Digital Commons Network^™

Sleep Duration And Breast Cancer Phenotype, Ali Khawaja, Santosh Rao, Li Li, Cheryl L. Thompson

Medical College Documents

Emerging evidence suggests that short sleep is associated with an increased risk of cancer; however, little has been done to study the role of sleep on tumor characteristics. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between sleep duration and tumor phenotype in 972 breast cancer patients. Sleep duration was inversely associated with tumor grade (univariate P = 0.032), particularly in postmenopausal women (univariate P = 0.018). This association did not reach statistical significance after adjustments for age, race, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy use, alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity in the entire study sample (P = 0.052), but …

Development And Validation Of A Predictive Model Of Acute Glucose Response To Exercise In Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes, Bryan S. Gibson, Sheri R. Colberg, Paul Poirier, Denise Maria Martins Vancea, Jason Jones, Robin Marcus

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Background: Our purpose was to develop and test a predictive model of the acute glucose response to exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Design and methods: Data from three previous exercise studies (56 subjects, 488 exercise sessions) were combined and used as a development dataset. A mixed-effects Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator (LASSO) was used to select predictors among 12 potential predictors. Tests of the relative importance of each predictor were conducted using the Lindemann Merenda and Gold (LMG) algorithm. Model structure was tested using likelihood ratio tests. Model accuracy in the development dataset was assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation. …

Multifactorial Modulation Of The Blood-Brain Barrier: Relationship To Stroke, Bei Zhang

Theses and Dissertations--Nutritional Sciences

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface, mainly consisting of highly specialized brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that segregate the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral circulation. Impairment of the BBB, due to disruption of tight junction (TJ) proteins and inflammatory responses, may initiate and/or contribute to the progress of CNS disorders, including stroke. Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. It has been shown that aging and environmental pollutants can induce brain endothelium dysfunction, and are considered as risk factors for stroke.

Deficiency of telomerase is highly linked with aging-associated vascular diseases. Evidence indicates that …

Coplanar Pcb-Induced Inflammation And Dietary Interventions, Katryn Elizabeth Eske

Theses and Dissertations--Nutritional Sciences

Diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), are linked to chronic low levels of inflammation. This inflamed state is the product of risk factors including exposure to environmental pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are correlated with increased risk for CVD and diabetes. In response to this health risk, our research addresses the mechanisms by which coplanar PCBs elicit an inflammatory response and the mitigation of PCB-induced inflammation through dietary intervention using docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 lipid. Investigators from the University of Kentucky Engineering Department are developing remediation technologies that detoxify PCBs through dechlorination. We studied the cellular toxicity …

Novel Insights Into The Function And Regulation Of Group X Secretory Phospholipase A2, Joseph D. Layne Jr

Theses and Dissertations--Nutritional Sciences

Group X secretory phospholipase A₂ (GX sPLA₂) hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids producing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Previous studies from our lab suggest that mice with targeted deletion of GX sPLA₂ (GX KO) have increased age-related weight gain due to an increase in overall adiposity. Paradoxically, this increased adiposity is associated with improved age-related glucose intolerance. GX KO mice also demonstrate a reduced inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide injection. In vitro studies indicate this phenotype may be attributable to blunted macrophage mediated inflammatory responses. Given the role of macrophages in promoting adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and metabolic dysfunction …

Preparation Of Phosphonoterephthalic Acids Via Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Of Aromatic Iodoesters, Nathaniel Ivan, Vladimir Benin, Alexander Morgan

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The current article reports in detail the preparation of two phosphonoterephthalic acids: 2-phosphonoterephthalic acid (1) and 2,5-diphosphonoterephthalic acid (2). Efficient, scalable syntheses have been developed for both compounds based on Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions of iodinated terephthalate esters. Phosphonoterephthalic acids are potentially useful as flame-retardant additives or as monomers for the construction of acid-pendant polymer chains.

