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A Rare Case Of Neonatal Hypotonia: Neonatal Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia, Ayhan Taşteki̇n, Rahmi̇ Örs, Behzat Özkan, Orhan Deni̇z Jan 2002

A Rare Case Of Neonatal Hypotonia: Neonatal Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia, Ayhan Taşteki̇n, Rahmi̇ Örs, Behzat Özkan, Orhan Deni̇z

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Hypotonia is a serious physical finding in a newborn infant. Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is a rare cause of neonatal hypotonia. It is a defect of the glycine metabolism and has poor prognosis. We report a case of a newborn infant with NKH, presented with mild hypotonia and high creatine kinase values. NKH should be considered in a hypotonic newborn, especially if associated with acute deterioration, lethargy and seizures.

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Prenatal Diagnosis Of Thanatophoric Dysplasia In Second Trimester, Hali̇l Aslan, Volkan Ülker, Necla Ülker, Nesli̇han Yerebasmaz, Cemal Ark Jan 2002

Prenatal Diagnosis Of Thanatophoric Dysplasia In Second Trimester, Hali̇l Aslan, Volkan Ülker, Necla Ülker, Nesli̇han Yerebasmaz, Cemal Ark

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

LAN Volkan ÜLKER Necla ÜLKER Neslihan YEREBASMAZ Cemal ARK Department of Perinatology, SSK Bakırköy Maternity and Children Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey

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Maxillary Sinus Aplasia, Murat Baykara, Nuri̇ Erdoğan, Mustafa Öztürk, Mustafa Erkan Jan 2002

Maxillary Sinus Aplasia, Murat Baykara, Nuri̇ Erdoğan, Mustafa Öztürk, Mustafa Erkan

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

YKARA^1 Nuri ERDOĞAN^1 Mustafa ÖZTÜRK^1 Mustafa ERKAN^2 Departments of ^1Radiology, ^2Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri - Turkey

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The Effects Of Fenthion On Lipid Peroxidation And Some Liver Enzymes: The Possible Protective Role Of Vitamins E And C, İrfan Altuntaş, Namik Deli̇baş Jan 2002

The Effects Of Fenthion On Lipid Peroxidation And Some Liver Enzymes: The Possible Protective Role Of Vitamins E And C, İrfan Altuntaş, Namik Deli̇baş

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

The effects of fenthion on the serum activities of cholinesterase (ChE), enzymes concerning liver damage and lipid peroxidation (LPO), and the ameliorating effects of a combination of vitamins E and C against fenthion toxicity were investigated. The results of the in vivo experiment showed that fenthion caused a significant increase in LPO and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and a significant decrease in the activities of ChE and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In addition, treatment with a combination of vitamins E and C led to a significant decrease in LPO and …

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Chronic Recurrent Appendicitis In Children: An Insidious And Neglected Cause Of Surgical Abdomen, Fati̇h Andiran, Sabri̇ye Dayi, Muzaffer Çaydere, Hüseyi̇n Üstün Jan 2002

Chronic Recurrent Appendicitis In Children: An Insidious And Neglected Cause Of Surgical Abdomen, Fati̇h Andiran, Sabri̇ye Dayi, Muzaffer Çaydere, Hüseyi̇n Üstün

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

In addition to the familiar acute inflammation of the appendix, chronic inflammation has long been a controversial disease entity. However, some recent reports announced that chronic recurrent appendicitis is by no means an established disease of the appendix. Therefore, we reviewed our appendectomies in children to determine the underestimated cases of chronic recurrent appendicitis and discuss this disease entity in children. The records of children who had undergone appendectomy upon initial clinical diagnosis of appendicitis were reviewed for a period of 42 months. Incidental appendectomies were excluded. The diagnoses of acute appendicitis, negative explorations and chronic recurrent appendicitis were made …

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A Comparative Study Of The Clinical Aspects And Relationship Between Fractures Of Mandibular Angle And The Presence Of A Lower Third Molar, Mehmet Yaltirik, Cem Rüştü Tanyel, Bülent Kati̇poğlu Jan 2002

A Comparative Study Of The Clinical Aspects And Relationship Between Fractures Of Mandibular Angle And The Presence Of A Lower Third Molar, Mehmet Yaltirik, Cem Rüştü Tanyel, Bülent Kati̇poğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Several authors have reported that the presence of teeth may be one of the determinants of mandibular fractures. Fracture of the jaw plays an important role in the practice of the oral surgeon. A number of factors contribute to the strength of the mandible. These include presence of active and strong musculature, the shape and thickness of the bone, and the presence or absence of teeth. The Deparment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, managed 100 patients with mandibular factures between 1991 and 1999. The male to female ratio was 5.25/1 and the majority of patients …

