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Vegetable Storage, F. E. Mccall

SDSU Extension Circulars

Need of Food. A nation at war is a nation with a food problem. A nation with a food shortage is a nation in peril. In the face of the present world food situation food products of all classes must necessarily be conserved in order that the food demands of the nation may be met. Need of Storage. By the proper storage and utilization of vegetables, larger quantities of the less perishable food products will be released for shipment across the Atlantic, and the people at home will be well supplied with food. This year, the need for proper storage …

Farming As A Business, Ward A. Ostrander

SDSU Extension Circulars

This bulletin is a copy of an account book kept by a farmer in South Dakota covering his farm business in 1917-18. It also shows how he summarized it to find the strong and weak points of the business. The purpose of this bulletin is to show how a farm account book can be summarized with a record of the sales, expenses, and inventories. All figures used in the summaries are taken from the record of sales and expenses and inventories.

Annual Report Of The Extension Division For The Year Ending June 30, 1918, C. Larsen, I. B. Johnson, H. E. Dawes, W. M. Mair, Agnes Morton, P. J. Scarbro, Roberta Mcneill, T. A. Meehan, Ward Ostrander, A. E. Miller, W. C. Boardman, G. E. Morrison, R. L. Patty, F. E. Mccall, J. T. E. Dinwoodie, Manley Champlin, J. G. Hutton, A. H. Sherwood, Joe Hill, C. S. Reddy, A. N. Hume, H. C. Gilbert, Ed L. Hayes

SDSU Extension Circulars

The past year has been one of unusual activity along the various phases of agricultural extension. South Dakota had a program of extension mapped out in accordance with the provisions of the South Dakota law enacted in 1915 and 1917, and also in accordance with the federal Smith-Lever Act passed by Congress in May, 1914. With the declaration of war, Congress and those officials in immediate responsibility realized the great importance of supplying our armies and allies with food. In order to speed up the food production program, Congress made an emergency appropriation. This enabled the States, Relations Service to …

Studies Concerning The Elimination Of Experimental Error In Comparative Crop Tests, T. A. Kiesselbach

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Research Bulletins

It is apparent that many sources of error have unconsciously entered into comparative crop yield tests. The very important matter of overcoming variation in soil conditions as a source of experimental error has been quite extensively studied and reported by various investigators during the past decade. The means suggested for reducing such error have been (1) repetition of plats and (2) correction of yields according to check plats planted to a uniform variety or treatment at stated intervals. Both methods have proved of value and a combination of both may often be used advantageously. Some danger always exists of error …

Bulletin No. 162 - A Quick Method Of Obtaining Accurate Individual Egg Records Without The Trap Nest, Byron Alder, A. D. Egbert

UAES Bulletins

The power or ability of a hen to lay a large number of eggs or the lack of that power or ability resulting in few or no eggs is not confined to the individuals of anyone breed or flock. Feeding, housing, and general care of the fowls are not the only causes of low production in certain individuals. It is often in the makeup of the hen herself; she could not be a heavy layer under any condition. High and low producers are found in every flock.

An accurate method of obtaining the daily individual records of each bird is …

Circular No. 29 - The Control Of Rodent Pests: Directions For Killing Ground Squirrels, Pocket Gophers, Rabbits, And Field Mice, Charles J. Sorenson

UAES Circulars

Rodent pests cause heavy damage to the crops of Utah. The four most destructive of these pests are ground squirrels, pocket gophers, rabbits, and field mice.

The most effective method for the destruction of these animal pests is the use of poisoned baits. A very important factor in their control is the natural enemies.

The formulae recommended in the following pages have been, and are now being, used with excellent success in this and neighboring states.

