Digital Commons Network^™

Evaluating The Transformation Of Land Cover, Land Surface Temperature, And Urban Heat Island In Sylhet Division Through Geospatial Analysis, Md Fazle Rabbi Joy, Md Abdur Rahim, Md Mahfuzar Rahman, Sumiaya Amin Preota, Mohammed Mahathee Hossain

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Rapid and unplanned urbanization has significantly transformed land use/land cover (LULC), contributing to increased land surface temperature (LST) and the emergence of urban heat islands (UHIs), especially in ecologically fragile regions. This study focuses on the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh, assessing LULC changes, LST dynamics, and UHI expansion from 1994 to 2024 using Landsat satellite imagery, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI) indices, and field-based LST validation. Unsupervised classification reveals a 191.75% increase in settlement areas and a 25.65% loss in forest cover. Correspondingly, the highest LST zones (> 30 °C) were absent in 1994 but …

Rna Chimeric Antigen Receptor (Car) T Cell Therapies For B Cell Mediated Autoimmune Diseases, Jayamuni Vasuki Vindiya Silva

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multiorgan autoimmune disease caused by the breakdown of self-tolerance that leads to aberrant activation of B cells producing autoreactive antibodies. While traditional immunosuppressants. Glucocorticoids and biologics such as rituximab offer disease management, yet they fail to prevent flares and subsequent organ failures in severe SLE. In fact, increased doses of glucocorticoids are associated with irreversible organ damage. Newly emerged Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have resulted in unprecedented clinical success with disease remissions and complete depletion of B cells, providing long-term disease remissions. However, autologous conventional CAR T therapies are constrained by …

Establishing A Neural Crest Cell Culture To Investigate Rna Localization, Victoria Vang

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a transient, highly migratory embryonic stem cell population unique to vertebrates. During development, they give rise to diverse tissues, including craniofacial cartilage, peripheral neurons, glia, melanocytes, and components of the cardiac outflow tract. As NCCs migrate through complex environments, precise spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression is needed to coordinate migration and developmental fate. Defects in NCC development and migration can result in a broad class of disorders known as neurocristopathies (NCPs), including craniofacial abnormalities, Hirschsprung’s disease, and neuroblastoma. Despite the importance of NCC migration during development, many of the molecular mechanisms regulating this …

In-Hospital Mortality Patterns And Readmissions In Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Analysis Of The Role Of Pulmonary Hypertension, Saad Afzal Khan, Trishna Parikh, Adishwar Rao, Akriti Agrawal, Aarohi Parikh, Sarah Shin, Maulin Patel, Kha Dinh, Bela Patel, Bindu Akkanti

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be complicated by pulmonary hypertension (PH). We aimed to understand the impact of PH on in-hospital mortality and quantify the 30-day readmission rate among patients with COPD. For this cross-sectional study, we used the Nationwide Readmissions Database from 2017-2020 to identify adults ≥18 years with COPD. Patients were stratified according to PH diagnosis. Baseline characteristics between groups were compared using the Pearson chi-square test and two-sample t-test. Predictors of in-hospital mortality were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for demographics and confounders. The 30-day readmission rate and prevalence of PH subgroups by baseline …

Exploring Competitive Dynamics Between Pseudomonas Baetica And Salmonella In A Polymicrobial System, Braxton E.M. Stout

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The global rise in antimicrobial resistance has catalyzed a greater focus on polymicrobial research aimed at characterizing microbial interactions and uncovering new therapeutic strategies. Though it has long been of interest, environmental soil-derived bacteria remain largely under-represented in research and thus uncharacterized in this field. This project aimed to identify soil microbes that display inhibitory mechanisms to potential nosocomial pathogens. Soil sample S1S3-2 displayed inhibitory phenotypes toward numerous bacteria and was identified as Pseudomonas baetica. In both planktonic and biofilm growth, P. baetica was able to inhibit Salmonella arizonae through a contact-dependent and temperature-dependent manner. Screening of a transposon insertion …

