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Improved Image Quality In Digital Mammography Using Anti-Scatter Grids, Samson O. Omondi, Peter K. Msaki, Ramadhan R. Kazema, Innocent J. Lugendo Oct 2020

Improved Image Quality In Digital Mammography Using Anti-Scatter Grids, Samson O. Omondi, Peter K. Msaki, Ramadhan R. Kazema, Innocent J. Lugendo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Curability and effective management of breast cancer are dependent on its early detection. Early diagnosis strategies focus on providing timely access to breast cancer treatments by reducing barriers and improving access to effective early diagnosis. Mammography is the screening method of choice but suffers from degrading effects of scatter photons obstructing visualization of ductal carcinoma in situ and micro-calcifications in the breast. Quantitative evaluation of scatter suppression by anti-scatter grid using the beam stopper method has been investigated. Breast tissue equivalent phantom, polymethyl methacrylate was evaluated at X-ray mammographic nominal energy ranges. The anti-scatter grid used had aluminium interspace material …

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Microbiological, Physicochemical And Heavy Metals Assessments Of Soils And Selected Vegetables Grown On Rumde-Doubeli Irrigated Farmland In Yola Nigeria, Mohammed Inuwa Ja’Afaru, Joel Uyi Ewansiha, Abdulwahab Dahiru, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo Oct 2020

Microbiological, Physicochemical And Heavy Metals Assessments Of Soils And Selected Vegetables Grown On Rumde-Doubeli Irrigated Farmland In Yola Nigeria, Mohammed Inuwa Ja’Afaru, Joel Uyi Ewansiha, Abdulwahab Dahiru, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Leaf parts of vegetable plants grown on irrigated farmlands and are easily accessed by contaminants; pose greater risks of being contaminated with heavy metals. Soil, irrigation water and edible vegetable plants were collected and evaluated for concentrations of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and standard laboratory methods. Physicochemical parameters of irrigation water, compared with WHO limits for chloride (326.14 + 7.03 mg/L, 250 mg/L), total hardness (196.0 + 8.72 mg/L, 150 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (286.4 ±1.35 mg/L; 150 mg/L) and alkalinity (171.0 + 4.36 mg/L, 120 mg/L) were significantly (p ˂ 0.05) higher than the control sites …

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Anti-Diarrhoeal Effects Of Aqueous Extract Of Vitex Doniana Stem Bark In Castor Oil-Induced Wistar Rats, Aliyu O. Amuzat, Yakubu Ndatsu, Mohammed J. Adisa, Rukayyah S. Sulaiman, Hadiza Mohammed, Abubakar A. Yusuf, Hauwa M. Ndayako Oct 2020

Anti-Diarrhoeal Effects Of Aqueous Extract Of Vitex Doniana Stem Bark In Castor Oil-Induced Wistar Rats, Aliyu O. Amuzat, Yakubu Ndatsu, Mohammed J. Adisa, Rukayyah S. Sulaiman, Hadiza Mohammed, Abubakar A. Yusuf, Hauwa M. Ndayako

Tanzania Journal of Science

Vitex doniana is a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea-related disorders.  In the present study, aqueous extract of Vitex doniana stem bark was evaluated for anti-diarrhoeal effects. Thirty albino rats of average weight 124 ± 4.35 g were distributed into five groups. Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were orally administered 2 mL of normal saline, 2.5 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) loperamide, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg bodyweight of aqueous extract of V. doniana stem bark, respectively. The extract was evaluated using feacal characteristics, gastrointestinal motility and enteropooling test. Results for phytochemical screening revealed the …

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Annual Committed Effective Doses Of Primordial Radionuclides And Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk To The Consumers Of Some Foodstuffs In Lagos, Southwest Of Nigeria, Olusegun Sowole, Sadudeen Kayode Aliyu Oct 2020

Annual Committed Effective Doses Of Primordial Radionuclides And Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk To The Consumers Of Some Foodstuffs In Lagos, Southwest Of Nigeria, Olusegun Sowole, Sadudeen Kayode Aliyu

Tanzania Journal of Science

Food plays vital role in the survival of man as it provides necessary nutrients to the body in order to carry out the daily activities and also to be in good health. Activity concentrations of 40K, 238Uand 232Th in some foodstuffs from three highly rated markets   in Lagos, Southwest of Nigeria have been determined by gamma spectrometry method using NaI (TI) detector coupled with a pre-amplifier base to a multiple channel analyzer (MCA). Fifteen (15) samples of maize flour, yam flour, beans, cassava flour and rice were randomly purchased from the markets: Ketu, Oyingbo and Ikeja. The highest activity concentrations …