On A New Species Of Otter From Nebraska, Myron Harmon Swenk

University of Nebraska State Museum: Mammalogy Papers

In 1908 I referred our Nebraska otters to L. c. sonora (Rhoads), basing this conclusion on the mounted specimen in the University Museum, because of its large size and pallor, that being the only Nebraska specimen in any collection in the state at that time, and, so far as known to me, the only Nebraska specimen extant except the young female in the U. S. National Museum mentioned above. In 1915 I repeated this identification. The taking of a fine old male otter with a perfect skull in eastern Nebraska in 1916 reopened the whole question, and a close study …

Relation Of Size Of Seed And Sprout Value To The Yield Of Small Grain Crops, T. A. Kiesselbach, C. A. Helm

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Research Bulletins

A superior yielding power has frequently been attributed to the extra large seed. Since the seeds of any given crop commonly differ markedly in size, it is of importance from the standpoint of crop production to know the extent to which this difference in size may affect the yield of the crop produced. The following experiments have been conducted for the purpose of contributing further to the information upon this subject.

Studies Of The Etiology And Control Of Blister Canker On Apple Trees, J. Ralph Cooper

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Research Bulletins

The blister canker caused by Nummularia discreta Tul. is by far the most destructive disease of apple trees found in the United States. Serious damage due to this disease was first reported in Illinois in 1902. Since that time the disease has been reported to cause much damage in all apple-producing sections east of the Rocky Mountains. In Nebraska the disease is so prevalent that it is practically impossible to find an orchard free from it, and in many instances whole orchards have been destroyed thru its attacks. Because of the rapid dissemination and the destructive nature of blister canker, …

Studies Concerning The Elimination Of Experimental Error In Comparative Crop Tests, Theodore A. Kiesselbach

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

It is apparent that many sources of error have unconsciously entered into comparative crop yield tests. The very important matter of overcoming variation in soil conditions as a source of experimental error has been quite extensively studied and reported by various investigators during the past decade. The means suggested for reducing such error have been (1) repetition of plats and (2) correction of yields according to check plats planted to a uniform variety or treatment at stated intervals. Both methods have proved of value and a combination of both may often be used advantageously. Some danger always exists of error …

Bulletin No. 161 - Orchard Heating, Frank L. West, N. E. Edlefsen

UAES Bulletins

In the state of Utah scarcely a year passes without some damage being done to farm crops, either in the spring or the fall, because of the occurrence of killing frosts. For example, in the spring of 1916 the tops of the young beets were frozen, about one-fourth of the grain of the northern part of the state was frozen, the yield of the first crop of alfalfa was about half normal and 90 per cent of the fruit of the state was destroyed. During the month when fruit buds are in bloom, the report of the U. S. Weather …

Bulletin No. 160 - Important Factors In The Operation Of Irrigated Utah Farms, E. B. Brossard

UAES Bulletins

Two agricultural problems that are fundamental and of prime importance to the people of Utah are:

1. The development to maximum economic agricultural production of those farms now operated.

2. The agricultural development of the many thousands of acres of new land in the state.

A realization of the importance of these problems caused this investigation to be made. The purpose of it is as follows :

1. To determine what has been the experience of practical farmers, relative to the most profitable systems of farm management on irrigated Utah farms, and to suggest profitable future development of the existing …

Bulletin No. 158 - Soil Moisture Studies Under Dry-Farming, F. S. Harris, J. W. Jones

UAES Bulletins

Profitable cultivation of land under dry-farm conditions is dependent on the efficient use of precipitation. Soil fertility is not at present the limiting factor in crop production on most arid lands, but insufficient moisture to make available the fertility of these dry-lands is not only a limiting factor, but in most cases the controlling factor in crop production. The rainfall in the principal dry-farming areas of Utah varies from 12 to 15 inches a year. During different years it may range from 10 to 22 inches; therefore the best use must be made of the water that falls.

Bulletin No. 159 - Soil Moisture Studies Under Irrigation, F. S. Harris, A. F. Brakcen

UAES Bulletins

Under normal precipitation the variety of crops which can be successfully grown in the West is limited. Of necessity, irrigation was practised and with it came many complex problems. The water requirements of different crops, the water-holding capacity of soils, the movement of soil moisture, and numerous other related problems have given themselves up for investigational work.