Balancing Root-Zone Oxygenation And Rhizosphere Stability: The Impact Of Aeration And Hypoxia On Hydroponic Plant Growth, Christian D. Baker

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

As the global population and food demand continue to increase, growers must look to innovative and sustainable methods for plant cultivation. Hydroponics is a popular method of sustainable plant cultivation where plant roots are suspended over a liquid nutrient solution. Hydroponics uses less water compared to traditional agriculture because there is no evaporation or solution runoff. It also maximizes land use, requires fewer pesticides and herbicides, and enables year-round cultivation in controlled environments. However, indoor hydroponic systems rely on artificial lighting, which has higher energy costs than traditional farming methods. Optimizing growing conditions is therefore critical to ensure long-term economic …

Supplementation Of Tannin Extracts And Islands Of Plant Diversity On Cattle Grazing Brome Grass Monocultures: Influence On Behavior, Welfare, Performance And Health, Bashiri Iddy Muzzo

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Beef cattle grazing systems in the western United States often depend on grass monocultures that decline in nutritional quality during summer. As pasture quality decreases, cattle have fewer opportunities for selective foraging, grazing efficiency declines, and producers face increased supplementation costs to maintain animal performance, welfare, and effective pasture use. This dissertation examined whether interventions that provide phytochemicals either as a supplement or through the establishment of taxonomically diverse “hot spots” in otherwise monotonous landscapes could improve cow-calf pair performance and enhance the sustainability of agroecosystems. The study tested two strategies with free-grazing cow–calf pairs: supplementation with tannin extract and …

Genomic Markers Of Performance Within An Organic Pasture-Based Dairy Heifer Development Program, Connor Douglas Waldron

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Pasture-based dairying is important to organic milk production, but young heifers differ in how well they eat, grow, and adapt to grazing. This study tested whether commercial genetic information could help identify which heifers would perform best on pasture. Genetic samples from 139 Holstein, Jersey, Holstein-Jersey, and ProCross heifers raised on organic pastures in northern Utah were analyzed with the Neogen Igenity Select test and compared with measurements of feed intake, growth, and grazing performance. Genetic scores clearly separated the breed groups, but they were not strong predictors of how individual heifers grew on pasture. Pasture quality, especially forage nutrient …

Climate Change Impacts On Fish-Related Ecosystem Services: Synthesis, Network Analysis, And Strategic Pathways For Coordinated Adaptation, Ebenezer Afrifa-Yamoah, Awuah-Mensah, Stephen Bradshaw, Ute Mueller

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Climate change is rapidly disrupting fish-related ecosystem services that underpin global food security, economic livelihoods, and cultural identity across both marine and freshwater systems. While impacts are increasingly recognised, disciplinary fragmentation has hindered integrated understanding of how climate-driven changes in fish populations affect ecosystem service delivery. This review makes two integrated contributions: a hierarchical synthesis tracing causal pathways from physical climate drivers through biological and ecological responses to socioeconomic outcomes, and a qualitative network analysis that maps the interconnections, implementation readiness, and strategic sequencing of seven major adaptation strategies. Ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and their increasingly frequent co-occurrence as compound …

Coastal Land Uplift And Intensified Land-Use Influence Seagrass Carbon And Nitrogen Sink Capacity Over Millennial Timescales, Martin Dahl, Sara Braun, Maria E. Asplund, Mats Björk, Joeri Kaal, Hans W. Linderholm, Elinor Andrén, Thomas Andrén, Žilvinas Ežerinskis, Madhavu Vidya Faizal, Sara C. Forsberg, Andrius Garbaras, Malin E. Kylander, Pere Masqué, Miguel A. Mateo, Justina Šapolaitė, Oscar Serrano, J. Robin Svensson, Olena Vinogradova, Martin Gullström