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Trypsin Immobilization On Thiol Functionalized Mesoporous Silicas Prepared Using Castor Oil Template, James E. Mgaya Oct 2020

Trypsin Immobilization On Thiol Functionalized Mesoporous Silicas Prepared Using Castor Oil Template, James E. Mgaya

Tanzania Journal of Science

Mesoporous thiol modified silicas have been prepared using castor oil as a templating agent. The preparation was done through a co-condensation of 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane and tetraethylorthosilicate in a 1:4 molar ratio. Physisorption studies showed that the prepared mesoporous silicas have an average pore diameter of 9 nm, pore volume of 1.0336 cm3/g and surface areas of up to 605 m2/g. FTIR confirmed the attachment of thiol groups on the surface of the prepared mesoporous silica as evidenced with an absorption band at around 2600 cm–1. SEM images indicated agglomeration of the prepared particles. The prepared thiol modified silicas were successfully immobilized …

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Cashew Plant-Mediated Biosynthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles And Evaluation Of Their Applications As Antimicrobial Additive For Consumer Care Products, Isiaka A. Adelere, David O. Aboyeji, Felicia O. Akindurodoye, Nasiru U. Adabara, Hausatu Babayi Oct 2020

Cashew Plant-Mediated Biosynthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles And Evaluation Of Their Applications As Antimicrobial Additive For Consumer Care Products, Isiaka A. Adelere, David O. Aboyeji, Felicia O. Akindurodoye, Nasiru U. Adabara, Hausatu Babayi

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study reports the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract obtained from Anacardium occidentale stem bark and evaluation of their antibacterial activities as well as their potential applications as antimicrobial additives for detergent and toothpaste. The biosynthesized AgNPs were analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The particles were dark brown in colour with maximum absorbance at wavelength 419 nm. They were mainly spherical in shape with size ranges from 20 to 60 nm. The peaks of FTIR spectrum revealed that their formation was facilitated by protein molecules present in the …

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Corn Stover As Substrate For Biogas Generation And Precursor For Biosilica Production Via Anaerobic Digestion, Akinola D. Olugbemide, Lajide Labunmi, Ikhazuagbe H Ifijen, Damilare I. Ogungbemide Oct 2020

Corn Stover As Substrate For Biogas Generation And Precursor For Biosilica Production Via Anaerobic Digestion, Akinola D. Olugbemide, Lajide Labunmi, Ikhazuagbe H Ifijen, Damilare I. Ogungbemide

Tanzania Journal of Science

Production of fuels and chemicals from renewable biomass is crucial to sustainability of bio-based economy. In this study, anaerobic digestion of corn stover (CS) was carried out to produce biogas under mesophilic conditions. The study also investigated the potential of corn stover digestate ash as a potential source for biosilica production. A cumulative volume of 930 mL of biogas was produced with methane content of 85.87%. Higher and lower calorific values of biogas were calculated to be 36.30 MJ/m3 and 32.70 MJ/m3, respectively. Calcination of raw CS (RCS) and the digestate (CSD) was carried out at 600 °C for 3 …

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Radiation Dose To The Contralateral Breast And Effectiveness Of Superflab In Dose Reduction During Treatment Of Breast Cancer By Cobalt-60 External Beam, Julius S. Chiuyo, Peter K. Msaki, Ismail N. Makundi Oct 2020

Radiation Dose To The Contralateral Breast And Effectiveness Of Superflab In Dose Reduction During Treatment Of Breast Cancer By Cobalt-60 External Beam, Julius S. Chiuyo, Peter K. Msaki, Ismail N. Makundi

Tanzania Journal of Science

Radiation therapy for breast cancer inevitably results in scattered dose to contralateral breast. Breast tissues being highly sensitive to ionizing radiations, the chance of the contralateral breast developing second cancer after radiation therapy is high. This study investigated dose to contralateral breast and its reduction by superflab during the course of breast cancer radiation therapy. A thorax breast phantom constructed from tissue-equivalent materials and diodes (type IVD2 1137) were used to measure surface doses to the contralateral breast. The mean doses received by the contralateral breast were 2.2% and 7.1% of the prescribed dose of 200 cGy for 5 × …

