Digital Commons Network^™

Genomic And Molecular Landscape Of Dna Damage Repair Deficiency Across The Cancer Genome Atlas., Theo A Knijnenburg, Linghua Wang, Michael T Zimmermann, Nyasha Chambwe, Galen F Gao, Andrew D Cherniack, Huihui Fan, Hui Shen, Gregory P Way, Casey S Greene, Yuexin Liu, Rehan Akbani, Bin Feng, Lawrence A Donehower, Chase Miller, Yang Shen, Mostafa Karimi, Haoran Chen, Pora Kim, Peilin Jia, Eve Shinbrot, Shaojun Zhang, Jianfang Liu, Hai Hu, Matthew H Bailey, Christina Yau, Denise Wolf, Zhongming Zhao, John N Weinstein, Lei Li, Li Ding, Gordon B Mills, Peter W Laird, David A Wheeler, Ilya Shmulevich, Raymond J Monnat, Yonghong Xiao, Chen Wang

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways modulate cancer risk, progression, and therapeutic response. We systematically analyzed somatic alterations to provide a comprehensive view of DDR deficiency across 33 cancer types. Mutations with accompanying loss of heterozygosity were observed in over 1/3 of DDR genes, including TP53 and BRCA1/2. Other prevalent alterations included epigenetic silencing of the direct repair genes EXO5, MGMT, and ALKBH3 in ∼20% of samples. Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) was present at varying frequency in many cancer types, most notably ovarian cancer. However, in contrast to ovarian cancer, HRD was associated with worse outcomes in several other cancers. Protein …

Systematic Analysis Of Splice-Site-Creating Mutations In Cancer., Reyka G Jayasinghe, Song Cao, Qingsong Gao, Michael C Wendl, Nam Sy Vo, Sheila M Reynolds, Yanyan Zhao, Héctor Climente-González, Shengjie Chai, Fang Wang, Rajees Varghese, Mo Huang, Wen-Wei Liang, Matthew A Wyczalkowski, Sohini Sengupta, Zhi Li, Samuel H Payne, David Fenyö, Jeffrey H Miner, Matthew J Walter, Benjamin Vincent, Eduardo Eyras, Ken Chen, Ilya Shmulevich, Feng Chen, Li Ding

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

For the past decade, cancer genomic studies have focused on mutations leading to splice-site disruption, overlooking those having splice-creating potential. Here, we applied a bioinformatic tool, MiSplice, for the large-scale discovery of splice-site-creating mutations (SCMs) across 8,656 TCGA tumors. We report 1,964 originally mis-annotated mutations having clear evidence of creating alternative splice junctions. TP53 and GATA3 have 26 and 18 SCMs, respectively, and ATRX has 5 from lower-grade gliomas. Mutations in 11 genes, including PARP1, BRCA1, and BAP1, were experimentally validated for splice-site-creating function. Notably, we found that neoantigens induced by SCMs are likely several folds more immunogenic compared to …

Spatial Organization And Molecular Correlation Of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Using Deep Learning On Pathology Images., Joel Saltz, Rajarsi Gupta, Le Hou, Tahsin Kurc, Pankaj Singh, Vu Nguyen, Dimitris Samaras, Kenneth R Shroyer, Tianhao Zhao, Rebecca Batiste, John Van Arnam, Ilya Shmulevich, Arvind U K Rao, Alexander J Lazar, Ashish Sharma, Vésteinn Thorsson

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

Beyond sample curation and basic pathologic characterization, the digitized H&E-stained images of TCGA samples remain underutilized. To highlight this resource, we present mappings of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) based on H&E images from 13 TCGA tumor types. These TIL maps are derived through computational staining using a convolutional neural network trained to classify patches of images. Affinity propagation revealed local spatial structure in TIL patterns and correlation with overall survival. TIL map structural patterns were grouped using standard histopathological parameters. These patterns are enriched in particular T cell subpopulations derived from molecular measures. TIL densities and spatial structure were differentially enriched …

Diversity Unsupported Is Diversity Derailed, Kauser Jabeen, Kulsoom Ghias

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

In this view point challenges of a diverse student body and its impact on quality of education and student’ social interactions are discussed. Enhanced institutional responsibility and ownership of all institutional members to provide adequate support for all individuals that make up the student body has been discussed as a major strategy to overcome these challenges.