The Effects Of Hydrostatic Pressure On Early Endothelial Tubulogenic Processes, Ryan M. Underwood

Theses and Dissertations--Biomedical Engineering

The effects of mechanical forces on endothelial cell function and behavior are well documented, but have not been fully characterized. Specifically, fluid pressure has been shown to elicit physical and chemical responses known to be involved in the initiation and progression of endothelial cell-mediated vascularization. Central to the process of vascularization is the formation of tube-like structures. This process—tubulogenesis—is essential to both the physiological and pathological growth of tissues. Given the known effects of pressure on endothelial cells and its ubiquitous presence in the vasculature, we investigated pressure as a magnitude-dependent parameter for the regulation of endothelial tubulogenic activity. To …

Effect Of Mental Stress On Cardiovascular Function At Rest And After Ingestion Of Fructose Or Sucralose In Healthy, White European Males, Muhammad Memon, Ian Macdonald, Terence Bennett

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Ingestion of fructose and mental arithmetic can increase blood pressure (BP); the present study assessed the effect of fructose ingestion on cardiovascular (CV) response to mental stress. Effects were compared with sucralose used as a control. Materials and methods: Ten healthy, white European males were studied twice. A Finometer recorded CV parameters, noninvasively, throughout the study period. After the 30-min baseline, a mental arithmetic task (MAT), a series of arithmetic questions displayed as PowerPoint slides, was presented. Subjects, while resting on a bed, answered 20 questions in 2 min; 15 min after MAT-1, volunteers consumed 500 mL of lemon-flavoured drink …

Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Damage And The Protective Effect Of Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus L.): An Experimental Study, Di̇lek Pandir, Özlem Kara

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Bilberry is a natural antioxidant and has been utilized as a free radical scavenger to reverse the toxic effects of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bilberry on cisplatin-induced toxic effects in rat kidney. Materials and methods: Twenty-one female Wistar-albino rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: group I (control), one dose of saline solution; group II (cisplatin), single dose of 7.5 mg/kg of cisplatin; group III (cisplatin + bilberry), single dose of 7.5 mg/kg of cisplatin and 10 days of bilberry treatment applied as 200 mg/kg of bilberry. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and …

Parathyroid Hormone And Optimal Vitamin D Status In Postmenopausal Women, Hülya Yikilkan, Cenk Aypak, Süleyman Görpeli̇oğlu, Murat Di̇cle, Özde Önder

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Low serum vitamin D and calcium levels as well as high parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are the most important risk factors in osteoporosis. The aim of our study was to estimate the optimal vitamin D status needed to prevent a rise in PTH concentrations in postmenopausal women. Materials and methods: A total of 197 postmenopausal women who were at the menopausal period for at least 1 year and who had body mass indexes (BMIs) 70 years). Results: The mean age of patients was 60.8 ± 10.9 years. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] levels were lower than 10 ng/mL in 94 patients …

Is There An Alternative Way Of Treating Drug Resistant Epilepsy? The Effects Of The Ketogenic Diet In Children With Intractable Epilepsy, Chaya M. Weinberg

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Many children with epilepsy experience seizures that cannot be resolved with medication. Since surgical intervention is not always an option, the ketogenic diet (KD). a high fat, low carbohydrate and protein diet, offers a chance for seizure reduction and in some cases freedom from seizures and medication. Side effects do exist, although none are serious. Efficacy has been proven through many studies. The mechanism of the KD's effectiveness is still unknown, although several hypotheses exist, including the theory that ketone bodies themselves are anticonvulsant, and the hypothesis that glucose restriction stops seizures. Adenosine A1 receptors are also thought to have …

Trends Of Intestinal Parasites Prevalence In The Gaza Strip, 1998-2007: The Use Of Government Health Records, Adnan Ibrahim H. Alhindi, Mervat Al-Louh

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To evaluate the amount of intestinal parasite infections over a 10-year period in the Gaza Strip. Materials and methods: Data from the Epidemiology Department, Ministry of Health were collected and analyzed statistically. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was monitored and studied for the period 1998-2007. Results: The present study shows results including the records of 471,688 patients (all ages) who had every provided 1 stool specimen to the laboratories of primary health care centers in one of the 5 governorates of the Gaza Strip. It was found that 116,261 specimens were positive for intestinal parasites, representing an overall prevalence of …

The Effect Of Hypercholesterolemia On The Contractions Of Detrusor Strips In Response To Neural Stimulation In Rats, Serkan Karai̇smai̇loğlu, Zeynep Di̇cle Balkanci, Bi̇lge Pehli̇vanoğlu, Si̇bel Bayrak, İsmai̇l Karabulut, Ayşen Erdem

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To investigate the effect of hypercholesterolemia on in vitro contractions of the detrusor smooth muscle stimulated by an electrical field in rats and the relative contributions of cholinergic and noncholinergic neurotransmission. Materials and methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with standard diet (NC group) or with 4% cholesterol diet (HC group). After 4 weeks, the urinary bladder was excised under anesthesia and 4 detrusor strips were prepared. Blood samples were collected for serum lipid profile, and aortic arches were dissected for histopathological examination. In vitro contractile function of the detrusor smooth muscle was evaluated with: 1) electrical field stimulation (EFS) only, …