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Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Levels In The Third Trimester Of Pregnancy, Şi̇nasi̇ Özsoylu Jan 2002

Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Levels In The Third Trimester Of Pregnancy, Şi̇nasi̇ Özsoylu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Emerging Tool For Research In Pharmacology, Rishi Sharma, Manjeet Singh, Ajay Sharma Jan 2002

Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Emerging Tool For Research In Pharmacology, Rishi Sharma, Manjeet Singh, Ajay Sharma

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that can amplify a specific DNA segment in vitro using two site specific primers that hybridise to opposite DNA strands. The method produces large amounts of specific DNA from a complex DNA template in a single enzymatic reaction within a matter of hours. Reaction mixture contains a double helix DNA, two target specific primers, dNTPs, a DNA polymerase and a Mg2+ containing buffer. PCR is carried out in three distinct steps i.e. denaturation step, annealing step and extension step, which are repeated many times. The efficiency of PCR is measured in terms of …

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Erratum: A Comparison Between Walsh And Autoregressive Derived Parameters Of Heart Rate Variability Spectra In Normal Subjects And Diabetics Jan 2002

Erratum: A Comparison Between Walsh And Autoregressive Derived Parameters Of Heart Rate Variability Spectra In Normal Subjects And Diabetics

Neurosciences

No abstract provided.

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Health Professions Division Catalog Academic Year 2002-2003, Nova Southeastern University Jan 2002

Health Professions Division Catalog Academic Year 2002-2003, Nova Southeastern University

Health Professions Divisions Course Catalogs and Course Descriptions

No abstract provided.

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Investigation Of The Antiviral Effect Of Vepesid On Hsv Type 2, Adi̇l M. Allahverdi̇yev, Ni̇zami̇ Duran, Öznur Uyanik Jan 2002

Investigation Of The Antiviral Effect Of Vepesid On Hsv Type 2, Adi̇l M. Allahverdi̇yev, Ni̇zami̇ Duran, Öznur Uyanik

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Objective: Vepesid is a semisynthetic derivative of phodophylotoxin extracted from Phodophylum peltatum, which is in the group of plant alkaloids. In this study, the antiviral effect of Vepesid against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in in vitro conditions was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this investigation, a HEp-2 continuous cell line that was derived from human larynx cancer cells was used. The experiments were done in culture plates with smooth bases consisting of 96 wells. Cultivation of cells was realized in EMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum at an atmosphere of 37°C with 5% CO_2. The toxicity of …

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Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis In Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients: Postmortem Histopathologic Findings, Banu Bi̇lezi̇kçi̇, Beyhan Demi̇rhan, Asuman Ni̇han Haberal, Ünser Arikan Jan 2002

Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis In Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients: Postmortem Histopathologic Findings, Banu Bi̇lezi̇kçi̇, Beyhan Demi̇rhan, Asuman Ni̇han Haberal, Ünser Arikan

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Invasive aspergillosis is often lethal in transplant recipients. The mortality associated with this disease after organ transplantation approaches 100%, partly because it is difficult to recognize and diagnose early on. The clinical course and histological findings in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised hosts differ from those seen in patients who develop classic aspergillomas. In immunosuppressed patients, the predominant pathologic abnormalities are tissue invasion, abscess formation, and angioinvasion with or without infarction. In this study, we examined cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in one kidney recipient and three liver transplant recipients. All the patients were male, and their mean age was …

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Effects Of Increased Respiratory Resistance On Maximal O_2 Uptake And Anaerobic Threshold During Incremental Exercise Tests, Oğuz Özçeli̇k, Rami̇s Çolak Jan 2002

Effects Of Increased Respiratory Resistance On Maximal O_2 Uptake And Anaerobic Threshold During Incremental Exercise Tests, Oğuz Özçeli̇k, Rami̇s Çolak

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

This study was undertaken to assess whether maximal O_2 uptake (VO_2max) can be used as an index of measuring aerobic capacity under the condition of increased respiratory resistance. Seven male subjects performed two incremental exercise tests on a cycle ergometer on different days: one control (C) and one breathing through an 8 mm bore diameter respiratory resistance (R). Ventilatory and gas exchange responses were measured with a turbine volume transducer and mass spectrometry, and processed breath-by-breath. VO_2max was measured and anaerobic threshold (AT) was estimated non-invasively using the V-slope method. Maximal exercise performance was reduced significantly (by paired t-test, P