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Antibacterial Activities Of The Extracts Of Allium Sativum (Garlic) And Allium Cepa (Onion) Against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria, Sherifat O. Enejiyon, Al-Hassan A. Abdulrahman, Abdulameen S. Adedeji, Ramatu Abdulsalam, Mary U. Oyedum Oct 2020

Antibacterial Activities Of The Extracts Of Allium Sativum (Garlic) And Allium Cepa (Onion) Against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria, Sherifat O. Enejiyon, Al-Hassan A. Abdulrahman, Abdulameen S. Adedeji, Ramatu Abdulsalam, Mary U. Oyedum

Tanzania Journal of Science

Although many antibiotics have been developed against bacterial diseases, the problems of antibiotic resistance and toxicity have made the continuous search for newer drugs an existential necessity. This study determined the phytochemical components and antibacterial activities of Allium sativum and Allium cepa against Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial activities of the aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of both plants at different concentrations were determined against all the test organisms using agar well diffusion method. All the extracts were found to contain important phytochemicals …

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In Vitro Antioxidant Activities Of Ethanol, Ethyl Acetate And N-Hexane Extracts Of Mangifera Indica Leaves, Yunusa O. Ibrahim, Musa B. Busari, Ruqayyah S. Yusuf, Rabiat U. Hamzah Oct 2020

In Vitro Antioxidant Activities Of Ethanol, Ethyl Acetate And N-Hexane Extracts Of Mangifera Indica Leaves, Yunusa O. Ibrahim, Musa B. Busari, Ruqayyah S. Yusuf, Rabiat U. Hamzah

Tanzania Journal of Science

Mangifera indica leaves have been in use in folk medicine since ancient time, for the treatment and/or management of numerous health complications. In this study, total phenols and flavonoids contents, as well as in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of M. indica leaves were determined and compared. The in vitro antioxidant activities were determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays, respectively. The total phenols were found to be present in the descending order of; ethanol extract > ethyl acetate extract > n-hexane extract, while flavonoids were observed …

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Dengue Vector Distribution And Their Infection Status In Selected Regions In Tanzania, Anitha Philbert, Amina Msonga Oct 2020

Dengue Vector Distribution And Their Infection Status In Selected Regions In Tanzania, Anitha Philbert, Amina Msonga

Tanzania Journal of Science

Dengue fever is an important arboviral infection globally. Tanzania has experienced multiple dengue outbreaks since 2010 leading to mortalities and public distress. Dengue is caused by viruses which are transmitted to humans by vector mosquitoes. Nevertheless, the abundance, distribution and extent of viral infections of these vectors are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize dengue vectors and determine their virus infection rates. Adult mosquitoes were collected from selected regions in Tanzania including Dar es Salaam, Tanga, Coast, and Arusha regions using CO2 baited mosquito magnet traps between December 2018 to February 2019, additional samples were collected …

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Sensitivity Analysis And Uncertainty Parameter Quantification In A Regression Model: The Case Of Deforestation In Tanzania, Thadei Sagamiko, Nyimvua Shaban, Isambi S. Mbalawata Oct 2020

Sensitivity Analysis And Uncertainty Parameter Quantification In A Regression Model: The Case Of Deforestation In Tanzania, Thadei Sagamiko, Nyimvua Shaban, Isambi S. Mbalawata

Tanzania Journal of Science

In this paper a multiple regression model for the economic factors and policy that influence the rate of deforestation in Tanzania is formulated. Sensitivity analysis for parameters of explanatory variables using one-at-a time and direct methods is carried out and the model is fitted by classical least square (LSQ) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Uncertainty quantification of parameters by adaptive Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods is performed. The coefficient of determination indicates that 87% of deforestation rate is explained by explanatory variables captured in the model. Household poverty rate is found to be the most sensitive factor to …

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Selected Under-Exploited Plant Oils In Nigeria: A Correlative Study Of Their Properties, Ikhazuagbe H. Ifijen, Adachukwu N. Nkwor Oct 2020

Selected Under-Exploited Plant Oils In Nigeria: A Correlative Study Of Their Properties, Ikhazuagbe H. Ifijen, Adachukwu N. Nkwor

