mice were divided into five groups (control, pro-tein deficiency, and protein deficiency with 100, 200, and 300 g of bambara groundnut supplementation/kg of feed). The treatment was administered for 2 months. At the end of the experiment, the left gastrocnemius muscles of the mice …

Network Pharmacology Of A Decaffeinated Green Coffee–Turmeric Combination: Potential Therapeutic Activity Against Hypertension And Diabetes Mellitus, Feri Eko Hermanto, Mohammad Saifur Rohman, Victor Alvianoes Guterez Hose, Mifetika Lukitasari, Dwi Adi Nugroho, Nashi Widodo, Inggita Kusumastuty

Makara Journal of Science

Decaffeinated green coffee and turmeric are recognized for their protective effects against hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Combining them into a functional drink, green coffee and turmeric (GCT), offers potential health benefits for managing these conditions. This study explored the bioactivity of GCT in HTN and DM through network biology, identifying intersecting protein targets and their roles in inflammation and glucose metabolism. Key proteins identified were AKT1, CCL2, CXCL8, IL-1β, and IL18. Molecular docking revealed that GCT compounds, particularly Cafestol, Chlorogenic Acid, Kahweol, Curcumin, and Desmethoxycurcumin, interacted strongly with AKT1 at its allosteric site, potentially inhibiting its activity. However, …

Nuclear Neuroimaging Approaches To Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Insights And Future Directions, Shivani Daksh, Anupriya Adhikari, Nikhil Kumar, Garima Mann, Anupama Datta

Makara Journal of Science

The aftermath of a traumatic brain injury is characterized by a state of disruption, progressing into secondary injury and culminating in a complex network of interconnected pathophysiological disturbances.  The potential risk of developing neurological disorders after TBI highlights the pressing need to enhance our understanding and develop therapeutic in-terventions to alleviate its devastating consequences. Traumatic brain injury can lead to a range of problems, including pain, swelling, axonal degeneration, and chronic amnestic and non-amnestic cognitive impairments. The first and essential step in the management of TBI is to identify and characterize the clinical symptoms. This systematic review outlines the established …