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The Effects Of Three Neurosurgical Anaesthetic Methods On Hla-Dr Expression, Nusa Tuna, Meti̇n Tuna, Demet Koca, Şebnem Atici, Aniş Ariboğan Jan 2002

The Effects Of Three Neurosurgical Anaesthetic Methods On Hla-Dr Expression, Nusa Tuna, Meti̇n Tuna, Demet Koca, Şebnem Atici, Aniş Ariboğan

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) is considered a meaningful indicator of immune response because of the important role that HLA-DR plays in presenting antigen to T-lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three anaesthetic methods (intravenous anaesthesia with propofol-fentanyl and balanced anaesthesia with isoflurane-fentanyl or sevoflurane-fentanyl) on monocytic HLA-DR expression in neurosurgical patients who underwent craniotomy. Thirty patients were divided into 3 groups of 10, and each group was the subject of one of the anaesthetic regimes noted above during craniotomy procedures. Blood samples were collected and HLA-DR expression was measured by flow cytometry …

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Congenital Pseudoarthrosis Of The Clavicle With Multiple Vertebral Anomalies, Ahmet Yi̇ği̇t Göktay, Mustafa Seçi̇l, Erki̇n Çeti̇nkol, Di̇nç Özaksoy Jan 2002

Congenital Pseudoarthrosis Of The Clavicle With Multiple Vertebral Anomalies, Ahmet Yi̇ği̇t Göktay, Mustafa Seçi̇l, Erki̇n Çeti̇nkol, Di̇nç Özaksoy

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

ğit GÖKTAY Mustafa SEÇİL Erkin ÇETİNKOL Dinç ÖZAKSOY Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir - TURKEY

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Psoas Abscess Secondary To Brucellar Spondylitis, Bi̇lgehan Aygen, Duygu Eşel, Nuri̇ Erdoğan, Orhan Yildiz, Bülent Sümerkan, Mehmet Doğanay Jan 2002

Psoas Abscess Secondary To Brucellar Spondylitis, Bi̇lgehan Aygen, Duygu Eşel, Nuri̇ Erdoğan, Orhan Yildiz, Bülent Sümerkan, Mehmet Doğanay

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Production And Purification Of Monoclonal Antibodies To Human Interleukin-2 And Their Use For Immunoaffinity Purification Of Recombinant Human Interleukin-2, Cemaletti̇n Aybay Jan 2002

Production And Purification Of Monoclonal Antibodies To Human Interleukin-2 And Their Use For Immunoaffinity Purification Of Recombinant Human Interleukin-2, Cemaletti̇n Aybay

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a powerful immunochemical tool. Today, the availability of mAbs with desired specificity enables ligand separation based upon the immunoaffinity technique. By using the high selectivity of mAbs, immunoaffinity purification offers the possibility of isolating compounds even from complex samples with a selectivity which cannot be achieved by other methods. This paper reports the preparation and identification of monoclonal antibodies against human interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the establishment of an immunoaffinity method for purifying human IL-2 (hIL-2). Hybridomas were generated by the fusion of NSO or FO myelomas and spleen cells from immunized mice. Hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine-resistant hybridomas secreting antibodies …

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The Relation Between Low-Density Lipoprotein (Ldl) Oxidation And Hemodialysis With Respect To Membrane Types Protective Effects Of Vitamin E-Bonded Membrane, Selda Demi̇rtaş, Gökhan Nergi̇soğlu, Ayşegül Akbay Yarpuzlu, Levent Karaca Jan 2002

The Relation Between Low-Density Lipoprotein (Ldl) Oxidation And Hemodialysis With Respect To Membrane Types Protective Effects Of Vitamin E-Bonded Membrane, Selda Demi̇rtaş, Gökhan Nergi̇soğlu, Ayşegül Akbay Yarpuzlu, Levent Karaca

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Plasma total antioxidant (TAO) levels, LDL (low density lipoprotein), antioxidant defense potential (AOP) and the resistance to oxidation of LDL fractions were studied in chronic hemodialysis patients. The differences with respect to dialyzer membrane types before and after hemodialysis were also assessed. After isolation of LDL from plasma by precipitation, AOP was measured based on the determination of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance), and resistance to oxidation was assessed by the metal-catalyzed peroxidation of LDL followed by the determination of the values of the peroxidation product malondialdehide (MDA) before and after peroxidation. The assay principle of TAO was based on …

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Discrimination Between The Acidic And Molecular Effects Of Lactate On Muscle Tension Development, Şeref Erdoğan, Sanli Sadi̇ Kurdak, Ni̇lay Ergen, Ayşe Doğan Jan 2002