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study examined the physicochemical properties of seven under-exploited plant oils in Nigeria, namely; Hevea brasiliensis seed oil (HBSO), Prunus dulcis seed oil (PDSO), Afzelia africana aril cap oil (AAACO), Jatropha curcas seed oil (JCSO), Sesamum indicum seed oil (SISO), Canarium schweinfurthii seed oil (CSSO) and Hura crepitans seed oil (HCSO). Characteristics such as colour, percentage yield, specific gravity, freezing/melting point, acid value, free fatty acid, iodine value, and saponification value were investigated. The results showed that they have different colours and are liquid at room temperature. The percentage yield of the extracted oils varied from 34 to 55.39%. The …

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Assessment Of Genetic Diversity Of The Wild Rice (Oryza Longistaminata) Populations In Tanzania Using Microsatellite Markers, Hashim M. Mangosongo, Emerald E. Mneney, Jagger Harvey, Martina Kyallo Oct 2020

Assessment Of Genetic Diversity Of The Wild Rice (Oryza Longistaminata) Populations In Tanzania Using Microsatellite Markers, Hashim M. Mangosongo, Emerald E. Mneney, Jagger Harvey, Martina Kyallo

Tanzania Journal of Science

The genetic diversity of 132 samples of the perennial wild rice (Oryza longistaminata) populations from selected districts (Bagamoyo, Kibaha, Kilombero and Mbarali) in Tanzania was evaluated using twenty eight microsatellite markers. Genomic DNA was extracted using standard protocols. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried out in a total reaction volume of 10 µL, using Touchdown protocol. It was found that all 28 microsatellite markers generated polymorphic patterns, with average Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value of 0.631. Moreover, a total of 243 alleles were detected by the 28 markers, with average of 8.68 alleles per marker. The percentages of genetic variations …

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Craniometrics Analysis For Ontogenetic Physiognomy And Sexual Dimorphism In Emin’S Silvery Mole-Rats (Heliophobius Argenteocinereus Emini: Bathyergidae) From Tanzania, Jestina V Katandukila Oct 2020

Craniometrics Analysis For Ontogenetic Physiognomy And Sexual Dimorphism In Emin’S Silvery Mole-Rats (Heliophobius Argenteocinereus Emini: Bathyergidae) From Tanzania, Jestina V Katandukila

Tanzania Journal of Science

Emin’s silvery mole-rat, the Heliophobius argenteocinereus emini belongs to a family Bathyergidae. The Heliophobius argenteocinereus emini (Noak, 1894) isinformation on ontogenetic physiognomy and status of sexual dimorphism in H. a. emini is missing. The present study intended to fill gaps on ontogenetic characteristics and status of sexual dimorphism in these mole-rats by comprehensively examining 55 skulls. Based on teeth eruption and wear, the dental formula of 1/1, 0/0, 1/1, 3/3 is reported for the first time, and subsequently established eight relative age classes. This information was key to the assessment of ontogenetic variations between sexes and age classes. The multidisciplinary …

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Comparison Of Seaweed Growth, Fish Abundance And Diversity In Deep Water Floating Raft With Tubular Nets And Shallow Water Off-Bottom Lines Seaweed Farms, Batuli M. Yahya, Saleh A. S. Yahya, Aviti J. Mmochi, Narriman S. Jiddawi Oct 2020

Comparison Of Seaweed Growth, Fish Abundance And Diversity In Deep Water Floating Raft With Tubular Nets And Shallow Water Off-Bottom Lines Seaweed Farms, Batuli M. Yahya, Saleh A. S. Yahya, Aviti J. Mmochi, Narriman S. Jiddawi

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study compared the growth performance of Eucheuma denticulatum, fish abundance and diversity between deep water (using tubular nets) versus shallow water (off-bottom) seaweed farming methods. For each farming method, three plots were set and fish abundance, diversity and seaweed growth rates were measured at intervals of 15 days. Belt transects measuring 10 m x 4 m each, were established on seaweed farms for fish observations. Fish were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level by underwater census. The results showed that the growth rate of E. denticulatum in deep water farms was slightly higher at an average daily growth …

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A Review On Ecosystem Services And Their Threats In The Conservation Of Nyando Wetland, Kisumu County, Kenya, Joseph K. Maithya, Felix L .M. Ming’Ate, Sammy C. Letema Oct 2020

A Review On Ecosystem Services And Their Threats In The Conservation Of Nyando Wetland, Kisumu County, Kenya, Joseph K. Maithya, Felix L .M. Ming’Ate, Sammy C. Letema