The Interprofessional Management Of Geriatric Patients Undergoing Head And Neck Cancer Treatment In U.S. Nursing Homes, Rashida Wiley, Vidushi Gupta, Riddhi A. Daftary, Jessfor Baugh, Anh H. Tran, Dorothy Lynne Cataldo, Yang Kang, Takashi Komabayashi

Dental Medicine Faculty Publications

A dental approach toward interprofessional management, treatment planning and rehabilitation of diagnosed individuals undergoing cancer therapies is essential. Literature review focuses on presurgery oral hygiene instructions, pre-radiography/chemotherapy dental clearance, complications and management during radiotherapy/chemotherapy; post-radiotherapy/ chemotherapy oral healthcare; and adjunctive measures.

Neurotransmitter, Spring 2018, George Washington Institute For Neuroscience Neurological Institute, George Washington University Hospital

Neurotransmitter

No abstract provided.

The Association Of Polymorphism Rs3736228 Within The Lrp5 Gene With Bone Mineral Density In A Cohort Of Caucasian Young Adults, Mohamed J. H. Al-Amoodi, Whitney Jones, Danny Lee, Steven Mckenzie, Helen C. Miller, Zach Zeller, Seth Stubblefield, Susan Knoblach, Heather Gordish-Dressman, Dustin Hittel, Laura L. Tosi

GW Research Days 2016 - 2020

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis is a significant burden for our aging population. Developing a better understanding of the genetic underpinnings of poor bone quality may assist in the future development of prevention strategies. Correa-Rodriguez et al. have identified a group of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in a population of Spanish Caucasians. In particular, they found that SNP rs3736228 in the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5 (LRP5) gene had an influence on BMD. While the role of LRP5 in the Wnt canonical pathway has been fairly well characterized, its association with phenotypic BMD and …

Shigellosis And Giardiasis Among People Living With Hiv In Washington, Dc, 2012-2016, Kimesha Linton, Kerri Dorsey, Sasha Mcgee, Preetha Iyengar, Garret Lum, Rupali Doshi

GW Research Days 2016 - 2020

Background: Shigellosis and giardiasis are transmitted via food, water, and fecal-oral contact. CDC has recently reported increased shigellosis among men who have sex with men (MSM) and among people living with HIV (PLWH), particularly stage 3. Our goal was to characterize the incidence and risk factors associated with shigellosis and giardiasis among PLWH in Washington, DC, in an era of robust availability of antiretroviral treatment.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of HIV, shigellosis and giardiasis cases reported to the District of Columbia Department of Health from 2012 to 2016. We used LinkPlus to probabilistically match individuals with reported …

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging In A Young Patient With Left Ventricular Spongiform Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report And Review Of Literature, Bilal Hussain, Fateh Ali Tipoo Sultan

Section of Cardiology

Left ventricular spongiform or non compaction cardiomyopathy is one of the rarer forms of cardiomyopathy with a reported prevalence of 0.014-0.05% in adults. It is characterized by severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction occurring secondary to the failure of the myocardium to fuse resulting in non-compacted myocardium with a trabeculated appearance of the myocardium. Initially described on the basis of 2-D echocardiography, the identification of left ventricular non compaction has now improved with the introduction of sophisticated imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging that allows better visualization of the non-compacted myocardium assisting in accurate diagnosis. We report a case …

Experiences Of The Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy At A Public Hospital Peshawar Pakistan, Gulzar Habibullah, Raisa Raisa, Shanaz Hussein Cassum, Rehana Elahi