Early Diagnosis Saves Lives In Esophageal Perforations, Ayşen Taslak Şengül, Yasemi̇n Bi̇lgi̇n Büyükkarabacak, Tüli̇n Durgun Yeti̇m, Mehmet Gökhan Pi̇rzi̇renli̇, Burçi̇n Çeli̇k, Ahmet Başoğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Esophageal perforations are rare but highly fatal pathologies. This study aims to discuss the treatment methods for esophageal perforations. Materials and methods: Twenty-two patients who were diagnosed with esophageal perforation in the Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine’s thoracic surgery clinics between 2000 and 2011 were retrospectively evaluated. Results: The cause of perforation was foreign body in 17 patients, dilatation with bougie in 2, balloon dilatation in 2, and spontaneous rupture in 1. Eight patients had cervical, 12 had thoracal, and 2 had thoracoabdominal esophagus perforations. The period between perforation occurrence and treatment was longer than 24 h in 10 …

The Relationship Between Hla-G Levels And Oxidative Stress Parameters In Patients With Breast Cancer, Sema Bozali̇oğlu, Nedret Kiliç, Zuhal Yildirim, Bi̇lkay Baştürk, Osman Kurukahveci̇oğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To investigate serum HLA-G levels and its correlation with oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in breast cancer patients. Materials and methods: The patient group consisted of 25 individuals with breast cancer who were operated on in the General Surgery Department of Gazi University’s Faculty of Medicine. Thirty-one individuals who had no history of any kind of cancer, allergic diseases, diabetes, or rheumatic and immunological disease constituted the control group. Results: Results showed that malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and HLA-G levels in the patient group were statistically and significantly high compared to the control group (P < 0.001). While vitamin C levels were significantly lower in the patient group (P < 0.05), an insignificant difference in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total sulfhydryl group (R-SH) levels in both groups was observed (P > 0.05). Serum …

The Correlation Between Metabolic Syndrome And Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms In Females, Cevdet Serkan Gökkaya, Cüneyt Özden, Bi̇nhan Kağan Aktaş, Hüseyi̇n Ci̇han Demi̇rel, Özer Güzel, Mehmet Karabakan, Aki̇f Ersoy Erkmen, Çeti̇n Volkan Özteki̇n, Ali̇ Memi̇ş

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To evaluate the association between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in women. Materials and methods: A total of 155 women with LUTS were included in the study. LUTS were evaluated using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (BFLUTS) questionnaire. Besides total IPSS, voiding and storage IPSS were calculated separately. Diagnosis of MS was made according to the consensus report of the International Diabetes Foundation. The patients were classified into 3 groups: those without MS (group 1), those with 3 risk factors of MS (group 2), and those with …

Is There Any Effect Of Demographic Features On Development Of Hyperemesis Gravidarum In The Turkish Population?, Zeynep Kamalak, Nermi̇n Köşüş, Aydin Köşüş, Deni̇z Hizli, Ayli̇n Ayrim, Gonca Kurt

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To assess the effect of maternal demographic variables on development of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) in pregnant Turkish women. Materials and methods: Two hundred consecutive women with HG were defined as the study group, and 200 consecutive pregnant women without any signs or symptoms of HG matched for age, parity, and gestational age were defined as the control group. Personal information, including lifestyle, educational level, occupation, and economic status were obtained via questionnaire. Results: The number of abortions was higher but parity was lower in the HG group. The time interval between 2 pregnancies was significantly shorter in the HG group …

Defining The Role Of Reactive Oxygen Species, Nitric Oxide, And Sphingolipid Signaling In Tumor Necrosis Factor - Induced Skeletal Muscle Weakness, Shawn Stasko

Theses and Dissertations--Physiology

In many chronic inflammatory diseases, patients suffer from skeletal muscle weakness, exacerbating their symptoms. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and sphingomyelinase are increased, suggesting their possible role in the progression of this weakness. This dissertation focuses on the role that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) play in mediating TNF-induced skeletal muscle weakness and to what extent sphingolipid signaling mediates cellular response to TNF.