Tanzania Journal of Science

Wetlands are vital ecosystems as they are essential to human health, wellbeing, ecological integrity and national development as well as in the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, despite their contributions to human wellbeing, they have been destroyed and degraded over years. The aim of this paper is to review literature on the ecosystem services in Nyando wetland ecosystem and how they have been helpful to the well-being of its residents and also to determine the threats to the Nyando ecosystem services. A total of 88 documents were reviewed out of 20,400 documents from the Google engine search. It …

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Anti-Diabetic Activity Of Chrysophyllum Albidum (G. Don) Stem Bark In Alloxan-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Female Wistar Rats, Babalola Ola Yusuf, Musa Toyin Yakubu, Musbau Adewumi Akanji Oct 2020

Anti-Diabetic Activity Of Chrysophyllum Albidum (G. Don) Stem Bark In Alloxan-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Female Wistar Rats, Babalola Ola Yusuf, Musa Toyin Yakubu, Musbau Adewumi Akanji

Tanzania Journal of Science

Anti-diabetic activity of aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark (AECASB) in female Wistar rats was investigated to confirm or refute the purported use and the underlying mechanism of action of C. albidum stem bark in the management of type 1 diabetes in Nigeria traditional medicine. Seventy female rats (180.60 ± 8.50 g) were assigned into seven groups. Rats in Group 1 (non-diabetic) were orally administered 1 mL of distilled water, while animals in Groups 2-7 were made diabetic and orally administered 1 mL of distilled water, 2.5 mg/kg body weight (bwt) of glibenclamide, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg …

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Re-Evaluating The Strength Of Pit-Latrine Faecal Sludge From Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test Data., Yasmine Shafiq, Stuart Haigh, Rochelle Holm, Alison Parker Oct 2020

Re-Evaluating The Strength Of Pit-Latrine Faecal Sludge From Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test Data., Yasmine Shafiq, Stuart Haigh, Rochelle Holm, Alison Parker

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

In 2017, 55% of the global population were without safely managed sanitation services. On-site sanitation solutions, such as pit latrines, provide the majority of sanitation coverage across developing countries. Appropriate technologies are required in order to safely empty these latrines without damage to people or the environment. The design of appropriate emptying technologies can be hampered by a lack of knowledge of the mechanical properties of the waste, such as its strength. This paper will develop a calibration for a dynamic cone penetrometer to give accurate measurements of faecal sludge strength against a standard scale, rendering existing data comparable. It …

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Investigating The Direct And Indirect Effects Of Forest Fragmentation On Plant Functional Diversity, Jenny Zambrano, Norbert J. Cordeiro, Carol Garzon-Lopez, Lauren Yeager, Claire Fortunel, Henry J. Ndangalasi, Noelle G. Beckman Jul 2020

Investigating The Direct And Indirect Effects Of Forest Fragmentation On Plant Functional Diversity, Jenny Zambrano, Norbert J. Cordeiro, Carol Garzon-Lopez, Lauren Yeager, Claire Fortunel, Henry J. Ndangalasi, Noelle G. Beckman

Biology Faculty Publications

Ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation alter the functional diversity of forests. Generalising the magnitude of change in functional diversity of fragmented landscapes and its drivers is challenging because of the multiple scales at which landscape fragmentation takes place. Here we propose a multi-scale approach to determine whether fragmentation processes at the local and landscape scales are reducing functional diversity of trees in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. We employ a structural equation modelling approach using five key plant traits (seed length, dispersal mode, shade tolerance, maximum tree height, and wood density) to better understand the functional responses of trees to …

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Acute Toxicity, Antidiarrhoeal And Antioxidant Activities Of Methanolic Leaf Extract Of Baphia Macrocalyx In Mice, Regina Malekela, Jacob Mwakalinga, Rosta Antony, Flora Stephano Jun 2020

Acute Toxicity, Antidiarrhoeal And Antioxidant Activities Of Methanolic Leaf Extract Of Baphia Macrocalyx In Mice, Regina Malekela, Jacob Mwakalinga, Rosta Antony, Flora Stephano

Tanzania Journal of Science

The aim of the current study was to assess the acute toxicity, antidiarrhoeal and antioxidant potentials of methanolic leaf extract of Baphia macrocalyx (BM) in mice. Acute toxicity test of BM extract was performed based on OECD guideline 423. Results revealed that the extract did not produce any changes in general behaviour, body weight or mortality of the tested mice even at the highest oral administered dose (2000 mg/kg body weight). The antidiarrhoeal effect was examined using castor oil induced diarrhoea test. Results showed that BM extract delayed the onset of diarrhoea, decreased frequency of defaecation and reduced the severity …