School of Nursing & Midwifery

Objective: This study aimed to explore the experiences of female breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) in a public hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan.
Methods: This study employed a descriptive exploratory method. A purposive sample of 14 breast cancer women undergoing RT was selected for this study. Data were collected over the period of 5 months, using a semi-structured interview guide and conducting in-depth face-to-face interviews. These interviews were audio taped and transcribed by a bilingual transcriber. The translated version of the interview was coded, and the analysis was done manually.
Results: Four main categories emerged from data analysis, which were: …

Stress Of Infertility: Can The Couple Cope?, Faiza Alam, Taseer Ahmed Khan, Rehana Rehman

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

No abstract provided.

Adequacy Of Platelet Counting By Automated Haematology Analyzers: An Insight On Current Methodologies, Muhammad Shariq Shaikh, Noor Rahman Khan, Zeeshan Ansar Ahmed

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

No abstract provided.

Educating Oncology Nurse Practitioners To Provide Basic Palliative Care, Lynn Adams, Dnp, Ms, Anp-Bc, Aocn

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Background: Approximately 1.66 million Americans are diagnosed with cancer each year and another 589,430 die from the disease. As treatment options have expanded, many cancer patients are living longer with worsening symptoms and disabilities and an increased illness burden. These patients are ideal candidates for palliative care. Palliative care involves care delivered by a team of clinicians with specialty training and a focus on improving the quality of life for patients with serious illnesses. A number of major organizations have made formal recommendations regarding the integration of palliative care into comprehensive cancer care including the American Society of Clinical Oncology …

Extracellular Vesicles Released By Cardiomyocytes In A Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Injury Mouse Model Contain Protein Biomarkers Of Early Cardiac Injury, Chontida Yarana, Dustin W. Carroll, Jing Chen, Luksana Chaiswing, Yanming Zhao, Teresa Noel, Michael Alstott, Younsoo Bae, Emily V. Dressler, Jeffrey A. Moscow, D. Allan Butterfield, Haining Zhu, Daret K. St. Clair

Toxicology and Cancer Biology Faculty Publications

Purpose—Cardiac injury is a major cause of death in cancer survivors, and biomarkers for it are detectable only after tissue injury has occurred. Extracellular vesicles (EV) remove toxic biomolecules from tissues and can be detected in the blood. Here, we evaluate the potential of using circulating EVs as early diagnostic markers for long-term cardiac injury.

Experimental Design—Using a mouse model of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiac injury, we quantified serum EVs, analyzed proteomes, measured oxidized protein levels in serum EVs released after DOX treatment, and investigated the alteration of EV content.

Results—Treatment with DOX caused a significant increase in …

In Vitro Assay Development As An Alternative To The Use Of Laboratory Animals For Measuring Clostridium Perfingens Type C Toxoid, Lauren M. Wilmes

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Clostridium perfringens type C produces beta toxin, which is a primary virulence determinate that can cause necrotic enteritis in neonatal animals. Vaccines directed against C. perfringens toxins have shown to be efficacious in preventing disease. However, the production of a commercial vaccine requires not only an efficacious antigen, but also testing methods for quantifying antigens and potency on final product. This research was undertaken to fulfill a need for the reduction in small animal usage to produce and deliver vaccines. The current testing methods are performed in vivo according to the Code of Federal Regulations number 9 (9CFR) United …

Effects Of An Online Diabetes Self-Management Educational Class On Perceived Self-Efficacy In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Samantha L. Sugarman, Dnp, Ba, Bsn, Msn, Fnp-C

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Background: Diabetes is a complex, chronic disease that, without adequate glycemic control, may result in avoidable complications. Without proper diabetes self-management education, achieving good glycemic control is difficult. Furthermore, lacking self-efficacy to perform such tasks may prevent even the most educated patients from achieving good glycemic control. Studies have shown that live diabetes education has improved self-efficacy in patients with diabetes, but few look at the effects of a lecture-style educational format in an online approach.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine if an online, lecture-style diabetes self-management educational class will improve self-efficacy among patients with type …