Discrimination Between The Acidic And Molecular Effects Of Lactate On Muscle Tension Development, Şeref Erdoğan, Sanli Sadi̇ Kurdak, Ni̇lay Ergen, Ayşe Doğan

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Fatigue can be defined as the decrease in the genesis of maximal muscle tension, and it may develop when metabolic end-products cannot be readily washed out. During anaerobic exercises, lactate accumulates in the muscle and blood, resulting in acidic pH in these tissues. Fatigue during lactate accumulation is generally attributed to its acidifying property; however, the inverse effect of lactate on muscle tension also at isopH values may be due to the molecular as well as the acidifying effects of this metabolite. In this study, we aimed to distinguish the molecular and acidifying effects of high lactate, both of which …

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Antitumor Effects Of Tnf-\Beta, 5-Fu And Their Combinations On Cervical Carcinoma Cell Lines, Hakan Akça, Osman Ni̇dai̇ Özeş Jan 2002

Antitumor Effects Of Tnf-\Beta, 5-Fu And Their Combinations On Cervical Carcinoma Cell Lines, Hakan Akça, Osman Ni̇dai̇ Özeş

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Cervical carcinoma is one type of cancer with a high mortality rate in females. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of TNF-\beta, 5-FU and their combinations on human cervical carcinoma cell lines, ME180 and HeLa. The highest degree of cytotoxic effect was obtained with 5-FU on both cell lines. While high concentrations of TNF-\beta showed cytotoxic effects on both cell lines, the lowest dose induced growth. Combination treatment of 5-FU and TNF-\beta gave a slightly higher cytotoxic and antiproliferative response compared to individual use of 5-FU and TNF-\beta on both cell lines.

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The Dosimetric Verification Of Commercial Two- And Three- Dimensional Radiation Treatment Planning Systems, Ayhan Kiliç, Lütfi̇ Özkan, Kayihan Engi̇n Jan 2002

The Dosimetric Verification Of Commercial Two- And Three- Dimensional Radiation Treatment Planning Systems, Ayhan Kiliç, Lütfi̇ Özkan, Kayihan Engi̇n

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

For the quality assurance (QA) of radiation treatment planning systems (RTPSs) and planning computed tomography (CT), a simple cylindrical phantom was developed. The phantom was constructed by using materials and geometries appropriate for the routine clinic setups. A Siemens Somatom HiQ CT, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) RTPS and a linear accelerator Siemens Mevatron MD2 were used in this study. The 2D and 3D RTPSs gave good results when compared to actual doses measured in the phantom. While the 3D system showed accuracy similar (-1.0% vs. -0.8%) to that of the 2D system for 6 MV and better accuracy (+1.4% …

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Centromeric Smn Deletions In Various Congenital Muscular Dystrophies, Hayat Erdem Yurter, Di̇dem Dayangaç Erden, Saci̇de Pehli̇van, Beri̇l Tali̇m, Haluk Topaloğlu Jan 2002

Centromeric Smn Deletions In Various Congenital Muscular Dystrophies, Hayat Erdem Yurter, Di̇dem Dayangaç Erden, Saci̇de Pehli̇van, Beri̇l Tali̇m, Haluk Topaloğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

We studied centromeric SMN gene deletions in various forms of congenital muscular dystrophies. Our study cohort consisted of 48 patients (43 families): 24 with merosin-positive CMD, 18 with merosin-deficient CMD and 6 with muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease. None of the patients showed deletions of the telomeric gene; however, the deletion frequency of the centromeric gene was 27%. In a multiplex family, the mildly affected sibling, who is ambulant, had a preserved centromeric copy of the SMN gene, whereas in the severely affected sibling the copy was missing. The centromeric copy of the SMN gene may have a contributing role in the …

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Effects Of Perinatal Factors On The Duration And Cost Of Hospitalisation For Preterm Infants In A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit In Istanbul, İpek Akman, Di̇lşad Cebeci̇, Eren Özek, Sebahat İmamoğlu Jan 2002

Effects Of Perinatal Factors On The Duration And Cost Of Hospitalisation For Preterm Infants In A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit In Istanbul, İpek Akman, Di̇lşad Cebeci̇, Eren Özek, Sebahat İmamoğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Long hospitalisation and high hospital charges of premature infants are important concerns for parents and health providers. In this study we determined the length of stay and hospital cost of preterm babies and assessed the predictive value of perinatal factors on the duration and the cost of hospitalisation. We reviewed hospital charges and length of stay for a retrospective cohort of 72 premature infants discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit of Marmara University Hospital between January 1999 and January 2000. The perinatal factors were analysed using forward stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. The median gestational age and birth weight …