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Assessment Of Biochemical Changes During Fermentation Process For Production Of Traditional Fermented Cassava Meal “Mchuchume”, Severino Alphonce, Lilian Kaale Jun 2020

Assessment Of Biochemical Changes During Fermentation Process For Production Of Traditional Fermented Cassava Meal “Mchuchume”, Severino Alphonce, Lilian Kaale

Tanzania Journal of Science

“Mchuchume” is a ready to eat fermented cassava food whose production is accomplished by a consortium of microorganisms, some of which may be probiotic in nature and others pathogens to humans and of no use in the fermenting system. This work made characterization of biochemical changes evolved at different times in local (open) and biotechnological (closed) fermentation methods. The study also assessed organoleptic properties of final products. Acidification was observed in the retting water as pH ranged from 6.32 to 4.25 and titratable acidity from 0.02% to 0.32%. A decrease in total reducing sugars (6.59 to 4.03 mg/g) in fermenting …

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Analyses Of Land Cover Changes From 1981 To 2016 In Pande Game Reserve, Tanzania, Cosmas Mligo Jun 2020

Analyses Of Land Cover Changes From 1981 To 2016 In Pande Game Reserve, Tanzania, Cosmas Mligo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Pande Game Reserve is among the protected areas in the coast of Tanzania. The reserve is heavily degraded because of illegal anthropogenic disturbances. The patterns of land cover changes which occurred in the reserve between 1981 and 2016 were determined using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Five land cover types, namely woodland, bushland, grassland, natural forest and bare soils were detected. The base map of 1981 indicated natural forest covering 965 ha (63.2%) followed by bushland with an area of 462ha (30%), grassland covering 7% (100 ha) where the woodland and bare soils did not exist in the reserve.  The …

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Stabilizing Capability Of Gum Arabic On The Synthesis Of Poly(Styrene-Methylmethacrylate-Acrylic Acid) Latex For The Generation Of Colloidal Crystal Films, Ikhazuagbe Ifijen, Stanley Omorogbe, Muniratu Maliki, Ifeanyi Odiachi, Aireguamen Aigbodion, Esther Ikhuoria Jun 2020

Stabilizing Capability Of Gum Arabic On The Synthesis Of Poly(Styrene-Methylmethacrylate-Acrylic Acid) Latex For The Generation Of Colloidal Crystal Films, Ikhazuagbe Ifijen, Stanley Omorogbe, Muniratu Maliki, Ifeanyi Odiachi, Aireguamen Aigbodion, Esther Ikhuoria

Tanzania Journal of Science

This article describes the generation and characterization of colloidal crystals from particles of gum arabic (GA) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate (SDBS) emulsified poly(styrene methylmethacrylate-acrylic acid) (P(St-MMA-AA) latex. The colloidal latex was synthesized using GA and SDBS as the emulsifying agents and then used to generate colloidal crystal films via the vertical deposition technique. Dynamic light scattering analysis placed the average particle diameter, polydispersity and Zeta potential at about 122 nm, 0.014 and –36.20 mV for the as-synthesized GA emulsified terpolymer latex and 213 nm, 0.006, –35.60 mV for the SDBS emulsified terpolymer latex, respectively. Thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry …

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Device–To-Device Association Algorithm For Optimal Neighbour Selection And Channel Sharing In 5g Cellular Networks, Chiza Christophe, Omar Hamad, Libe Massawe, Abdi Abdalla Jun 2020

Device–To-Device Association Algorithm For Optimal Neighbour Selection And Channel Sharing In 5g Cellular Networks, Chiza Christophe, Omar Hamad, Libe Massawe, Abdi Abdalla

Tanzania Journal of Science

The integration of device-to-device (D2D) communication in 5G cellular networks has generated the possibility of multiple transmission modes in a single cell. This has motivated scholars to investigate different mode selection and D2D association algorithms that guarantee the selection of proper transmission mode. However, the complexity of algorithms and tractability of devices in the cell are still remarkably challenging. This paper, therefore, presents a utility based D2D association algorithm that ensures optimal neighbour selection by using numerical linear algebra to minimize computational complexity. Simulation results show that the minimum utility based D2D association increases the expected values of attached devices …