A Sub-Type Of Familial Pancreatic Cancer: Evidence And Implications Of Loss-Of-Function Polymorphisms In Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase-2., Avinoam Nevler, Alexander J. Muller, Joseph A. Cozzitorto, Austin Goetz, Jordan M. Winter, Theresa P. Yeo, Harish Lavu, Charles Yeo, George C. Prendergast, Jonathan Brody

Department of Surgery Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Variation in an individual's genetic status can impact the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; however, the majority of familial pancreatic cancers (FPC) cannot yet be attributed to a specific inherited mutation. We present data suggesting a correlation between loss-of-function single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in an immune regulator gene, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-2 (IDO2), and an increased risk of FPC.

STUDY DESIGN: Germline DNA from patients who underwent resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 79) was sequenced for the IDO2 SNPs R248W and Y359Stop. Genotypes resulting in inactivation of IDO2 (Y325X homozygous, R248W homozygous) were labeled as homozygous, and the other genotypes …

Preparing Nursing Students To Respond To Disasters: Faculty Perspectives, Melissa Jayne Freshwater

Dissertations

This mixed methods study explored emergency preparedness and disaster response in the concept-based learning curriculum adopted by the Alabama Community College System (ACCS) in 2016. The concept-based curriculum employs active learning in lieu of the traditional lecture-style teaching methods.

This study addressed the problem that educators may be unfamiliar with this content and are unsure how to present this material to students. The purpose of this study was to gain insight on teaching methodologies, to better prepare nursing students on this content.

Kolb’s 1984 Experiential Learning Theory was the framework that parallels closely with this curriculum. Kolb emphasizes four stages …

Mechanisms Of Fatigue With Aging: Evidence From The Whole-Limb To The Single Cell In Humans, Christopher W. Sundberg

Dissertations (1934 -)

Aging is accompanied by a loss of muscle mass and increased fatigability of limb muscles making it difficult for old adults to generate the force and power necessary to perform daily activities, such as ascending a flight of stairs. The mechanisms for the age-related increase in fatigability in old and very old adults (≥80 yrs) and whether there are differences between men and women are unknown. The purpose of this dissertation was to determine the mechanisms for the age-related increase in fatigability in men and women by studying fatigue at the level of the whole-limb and within the muscle cells. …

Chronic Stress And Reproductive Function In Female Childhood Cancer Survivors, Theresa Marie Hardy

Dissertations (1934 -)

Reproductive dysfunction is reported as a major concern for childhood cancer survivors (CCS) and is highly correlated with quality of life in this population. Few predictors of post-treatment reproductive function in CCS have been identified. CCS report high levels of psychological stress. Psychological stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which can disrupt reproductive function. The purpose of this exploratory study was to explore the relationship between perceived stress, biomarkers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity, gonadotropin levels, and anti-Müllerian hormone levels in female CCS. This exploratory cross-sectional study included female cancer survivors (ages 16-35) treated for pediatric cancer at the Royal Hospital for Sick …

Compressed Sensing For Few-View Multi-Pinhole Spect With Applications To Preclinical Imaging, Benjamin Michael Rizzo

Dissertations (1934 -)

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) can be used to identify and quantify changes in molecular and cellular targets involved in disease. A radiopharmaceutical that targets a specific metabolic function is administered to a subject and planar projections are formed by imaging emissions at different view angles around the subject. The reconstruction task is to determine the distribution of radioactivity within the subject from the projections. We present a reconstruction approach that utilizes only a few view angles, resulting in a highly underdetermined system, which could be used for dynamic imaging applications designed to quantify physiologic processes altered with disease. …

Pediatric Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus: Examining The Upward Trend, Allison Foering

Senior Honors Theses

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in pediatric onset of type II diabetes. This paper will examine elements contributing to this trend. Type II diabetes will be discussed, including related pathophysiology, manifestations, diagnosis, and complications, with differentiation between adult and pediatric onset. Possible prevention and treatment methods appropriate for pediatric patients will also be discussed, along with possible outcomes in pediatric patients that could result from this disease. Overall, this paper will provide insight on the causes of this growing trend, and ways to improve the risks imposed on pediatric patients.