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Seagrass meadows store sedimentary carbon and nitrogen and thus play an important role in climate change mitigation and nutrient retention globally. Here we reconstruct the impact of land-use and coastal land uplift on millennial–scale seagrass (Zostera marina) blue carbon and nitrogen accumulation in the Baltic Sea based on a multiproxy paleoreconstruction approach. We show that increased landscape clearance resulted in higher terrestrial runoff and increased accumulation of carbon and nitrogen, whereas land uplift led to hydrodynamically sheltered environments facilitating seagrass colonization, occurring 1700 and > 4000 years ago. The establishment of the seagrass meadows resulted in enhancement of the quality of …

Quantifying Plant Competition Across Heterogeneous Landscapes, Anne E. Schiffer

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Plant species require resources, such as water, light, and nutrients, and develop characteristics to compete for these limited resources. Multiple plant species can coexist in a given community if they vary their characteristics to acquire resources at different temporal or spatial scales. For example, neighboring plants coexist when they take up water in the soil at different times of the year or soil depths. Alternatively, neighboring plants with similar characteristics may compete strongly for a limited resource. However, when a plant population is growing or shrinking, it can be difficult to determine if population changes are due to resource limitation …

Methods For Tagging Whale Sharks: Insights Into Performance And Best Practices With A Focus On Clamp Attachments, Freya C. Womersley, Sofia Green, Alberto Garcia-Baciero, Ronan Conlon, Amy L. Jeffries, Matt J. Waller, Sara S. Ratão, Nuno Queiroz, Pedro Afonso, Gonzalo Araujo, Adam Barnett, Christine Barry, Michael L. Berumen, Farukhkha Bloch, Ginevra Boldrocchi, Camrin D. Braun, Ryan Caillouet, Constance Chapman, Jesse E.M. Cochran

Faculty Publications

Background: Biologging and telemetry have transformed our understanding of marine megafauna movement ecology. Yet, methodological constraints continue to limit data quality and deployment duration. Devices recording whale shark (Rhincodon typus) behaviours and movements have been used for decades, but they remain challenging to deploy and vary in success. Recently, spring-loaded clamp-based systems have emerged as one of the most widely used approaches to attach electronic tags to the fins of this globally endangered species. Currently, however, no consensus guidelines exist as to how to optimise this approach, potentially leading to continued underperforming deployments limiting analysis potential. Here, we synthesise experiences …

The Willing And The Compelled: How Power And Place Shape Human-Bison Coexistence In Poland And The United States, Patrick Orville Kelly

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Wildlife recovery programs depend not just on animals, but on how people feel about living with them. The degree to which people accept the disruptions wildlife brings to their lives, known as social tolerance, can determine whether a recovery program succeeds or fails, yet it remains understudied and underapplied in management plans. This dissertation studies how people in Poland and the western United States feel about living with the two living species of bison, the largest land animals in Europe and North America. In Poland, we surveyed 242 residents living at different distances from European bison habitat. Surprisingly, the most …

Prioritizing Fuel Treatments To Reduce Post-Fire Debris Flow Risk In Utah, Kipling B. Klimas

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Wildfire is a natural part of many forest ecosystems, but in the western United States, wildfires have become larger, more frequent, and more severe in recent decades. There are serious problems after severe wildfire, including erosion, flooding, and debris flows that threaten water quality, roads, and communities. Because of this, land managers need better ways to decide where fuel treatments, such as prescribed burning or thinning, can most effectively reduce wildfire damage and post-fire risks.

In this dissertation, I studied how fuel treatments might reduce wildfire severity and lower the risk of post-fire debris flows in Utah. First, I built …

Sex-Dependent Modulation Of The Endocannabinoid System In Pain Processing, Alyssa Lauer

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Medical cannabis, also known as medical marijuana, is becoming a more popular treatment for many diseases, including chronic pain. Chronic pain is difficult to treat, and current pain relievers are less effective in women. Medical cannabis may be a useful alternative to the medications that are currently available, but more research is needed to determine how safe and effective it is. Cannabis belongs to a class of drugs known as cannabinoids, which act on the body’s own endocannabinoid system to produce its effects. Cannabinoids affect the sexes differently, but it is not clear what causes these differences. Our research explored …