The first aim of this work was to identify which endogenous oxidant species stimulated by TNF contributes to skeletal muscle weakness. In C57BL/6 mice (n=38), intraperitoneal injection of TNF elicited a 25% …

Microglia Activation In A Rodent Model Of An Alcohol Use Disorder: The Importance Of Phenotype, Initiation, And Duration Of Activation, Simon A. Marshall

Theses and Dissertations--Pharmacy

Chronic ethanol exposure results in neuroadaptations that drive the progression of an alcohol use disorder (AUD). One such driving force is alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a mechanism underlying this damage. Although neuroinflammation is a physiological response to damage, overactivation of its pathways can lead to neurodegeneration. A hallmark indicator of neuroinflammation is microglial activation, but microglial activation is a heterogeneous continuum of phenotypes that can promote or inhibit neuroinflammation. Furthermore acute microglial activation is necessary to restore homeostasis, but prolonged activation can exacerbate damage. The diversity of microglia makes both the level and timecourse of activation vital …

Reaction Between Polyol-Esters And Phosphate Esters In The Presence Of Metal Carbides, David W. Johnson, Carolyn Iacullo, John E. Hils

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The reaction of metal carbides with polyol esters found in aerospace lubricants and phosphate esters commonly used as additives was investigated. Carbides were of particular interest since modern materials under consideration at high temperature bearings have surfaces that are primarily metal carbides. Vanadium and chromium carbide were found to react with the ester and phosphate ester by a transesterification reaction, producing an alkyl phosphate which is less stable than the aromatic phosphate esters. In the process, the metal carbide is converted to the metal phosphate and metal polyphosphate, evidenced by the infrared and Raman spectra of the solid residue and …

Lipid Targets In Clinical Practice: Successes, Failures And Lessons To Be Learned, M Dunne, Oscar Mac Ananey, V Maher

Articles

Abstract

INTRODUCTION:

Optimal risk factor control is integral to managing patients with proven coronary heart disease (CHD+) and for those at risk of coronary heart disease (CHD-). The primary aim of the study was to assess the success rate of reaching lipid risk factor targets in a multiple risk factor clinic.

METHODS:

A retrospective audit was conducted in 488 patients (CHD+, n = 112; CHD-, n = 376) who attended the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Clinic at Tallaght Hospital, Dublin in 2009 and 2010.

RESULTS:

Risk factor targets achieved in CHD+ and CHD- patients were LDLc (54/62 %), HDLc (67/67 %), …

Leptin Regulation Of Pubertal Maturation In Intact And Pinealectomized Female Rats, Emi̇ne Kaçar, Si̇ğnem Eyuboğlu Di̇nç, Bayram Yilmaz, Haluk Keleşti̇mur

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To explore the roles of leptin and melatonin in early pubertal maturation. Materials and methods: Wistar female rats were used as experimental animals. Leptin was subcutaneously infused for 28 days through osmotic minipumps starting from postnatal day 15 (preweaning). Pinealectomy was performed on postnatal day 21 (weaning), and the animals were decapitated when estrus was detected by vaginal smearing. Results: Chronic preweaning, by peripheral infusion of leptin through subcutaneous routes, advanced the onset of puberty in leptin-treated sham and pinealectomized groups as determined by vaginal opening, while causing no significant change in serum estradiol levels and uterus weight. Mean body …

The Correlation Between Cardiovascular Risk And Functional Disability And Disease Activity In The Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Mustafa Güler, Saadet Yazgan Umut, Teoman Aydin, Ayli̇n Rezvani̇, Emi̇ne Poyraz

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To determine the cardiovascular risk (CVR) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its correlation with disease activity and functional ability by using the Framingham risk score (FRS) and to compare the CVR of the RA patients with the control group with the help of the FRS. Materials and methods: Seventy-four RA patients, who were in conformity with the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, were included in this study at Bezmialem Vakıf University Hospital. A total of 39 subjects without inflammatory arthritis were included as the control group. The FRS was calculated by evaluating age, smoking habits, diabetes, …

Delivering Genetic Education And Genetic Counseling For Rare Diseases In Rural Brazil, A.X. Acosta, K Abe-Sandes, R Giugliani, Alan H. Bittles

Research outputs 2013

Brazil is the largest country in Latin America, with an ethnically diverse, Portuguese-speaking and predominantly Roman Catholic population of some 194 million. Universal health care is provided under the Federal Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) but, as in many other middle and low income countries, access to medical genetics services is limited in rural and remote regions of the country. Since there is no formally recognized Genetic Counseling profession, genetic counseling is provided by physicians, trained either in medical genetics or a related clinical discipline. A comprehensive medical genetics program has been established in Monte Santo, an inland …

Rational Use Of Antibiotics--A Quality Improvement Initiative In Hospital Setting, Sidrah Nausheen, Rabia Hammad, Ambreen Khan

Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Objectives: To minimise irrational use of antibiotics by implementing guidelines for antibiotic usage in obstetrics and Gynaeocology.
Methods: The observational study was conducted from January to December 2010 at the maternity unit of Aga Khan Hospital for Women and children, Kharadar, a secondary care facility in Karachi, Pakistan. Data was collected from medical records related to the study period. Prophylactic antibiotics were given according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommendation 2009. Surveillance was done by surgical site infection rates and infectious morbidity. Data was analysed on SPSS 13.
Results: Therapeutic antibiotic use was rationalized, reducing the use …

Insulin Resistance Impairs Response To Doxazosin Therapy In Men With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Cevdet Serkan Gökkaya, Çeti̇n Volkan Özteki̇n, Cüneyt Özden, Emi̇n Öztürk, Bi̇nhan Kağan Aktaş, Ali̇ Memi̇ş

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To evaluate the effects of insulin resistance (IR) on outcomes of doxazosin treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Materials and methods: This prospective study included 64 patients with LUTS due to BPH. LUTS were evaluated using the international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and maximum flow rate (Qmax) in uroflowmetry. Diagnosis of IR was achieved using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score and patients were grouped with respect to absence (group 1, n = 44) or presence (group 2, n = 20) of IR. Patients were evaluated before and after 3 months of daily doxazosin …

The Effects Of Valsartan Treatment On Visfatin Levels And Lipid Profiles In Newly Diagnosed Hypertensives, İsmai̇l Atacan, Adem Parlak, Ümi̇t Aydoğan, Oktay Sari, Deni̇z Engi̇n Gök, Tuncer Çayci, Kenan Sağlam

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

In this study, the curative effect of valsartan on hypertension based on its effect on visfatin levels and lipid profiles was investigated. Materials and methods: Forty patients aged 38-60 with hypertension were included in the study. In order to determine initial visfatin levels and lipid profiles, blood samples were taken from the patients and all were started on 80-mg valsartan tablets. All patients were monitored for 12 weeks. Results: By using multivariate regression analysis, it was determined that visfatin levels affected systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0.012, beta; -0.43, 95% CI: -0.092 to -0.012). After the patients received the …

Influence Of Alpha Lipoic Acid On Epithelial Apoptosis In Experimental Periodontitis, Adem Kara, Sümeyra Akman, Tevfi̇k Demi̇rci̇, Taner Arabaci, Varol Çanakçi, Bünyami̇ Ünal

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a powerful antioxidant. Its antiinflammatory effects and apoptotic mechanism have recently been studied in many diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ALA on apoptotic activity in the treatment of periodontitis. Materials and methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (without ligature), PED (ligature + placebo, saline; oral gavage), and ALA+PED (ligature + alpha lipoic acid at 50 mg/kg/day in saline; oral gavage). Histological and biochemical analyses were performed on the mandibular first molars of sacrificed rats. Results: Biochemical myeloperoxidase activity in gingivo-mucosal tissue was measured. For immunohistochemical …

Association Between Maternal Ghrelin Levels And Hyperemesis Gravidarum, İkbal Kaygusuz, İlknur İnegöl Gümüş, Melahat Yildirim, Hüsametti̇n Erdamar, Aysel Uysal, Serap Aynur Si̇mavli, Abdullah Ayyildiz, Muhammet Ramazan Yi̇ği̇toğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To investigate serum levels of ghrelin in pregnant women as a potential early marker for hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Fatih University Hospital. Included in the study were 35 women with HG and 31 pregnant women without HG as a control group. The groups were compared in terms of age, gravidity, body mass index (BMI), and fasting serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and ghrelin levels. Results: Ghrelin levels of the patients with HG were found to be significantly lower than those in the control group (P = 0.03). No intergroup differences could be …

The Effects Of Thyroid Hormones On Uroflowmetry Parameters In Asymptomatic Women, Ersi̇n Çi̇mentepe, Mehmet Erol Yildirim, İlkay Beki̇r İncebay, Ayşe Çarlioğlu, Ömer Faruk Karataş, Doğan Ünal

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To investigate whether there is any association between uroflowmetry parameters and blood levels of thyroid hormones in asymptomatic women. Materials and methods: Included in the study were 110 consecutive female patients with no urinary complaints who had thyroid function tests performed in an endocrinology clinic. Uroflowmetric measurements were performed for each patient in a sitting position. The patients were divided into 3 groups, hypo-, hyper-, and euthyroidism, and were investigated for statistical difference among them regarding maximum flow rate (Qmax), average flow rate (Qave), voided volume (VV), and voiding time (VT). Results: The mean Qmax and Qave values of hypo-, …