Measuring Silage And Capacity Of Silos, L. W. Chase

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Circulars

The condition of the corn at filling time, the rate of filling, and the length of time settling has taken place before measuring the depth of the silage, all tend to cause variations in the weight per cubic foot of the silage and in the tonnage that can be placed in a silo. The greatest variation comes when very green corn or very ripe corn is used, and because of this it is possible that a cubic foot of green silage, which may weigh fifty pounds, holds no more dry matter than a cubic foot of overripe silage which weighs …

Bulletin No. 157 - The Irrigation Of Potatoes, F. S. Harris

UAES Bulletins

Very few field crops yield as large returns to the acre as do potatoes during favorable years, and but few crops are as greatly affected in quality and yield by soil and seasonal conditions. The potato is particularly sensitive to soil moisture. For this reason yields under irrigation, where the moisture can be controlled, are usually much higher than where the moisture supply is irregular.

Bulletin No. 155 - The Beet Leafhopper And The Curly-Leaf Disease That It Transmits, E. D. Ball

UAES Bulletins

The beet leafhopper (Eutettix tenella Baker), is the most serious pest of the western sugar beet. It has through the disease it tranmits caused periodic losses to the western sugarbeet industry, amounting in the aggregate to many millions of dollars. Curly-leaf, the disease which this insect transmits, has in some of its worst outbreaks caused the abandonment of thousands of acres of beets in certain districts and a serious reduction in tonnage of the remainder, so that the total loss in a single area has several times passed the million-dollar mark. Besides these striking and widespread outbreaks which fortunately have …

Cooling Tanks And Milk Houses As Factors In Cream Improvement, J. H. Frandsen

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Circulars

The dairymen of this country have suffered enormous losses due to the lower price received for poor butter. The present need is for a survey of the situation that shall result in a thoro understanding and cooperation of cream producers, creamery men, legislators, and educators.

Bulletin No. 150 - Further Studies Of The Nitric Nitrogen Content Of The Country Rock, Robert Stewart, William Peterson

UAES Bulletins

The progress of the work upon the general problem of the origin of the nitre spots in certain western soils has presented several different points of view. The fact that certain spots in western cultivated soils were rich in nitrates was first observed by Hilgard who attributed their accumulation to the more rapid nitrification of the organic matter of the soil in the warm arid climate of the west when the moisture limit was removed by irrigation.

Bulletin No. 153 - Selecting Dairy Bulls By Performance, W. E. Carroll

UAES Bulletins

Success in any system of breeding requires that each generation approach more nearly the object in view than has all preceding generations. Such progress is possible only when proper judgment is exercised and the best methods employed. In cattle breeding, for economic reasons, the bull is usually expected to contribute more to this general improvement than is the cow. To make this possible, the bull must therefore have been subjected to more rigid selection than the cow in order to eliminate more of his undesirable characters. If he contains few undesirable characters, from the breeding standpoint, he must of necessity …

Bulletin No. 154 - Irrigation And Manuring Studies Ii: The Effect Of Varying Quantities Of Irrigation Water And Manure On The Growth And Yield Of Corn, F. S. Harris, D. W. Pittman

UAES Bulletins

The present bulletin describes the results of an experiment on the irrigation and manuring of corn for the six years from 1911 to 1916, inclusive. The first three years' results of this experiment have already been published as Bulletin No. 133 of this Station. Besides the material discussed in that publication the present bulletin contains data on the composition of corn here presented for the first time.

Spraying Experiments In Nebraska, J. Ralph Cooper

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Research Bulletins

The more important questions which were considered during the three years covered by the present report were as follows: 1. How many summer sprays are required and when should they be applied? 2. What is the difference in efficiency between various brands of arsenate of lead? 3. What are the relative values of lime sulphur and Bordeaux as fungicides for spraying apples? 4. Is it possible to lessen or prevent Bordeaux injury and at the same time control fungous diseases? 5. Is it possible to interchange Bordeaux and lime sulphur in a spray schedule in such a manner as to …

Pump Irrigation In Nebraska, E. E. Brackett, O. W. Sjogren

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Circulars

Before one decides to install a pumping plant for irrigating purposes there are a good many factors that should be considered regarding the feasibility of the project and the construction of the plant. The material contained in this bulletin has been obtained from studying pumping plants in actual operation in this and other states and from experience gained while installing plants in this state.