Development Of A Protein Mass Spectrometric Assay For The Characterization Of Colorectal Cancer Exosomes, Frank J. Reed Iv

Science University Research Symposium (SURS)

Exosomes (sEV) carry proteins involved in intracellular communication and colorectal cancer (CRC) biology, but their morphologic overlap with non-vesicular extracellular particles (NVEPs), and other extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exomeres and supermeres, complicates proteomic characterization. This aim of this study is to develop mass spectrometric assays that evaluate sEV enrichment, purity, and distinguish sEV CRC-associated protein cargo from EV and NVEP CRC-associated protein cargo to better classify the role of sEVs in CRC biology.

Our lab previously analyzed conditioned media from DiFi, cystic clone (CC), and spikey clone (SC) CRC cell lines purified using dialysis, concentration, and electrophoresis enrichment (DCE) by …

Characterizing Fungal Diversity In The Cumberland River Across Four Urban Sites In Nashville, Tn Using Its Amplicon Sequencing, Leena M. Al-Bunni, Chris Barton, Matthew Heard

Science University Research Symposium (SURS)

Urban freshwater systems provide both recreational opportunities and drinking water resources, making water quality monitoring a critical public health concern. Since 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has relied on Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an indicator of fecal and pathogenic contamination. However, the use of E. coli as an indicator does not capture fungi, which also inhabit freshwater systems and can act as pathogens or ecological disruptors. Advances in environmental DNA sequencing, such as Oxford Nanopore’s MinION, now make it possible to characterize these often overlooked fungal communities directly. This study characterizes fungal diversity in the Cumberland River, …

Do Cows Dream Of Open Fields?: Moral Imagination In The Age Of Industrial Meat, Josefa Benasso Barriga

Caroliniana Undergraduate Research Journal

This paper examines the ethical complexities of industrial meat production through the lens of competing moral frameworks, including utilitarianism and deontological ethics. While industrial agriculture provides affordable food and supports global economies, it also raises significant concerns regarding animal welfare, public health, environmental sustainability, and labor conditions. Using the BSE crisis as a case study, the analysis highlights how efficiency-driven systems can obscure moral perception and normalize harmful practices. The paper further explores the role of language and moral psychology in sustaining these systems, particularly through mechanisms such as moral distancing and cognitive dissonance.

By situating animal ethics within broader …

Impacts Of Acetaminophen Treatment On Hl-60 Cell Viability, Differentiation, And Apoptosis, Emma Crenshaw, Shannon Finney, Todd Mount, Gabriela M. Ramirez, Harshita Negi, Charles Andrew Schumpert

Caroliniana Undergraduate Research Journal

Acetaminophen is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic, but its effects on cancer cell behavior remain unclear. This study examined the effects of low concentrations of acetaminophen on HL-60 leukemia cells, focusing on cell viability, apoptosis, and differentiation. HL-60 cells were treated with 33 nM and 66 nM acetaminophen for 1-hour and 24-hour periods. Cell viability and density were assessed using a Trypan Blue Viability Assay, apoptosis was measured using a Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay, and morphological changes were analyzed by May-Grünwald Giemsa Staining. Results showed decreased cell viability and density with increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, with the stronger …

Do Pasture And Crop Management Practices Affect Silt Loam Soil?, Kelley R. Turner, Iin Handayani

Scholars Week

Agricultural management systems control soil quality in varying degrees. Information on the effect of farming systems on silt loam soil in Kentucky is still limited. This study evaluated the effect of different farm management systems (pasture vs crop production) on selected soil quality indicators in Western Kentucky. There were six agricultural fields used for this study. Two rotational cattle fields, one horse pasture using stall waste as fertilizer, one horse pasture using traditional fertilizer, a rotational soybean field and a monoculture corn field. Four disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from the topsoil of each field (total of 24 …