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The Effects Of Milk Components On Lactoperoxidase Activity, Leonard Fweja, Michael Lewis, Alistair Grandison Jun 2020

The Effects Of Milk Components On Lactoperoxidase Activity, Leonard Fweja, Michael Lewis, Alistair Grandison

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study examined the effects of storage conditions (in particular temperature and media composition) and changes in composition of each milk fraction, and of individual components on lactoperoxidase (LP) activity. The enzyme demonstrated a pulsing characteristic especially in samples stored at 5 °C, however, temperature and media composition did not have great effects on the pulsing behaviour of the enzyme. The results also indicated small but statistically significant variations (P ≤ 0.05) in LP activity between whole milk (control) and acid whey, rennet whey and cream and non-significant variations (P > 0.05) between the control and skimmed milk, and between skimmed …

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Current Epidemiological Assessment Of Plasmodium Falciparum And Helminth Co-Infections In Children After A Decade Of Implementation Of Control Programs In Morogoro Region, Tanzania, Christopher Kisiringyo, Winifrida Kidima Jun 2020

Current Epidemiological Assessment Of Plasmodium Falciparum And Helminth Co-Infections In Children After A Decade Of Implementation Of Control Programs In Morogoro Region, Tanzania, Christopher Kisiringyo, Winifrida Kidima

Tanzania Journal of Science

A school based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to November 2018 to assess the burden of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma and soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections in Mvomero. A total of 374 children (age range =  5–16 years, mean age = 11.3 years) were recruited from five primary schools. Prevalence of asymptomatic P. falciparum infections were 29.9%, S. haematobium 49.7%, hookworm 20.3%, Ascaris lumbricoides 12.6%, Taenia saginata 0.5% and S. mansoni 0.3%. Malaria parasite density increased with increasing children age (r = 0.99). Only 6.5% (12/186) of S. haematobium infected children were presented with heavy infections, whereas all STH-positive …

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Soil-Plant Nutrient Cycling In Old Cocoa Farms In A Part Of South Western Nigerian Forest Belt, Olusola Afolayan Jun 2020

Soil-Plant Nutrient Cycling In Old Cocoa Farms In A Part Of South Western Nigerian Forest Belt, Olusola Afolayan

Tanzania Journal of Science

Apart from pests and diseases, a vital issue in the early mature of cocoa crop in Nigeria is soil nutrient degradation in relation to the ageing of the farms and annual mining of nutrients via yield harvests. Indigenous production of cocoa in southwest Nigeria has been on without fertilizer applications. This is the basis for the reduction average lifespan and productive years of the plantation. The aim of this study was to quantify the rates of soil nutrient losses via cycling channels in old cocoa farm using cocoa beans, leaves, litters, and pod husks in south western Nigeria forest belt. …

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Effects Of 15 Local Medicinal Plant Species On Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1b And Dipeptidyl Peptidase 1v Activity As Herbal Antidiabetic Type 2 Remedies, Pamhidzai Dzomba, Chidavayenzi Tinevimbo Jun 2020

Effects Of 15 Local Medicinal Plant Species On Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1b And Dipeptidyl Peptidase 1v Activity As Herbal Antidiabetic Type 2 Remedies, Pamhidzai Dzomba, Chidavayenzi Tinevimbo

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study aimed at investigating plant species that are used locally in Zimbabwe to manage diabetes type 2 and their respective modes of action using in vitro studies. The plants for this study were identified by ethnobotanical studies and their respective antidiabetic potentials were evaluated using protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP 1B) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibition assays. Out of the 15 plant species used to manage diabetes in traditional practices, 9 inhibited PTP 1B with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging from 0.03 ± 0.00 to 61.31 ± 0.70 µg/mL. The mechanism of inhibition deduced from Lineweaver-Burk …

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A Nexus Between Carbon Emissions And Land Surface Temperature In The Six Ecological Zones Of Nigeria, Folasade Oderinde Jun 2020

A Nexus Between Carbon Emissions And Land Surface Temperature In The Six Ecological Zones Of Nigeria, Folasade Oderinde

Tanzania Journal of Science

The increase in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has been identified as a driving cause of global climate change which is a threat to the normal functioning of human and natural systems. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between the emissions of CO2 and land surface temperature (LST) in the six ecological zones of Nigeria. High resolution satellite imageries of land surface temperature and carbon were downloaded from the website of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) between January 2002 and December 2012 and were utilized for the study. The data were processed using Arc …

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