Limited Immune Surveillance In Lymphoid Tissue By Cytolytic Cd4+ T Cells During Health And Hiv Disease., Marcus Buggert, Son Nguyen, Laura M. Mclane, Maria Steblyanko, Nadia Anikeeva, Dominic Paquin-Proulx, Perla M Del Rio Estrada, Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas, Kajsa Noyan, Morgan A. Reuter, Korey Demers, Johan K. Sandberg, Michael A. Eller, Hendrik Streeck, Marianne Jansson, Piotr Nowak, Anders Sönnerborg, David H. Canaday, Ali Naji, E. John Wherry, Merlin L. Robb, Steven G Deeks, Gustavo Reyes-Teran, Yuri Sykulev, Annika C. Karlsson, Michael R. Betts

Department of Medical Oncology Faculty Papers

CD4+ T cells subsets have a wide range of important helper and regulatory functions in the immune system. Several studies have specifically suggested that circulating effector CD4+ T cells may play a direct role in control of HIV replication through cytolytic activity or autocrine β-chemokine production. However, it remains unclear whether effector CD4+ T cells expressing cytolytic molecules and β-chemokines are present within lymph nodes (LNs), a major site of HIV replication. Here, we report that expression of β-chemokines and cytolytic molecules are enriched within a CD4+ T cell population with high levels of the T-box transcription factors T-bet and …

Plasma Inflammatory Cytokines And Survival Of Pancreatic Cancer Patients., A. Babic, N. Schnure, N. P. Neupane, M. M. Zaman, N. Rifai, M. W. Welch, L. K. Brais, D. A. Rubinson, V. Morales-Oyarvide, C. Yuan, S. Zhang, E. M. Poole, B. M. Wolpin, M. H. Kulke, D. A. Barbie, K. Wong, C. S. Fuchs, K. Ng

Department of Medical Oncology Faculty Papers

OBJECTIVES: Inflammation and inflammatory conditions have been associated with pancreatic cancer risk and progression in a number of clinical, epidemiological, and animal model studies. The goal of the present study is to identify plasma markers of inflammation associated with survival of pancreatic cancer patients, and assess their joint contribution to patient outcome.

METHODS: We measured circulating levels of four established markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (sTNF-RII), and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1)) in 446 patients enrolled in an ongoing prospective clinic-based study. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for …

Comparison Of Serum And Cervical Cytokine Levels Throughout Pregnancy Between Preterm And Term Births, Kristin Ashford, Niraj R. Chavan, Amanda T. Wiggins, Molly Malany Sayre, Andrea Mccubbin, Agatha S. Critchfield, John O'Brien

Nursing Faculty Publications

Objective To assess differences in cytokine levels in cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) and serum across trimesters between women with preterm births (PTBs) and full-term births.

Study Design This multicenter study enrolled 302 women with a singleton gestation. CVF and serum cytokines, interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, were measured. Women with at least one cytokine assessment and noted PTB status in their medical record were retained in the study (N = 272). Data were analyzed using mixed modeling (main effects of PTBs and time/trimester).