Synergistic Applied Biochar And Zinc Improves Morphophysiological Growth, Antioxidant Defense, Osmolyte Accumulation, Nutrient Homeostasis, And Grain Biofortification Of Wheat Under Drought Stress, Yu Jiuli, Rizwan Munir, Mohammad Khalid-Al-Sadoon, Hamad S. Al-Otaibi

Turkish Journal of Botany

Water deficiency is a critical abiotic stress that negatively affects agricultural productivity and product quality. Biochar (BC) is an effective amendment for improving crop yields and mitigating the adverse effects of stress conditions. Zinc (Zn) also plays a crucial role in plant growth and stress tolerance. Nevertheless, the role of combined BC and Zn in mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress (DS) remains unclear. This study determined the impacts of combined BC and Zn on wheat growth and its functioning under DS. The study comprised well-watered (WW) at 100% field capacity (FC) and DS conditions (50% FC), cross-combined with …

Evaluation Of The Potential Use Of Biogenic Zno Nanoparticles Synthesized Via Salvia Fruticosa Mill. As A Nanopriming Agent On Seedling Growth In Einkorn, Emmer, And Bread Wheat Seedlings, Yüksel Durakli, Eli̇f Yüzbaşioğlu, Eda Dalyan, Namik Akçay, Gökhan Algün

Turkish Journal of Botany

In this study, the potential use of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as nanopriming agents in different wheat species was investigated. ZnO NPs were synthesized using aqueous extracts of Salvia fruticosa Mill. and applied as nanopriming agents to evaluate seedling growth in diploid einkorn, tetraploid emmer, and hexaploid bread wheat. The structural, morphological, and elemental characteristics of ZnO NPs were determined using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The biogenic ZnO NPs synthesized were homogeneously distributed on the surface, with a mean particle size of 27 nm. ZnO NP-based nanopriming positively affected the growth of einkorn, …

Phylogenetic Placement Of Kudrjaschevia (Lamiaceae), An Endemic Genus Of Central Asia, Alexey Astashenkov, Vera Cheryomushkina, Kobil Bobokalonov, Emma Dowhower, Tuncay Di̇rmenci̇, Ferhat Celep, Ozan Şentürk, Chunlei Xiang, Abdelmonaim Homrani Bakali, Bryan T. Drew

Turkish Journal of Botany

The mountains of Central Asia are a major region of global biodiversity, but the flora of this area remains understudied relative to other temperate biodiversity hotspots. Among the region’s broad floristic diversity, the Lamiaceae (mint family) is a conspicuous component. Within Lamiaceae, Nepeta L. (subtribe Nepetinae) is one of the most species-rich genera in Central Asia. The genus Kudrjaschevia Pojark., comprising six species endemic to Central Asia and primarily restricted to Tajikistan, has long been considered closely allied with Nepeta, yet its phylogenetic placement has not previously been examined using molecular data. Here, the phylogenetic position of Kudrjaschevia within Nepetinae …

Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping Of Resistance To Fusarium Oxysporum F. Sp. Dianthi Race 2 In Carnation Using Genotyping By Sequencing-Derived Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Ayşe Serpi̇l Kaya, İlknur Polat, Mehmet Uğur Kahraman, İlker Kurbetli̇, Görkem Sülü, Emi̇ne Gümrükçü, Köksal Aydinşaki̇r, İbrahi̇m Çeli̇k, Aytül Yildirim

Turkish Journal of Botany

The most important pathogen causing root and crown rot disease in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) cultivation worldwide is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Prill and Delacr.) (Fod), and its prevalence in production areas varies between 39% and 72%. Moreover, chemical management is becoming more difficult day by day due to the development of resistance to many fungicides. The use of resistant varieties in cultivation is one of the most important control methods against diseases. Although there are many races, race 2 is the most common. Herein, it was aimed to perform quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to control resistance to Fod …