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A Cadaveric Polycystic Kidney Donor, Tanju Acar, Mahmood Arshad Jan 2002

A Cadaveric Polycystic Kidney Donor, Tanju Acar, Mahmood Arshad

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

AR Mahmood ARSHAD Department of Renal Transplantation, Guy's and St Thomas Hospital, London - UK

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Wound Closure By Skin Traction, Ramazan Köymen, Keri̇m Ortakoğlu, Kemal Murat Okçu, Hasan Ayberk Altuğ, Yavuz Si̇nan Aydintuğ Jan 2002

Wound Closure By Skin Traction, Ramazan Köymen, Keri̇m Ortakoğlu, Kemal Murat Okçu, Hasan Ayberk Altuğ, Yavuz Si̇nan Aydintuğ

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

KÖYMEN Kerim ORTAKOĞLU Kemal Murat OKÇU Hasan Ayberk ALTUĞ Yavuz Sinan AYDINTUĞ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Dental Sciences Center, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey

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Papillary Adenocarcinoma Of The Epiglottis, Sema Hücümenoğlu, Nur Çeli̇k, Gülben Erdem, Si̇nan Kocatürk Jan 2002

Papillary Adenocarcinoma Of The Epiglottis, Sema Hücümenoğlu, Nur Çeli̇k, Gülben Erdem, Si̇nan Kocatürk

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

ÜMENOĞLU^1 Nur ÇELİK^1 Gülben ERDEM^1 Sinan KOCATÜRK^2 Departments of ^1Pathology, ^2Otorhinolaryngology, SSK Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Acrodermatitis Enteropathica, Şi̇nasi̇ Özsoylu Jan 2002

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica, Şi̇nasi̇ Özsoylu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Morphologic Comparison Of The Elastic Fibers Found In The Submucosal Layer In Different Portions Of The Stomach, Ahmet Kalaycioğlu, Mi̇that Keri̇m Arslan Jan 2002

Morphologic Comparison Of The Elastic Fibers Found In The Submucosal Layer In Different Portions Of The Stomach, Ahmet Kalaycioğlu, Mi̇that Keri̇m Arslan

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

This study was carried out on 30 human stomachs (from cadavers) obtained from different medical faculties. The elastic fibers in the submucosal layer in the pylorus, corpus and antrum were studied and compared in terms of their length, and density per unit area. The submucosal layer containing elastic fibers was longer and their densities per unit area were greater in the pylorus than those in the corpus and the antrum. Another feature of this study is the use of the vizopan microscop, which is used in the field of forestry engineering for measurements.

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The Effects Of Pentoxifylline In Experimental Nerve Injury, Süleyman Baykal, Cavi̇t Boz, Ertuğrul Çakir, Şükrücan H. Baytan, Murat Karakuş, Kayhan Kuzeyli̇ Jan 2002

The Effects Of Pentoxifylline In Experimental Nerve Injury, Süleyman Baykal, Cavi̇t Boz, Ertuğrul Çakir, Şükrücan H. Baytan, Murat Karakuş, Kayhan Kuzeyli̇

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Several studies have suggested that pentoxifylline, a theophylline-related drug that decreases erytrhocyte stiffness, may be useful in treatment of ischaemia reperfusion injuries of brain, liver and small intestine in animal experiments. Fourteen Wistar-Albino rats weighing between 180-250 g were used for the experiment and divided equally to two groups. Before the injury, electroneuromyographic (ENMG) data were recorded from right and left sciatic nerves. Right sciatic nerves of the seven rats of group 1 were crushed with a clip. Same lesions were performed on seven rats of group 2 and also pentoxifylline (50mg/kg/day) was applied intraperitoneally once in a day for …

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Genetic Polymorphisms In Steroid Hormone Metabolizing Enzymes In Human Breast Cancer, Nesli̇han Aygün Kocabaş Jan 2002

Genetic Polymorphisms In Steroid Hormone Metabolizing Enzymes In Human Breast Cancer, Nesli̇han Aygün Kocabaş

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Epidemiologic studies indicate that most risk factors for breast cancer are related to reproductive and hormonal factors. The evaluation of associations between breast cancer risk and genetic polymorphisms in enzymes involved in hormone metabolism may be a cost effective manner in which to determine individual breast cancer susceptibility. A number of molecular epidemiologic studies have been conducted to evaluate associations between polymorphic genes involved in steroid hormone metabolism (i.e., CYP17, CYP19, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, MnSOD, COMT, and GST) that may account for a proportion of enzymatic variability. An evaluation of associations between breast cancer risk and genetic polymorphisms in enzymes involved …

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