Bulletin No. 151 - The Freezing Of Fruit Buds, F. L. West, N. E. Edlefsen

UAES Bulletins

There are many orchards in this country, so located that every few years a frost almost completely destroys the crop, either by killing the buds in the spring of the year, or by freezing the fruit in the fall, just before it is picked. Utah is no exception. A report made by the county agricultural agents of the state, shows that in the spring of 1916, 85 percent of the apples, 90 percent of the peaches, and 65 percent of the mall fruit were killed by frost with a corresponding amount of damage to field crops.

Bulletin No. 152 - The Effects Of Soil Moisture Content On Certain Factors In Wheat Production, F. S. Harris, Howard J. Maughan

UAES Bulletins

A knowledge of the intimate relations between the crop and the moisture of the soil is important to every farmer, and particularly to those in the arid parts of the world. While wheat is not an intensive crop and probably will not give as great returns to the acre for extra care as some other crops, it is well worth while to know how this crop responds to various treatments. The effect of high and low soil moisture during various stages in the growth of the crop is of particular interest. The work of other experimenters on this subject has …

Bulletin No. 149 - Breeding For Egg Production, Part Ii: Seasonal Distribution Of Egg Production With Especial Reference To "Winter" Egg Production, E. D. Ball, Byron Alder

UAES Bulletins

In this bulletin will be found a discussion of the seasonal distribution of egg production during first, second, and third, and later years of egg-laying of the same flocks of hens and a comparison of the distribution of production of high-laying and low-laying flocks in the same season, and different seasons as well as high-laying and low-laying individuals of the same flocks. These studies are based on six flocks of White Leghorn hens ranging from nine years to three years old and all descendants of a common flock. The methods of handling, feeding, and other details are discussed in previous …

Bulletin No. 148 - Breeding For Egg Production: Part 1, A Study Of Annual And Total Production, E. D. Ball, Byron Alder, A. D. Egbert

UAES Bulletins

The average annual egg production of different breeds of fowls, the production that may be expected under different environmental conditions, the average length of life, the total probable production of an individual and the distribution of this production through the life cycle, are all subjects of vital importance to every poultryman. They are also subjects upon which there must be reliable information before accurate breeding work can be carried on. A search through the literature shows that information on all these subjects is extremely meagre.

Circular No. 22 - Some Sources Of Potassium, C. T. Hirst, E. G. Carter

UAES Circulars

The essential elements of plant food are ten in number. Of these carbon and oxygen are obtained by the plant from the air, and hydrogen from the water. Sulphur, calcium, iron and magnesium are required by plants in small quantities and are not likely to be deficient in soils. The three remaining ones--nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium--are likely to be present in soils in smaller quantities and are used by plants in larger amounts than any of the other elements taken from the soil. In addition to these ten elements already named, five other elements, viz., silicon, aluminum, sodium, chlorine, and …

Bulletin No. 145 - Soil Alkali Studies: Quantities Of Alkali Salts Which Prohibit The Growth Of Crops In Certain Utah Soils, F. S. Harris

UAES Bulletins

One of the most important questions connected with the alkali problem in arid soils is the determination of the limits of toxicity of the various alkali salts. The author has already presented considerable data on this subject; but most of these results were obtained under laboratory conditions and with the use of pure salts. The combinations of salts used were not necessarily the combinations found in actual field conditions. It seemed desirable, therefore, to extend these studies to the field in order to determine the exact concentration of the various alkalis that prohibits growth in crops. A study of this …

Bulletin No. 147 - The Alkali Content Of Irrigation Water, Robert Stewart, C. T. Hirst

UAES Bulletins

In certain irrigated districts the alkali problem is a menace. Any controllable factor which tends to increase the alkali content of the soil should be carefully considered in a successful system of soil management. In this connection the quality of the irrigation water is of great importance; the saline content of water has a marked influence upon the method and quantity to be used for irrigation. The factors which will contribute to an increase or decrease of the alkali content of the water must be clearly understood. The amount of the several kinds of alkali salts added to the soil …