If You Give A Mouse A Cookie: Impact Of A Prenatal Mediterranean Diet On Offspring Neurobiological And Behavioral Outcomes, Abigail Noelle Frommack

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

In a 4x2 factorial design, this study assessed the impact of four maternal diets on offspring neurobiological and behavioral outcomes by sex. This study aimed to fill significant gaps in the literature by characterizing these outcomes in the understudied maternal Mediterranean diet (MD), while comparing it to a well characterized maternal Western diet (WD). Adult offspring were assessed for anxiety- and depressive-like phenotypes, as well as short- and long-term memory and executive function performance. Sexually dimorphic responses were seen, with very few significant differences observed in male offspring. For affective domains, the male WD offspring showed a potential depressive-like phenotype …

It Takes A Village -- An Homage To Florida's Ecosystems And Biodiversity, Noah R. Bastien

PANDION: The Osprey Journal of Research and Ideas

It Takes a Village is a drawing highlighting the biodiversity of Florida's native wildlife. The included species encompass plants, animals and fungi found in Floridian ecosystems. The swamp panel is an homage to the Florida Highwaymen, and several of the chosen species hold personal symbolism to my upbringing in central Florida and time spent with my grandparents on the Indian River in Brevard County. The species depicted in the drawing are as follows (from left to right, top to bottom): the grey triggerfish (Balistes capriscus), Florida mangroves (Rhizophora mangle), tropical water-clover (Marsilea ancylopoda), Florida …

Swallowtail Plant And Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail, Lillian G. Witherspoon

PANDION: The Osprey Journal of Research and Ideas

This mixed-media, artistic representation displaying both the Swallowtail Plant and the Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail Butterfly visualizes the shared similarities in both pattern and shape. Christia obcordata, commonly known as the Swallowtail Plant or Butterfly Plant, gets its name from its wing-shaped foliage and burgundy stripes that resemble the swallowtail butterfly.

Sea Urchin, Lilli Hendra

PANDION: The Osprey Journal of Research and Ideas

Sea urchins are echinoderms that live in the ocean and can be found in most climates. The support structure that encloses the internal organs in sea urchins is called a test, which is an endoskeleton composed of calcium carbonate and has five-fold radial symmetry. On the shell there are ambulacral plates that have small pores for the tube feet of the sea urchin. The raised bumps along the shell that help with joint movement are called tubercles. The oral and aboral views of the test are shown in the artwork. This piece is composed of individual dots that make up …

Ybx1 Orchestrates Srebp2-Driven Cholesterol Metabolism To Confer Drug Resistance In Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Veerababu Nagati, Miguel Salazar, Swathi Tenugu, Yamile Abuchard, Ana Ayala Pazzi, Ricardo Pequeno Bracho, Dennis Kwabai, Manish K. Tripathi

Research Symposium

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, is the first-line treatment for advanced HCC; however, the rapid emergence of drug resistance significantly limits its clinical efficacy. Our preliminary data indicate that Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) contributes to sorafenib resistance by reprogramming cholesterol metabolism. Specifically, YBX1 upregulates sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), enhancing cholesterol biosynthesis and accumulation while downregulating the cholesterol efflux transporter ABCA1. This metabolic alteration stabilizes receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), promoting Akt/mTOR signaling and sustaining drug resistance, thereby unraveling the …

Salvia Rosmarinus L.-Mediated Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles: Physicochemical Characterization And In Vitro Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Activity And Cytotoxicity, Raghad Ahmed Alhawi, Hawazin Ahmed Abid

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This study describes the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous Salvia rosmarinus L. (SRL) extract (Family: Lamiaceae) as a natural source of reducing and capping agents through an easy and green method assisted by blue diode laser irradiation (450 nm, 5 W, 5 min). The formation of rosemary-mediated AgNPs was verified by observing a color change in the solution and the presence of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 454 nm in the UV–Vis spectrum. XRD and FESEM revealed crystalline silver-containing nanostructures with an average estimated crystallite size of 15.53 ± 3.54 nm and particles with an …