Results For the CVF …

Massive Tumor Thrombus In Left Renal Vein Andiinferior Vena Cava In Renal Cell Carcinoma On 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized Tomography: "Suspension Bridge Sign"., Maseeh Uz Zaman, Nosheen Fatima, Unaiza Zaman, Rabia Tahseen, Sidra Zaman

Department of Radiology

Tumor thrombosis is a relatively uncommon complication of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and its diagnosis has therapeutic and prognostic implication. Computerized tomography (CT) is the primary imaging modality for staging RCC, but it has low sensitivity to differentiate between tumor thrombus and bland or benign thrombus. 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) has a limited role in diagnosis and staging of RCC, but its diagnostic accuracy is considerably high for detection of metabolically active tumor thrombus. We are presenting a case of metastatic left-sided RCC with massive hypermetabolic tumor thrombus extending from left kidney to left renal vein and inferior vena …

The Dynamics Of Concussion: Mapping Pathophysiology, Persistence, And Recovery With Causal-Loop Diagramming, Erin S. Kenzie, Elle L. Parks, Erin D. Bigler, David W, Wright, Miranda M. Lim, James C. Chesnutt, Gregory W.J. Hawryluk, Wayne Gordon, Wayne Wakeland

Complex Systems Faculty Publications and Presentations

Concussion, also known as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI),1 is a significant public health issue responsible for a variety of cognitive, emotional, and somatic symptoms and deficits (3). It is unclear why some individuals appear to recover relatively quickly while others suffer prolonged symptoms and impairments (4–7). Robust clinical means of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are also lacking (8–11). Research is hindered by an inadequate classification system for traumatic brain injury (TBI) (12), “poor” study quality (13, 14), disagreement about appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria for concussion (8, 15), and an incomplete understanding of underlying pathophysiology (16–18). The heterogeneity and …

Triple Valve Infective Endocarditis - A Late Diagnosis, Edme R. Mustafa, Sineta C. Firulescu, Cristina D. Parvanescu, Beatrice A. Chisalau, Georgica C. Tartea, Ion C. Efrem, Andreea L. Barbulescu, Stefan C. Dinescu, Paulina L. Ciurea, Lucretiu Radu, Ananu F. Vreju

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Behcet's disease is a systemic vasculitis of unknown aetiology with cardiac involvement as well as damage to other organs. Whether the sterile valvular inflammation which occurs in this autoimmune disease predisposes to bacterial adhesion and infective endocarditis is not yet established.

We present the case of a patient with Behcet disease in which transthoracic echocardiography showed mobile masses on the aortic, tricuspid, and mitral valves, leading to multivalvular infective endocarditis diagnosis, possibly in the context of valvular inflammation.

The case presented in this article confirms observation of other studies, namely that ultrasonography plays an important role in the diagnosis and …

Unmodifiable Variables Related To Thyroid Cancer Incidence, Cornelia Nitipir, Lucian Alecu, Iulian Slavu, Raluca Tulin, Radu C. Jecan, Cristina Orlov, Silviu Pituru, Dana L. Stanculeanu, Razvan Hainarosie, Anca P. Stoian, Adrian Tulin

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

The incidence of thyroid cancer is significantly different between male and female patients. Thyroid cancer is also the only form of cancer where age can be considered a staging variable. Identifying biological prognostic factors such as age or sex is important as it helps select an optimal personalized therapy. The present analysis is an observational, prospective study that enrolled all patients with thyroid disease who were operated upon at a single center. The study aimed to determine the most frequent age at presentation, the predominance of one sex over the other, the incidence of malignant thyroid disease, and the relative …

The Role Of Reactive Astrocitose In The Chronological Evolution Of Traumatic Brain Injury, Roxana M. Duncea-Borca, Vladimir Belis, Mihnea Costescu, Relu G. Calota, Reka Kutasi, Cosmin A. Moldovan

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Introduction and objectives. This study aims to investigate whether the cerebral modifications of posttraumatic reactive astrocitose can be considered an objective criterion for determining the age of traumatic cranio-cerebral lesions.

Materials and methods. The present study consists of a series of 23 medico-legal cases that underwent autopsy inTeleormanCounty(Romania) Department of Forensic Medicine during 2007–2016, with full immune-histochemical microscopic examination using GFAP staining. The study consists of two groups, a series of 13 cases with cranio-cerebral trauma with different posttraumatic survival periods and 9 cases as a control group.

Results and discussions. We discovered GFAP+ reactive astrocytes even when death occurred …