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Management Strategies To Improve Indigenous Meat Goat Productivity In Semi-Arid Areas Of Southern Africa, L R. Ndlovu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The semi-arid areas of southern Africa are characterised by low and erratic rainfall coupled with sandy soils which result in severe fluctuations in feed quality and quantity. Goats are an important component of farming systems in these areas but their meat production is constrained by shortage of feed in the dry season. Young goats are particularly vulnerable and management systems that prevent weight loss during the dry season are needed. Positive growth rates in kids· aged 8-60 weeks were obtained in response to feeding 200-400 g of Dolichos lablab (a drought-tolerant fodder) or Acacia lorti/is pods (a naturally occurring feed …

Nitrogen Content Of Panicum Maximum When Grown With Stylo And Siratro Under Two Moisture Regimes, U R. Sangakkara, K B. Attanayake

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The impact of 2 popular tropical legumes on the nitrogen (N) content of the rhizosphere and an associated grass (Panicum maximum) in a soil with low N status was evaluated. The effect of 2 soil moisture contents on this process, (a) field capacity - 25% depletion and (b) 50% depletion or below, was also studied. At the high soil moisture level, both legumes increased the N content of soil and Panlcum over the control. The N content of the soil and grass treatments containing stylo was marginally higher than in soils containing siratro. This phenomenon was less marked …

Evaluation Of Setaria Sphacelata Var. Splendida In Mediterranean Irrigated Conditions. I. Effect Of Cutting Frequency On Chemical Composition And Nutritive Value, P C. Tenreiro

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Chemical composition and nutritive value of Setaria sphacelata var. splendida were studied under 3 culling frequencies, 14, 28 and 56 days, under mediterranean irrigated conditions. The effect of cutting frequency on chemical composition and nutritive value was evaluated by measuring crude protein, structural and non-structural carbohydrates and dry mailer digestibility. Metabolisable energy was also estimated. Nutritive value was not strongly affected by cutting frequency and acceptable quality was found in the 56 days treatment (60% IVDMD, 8.5 MJ MB/kg OM, 10% CP). The results achieved are similar to those obtained With annual summer forage grasses like Sorghum spp.

Ruminant Animal Production From Forages: Present Position And Future Opportunities, David E. Beever

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The utilisation of forages by ruminants for the synthesis of meat and milk is often below expectations both in terms of the quantity and the composition of the product. Recognising that the nutrition of the ruminant is complicated by the need to meet the requirements of the host animal and its rumen ecosystem, it is now possible to identify the causes of some of these inefficiencies and to develop suitable strntegies to overcome them. This paper attempts, through a review of the mechanisms of carbohydrate and protein utilisation in the rumen and in the animal tissues, and identification of the …

Implications And Improvements In Nutritive Value On Plant Performance And Grassland Management, D Clark, J R. Wilson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lignin modification is one method of improving plant nutritive value and is used to illustrate methods and consequences of plant manipulation. The effect of modifying lignin organ, tissue or enzyme levels on plant performance is inferred from recent scientific work on a range of species. Selection for higher whole plant digestibility is sometimes negatively correlated with plant yield. However, there is sufficient variation in both characters that improvement new not inevitably lead to decreased yield. Cultivars selected for low leaf strength or more digestible stems usually have lesser amounts of sclerenchyma and vascular tissue with less lignin and thinner walls. …

Prediction Of The Digestibility Of Forages At Different Stages Of Maturity By Using Chemical, In Vitro And In Vivo Methods, P C. Gupta, K Pradhan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter (DM) and cell wall digestibility of different legumes, i.e, berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum), cowpea (Vigna sineuis),, guara (Cyamopsis tetragonolob), lucerne (Medicago sativa), metha (Trigonalla foeawmgroecun) and white senji (Melillotus alba); and non-legumes, i.e., bajra (Pennlsetum typloides), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), maize (Zea mays), oat (Avena Sativa), PP grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum), sudan grass (Sorghum sudanese) and teosinte (Euchlaena maxicane) forages were determined. The correlation coefficients between ill vitro digestibility …

Nutritional Quality Of Ryegrass Pastures For Finishing Lambs In Southern Africa, D V. Paulsmeier, J H.F Meyer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A comparison between ryegrass, clover and a ryegrass-clover mixture was made in terms of animal production and possible limitations on intake. The occurrence of bloat on leguminous pastures restricts the use of these species in pasture systems in southern Africa. Highest average daily gains of 215 g were obtained on the clover pastures while average daily gains on ryegrass were I 63 g. Low specific gravity of the rumen content of sheep grazing pure clover, 0.62 kg/I, indicated gas formation in the rumen. On the ryegrass-clover mixture,· the influence of the lower degradability of ryegrass (P= S3.8%) effectively eliminated possible …

Comparative Study Of Four Varieties Of Cowpea. 2. Nutritive Value And Voluntary Intake, M A. Gabra, K M. Ghobrial

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pour varieties of cowpea (Vigna spp.) were sown lo study the effect of varieties on nutritive value and voluntary intake by sheep in 4 metabolism trials. Results showed that the feeding value as total digestible nutrients, starch value (SV) and digestible crude protein (DCP) of the different varieties were 63.05-65.61 %, 56.22-58.50% and 12.64-13.08%, respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive with sheep fed green forage. The voluntary intake from SV and DCP by sheep could cover the maintenance requirements from energy and protein with surplus for production.

Voluntary Intake And Rumen Degradation By Sheep Of Mature Pods Of Medicago Truncatula Cv. Paraggio, R Valizadeh, E D. Carter, N G. Yates

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The voluntary intake and rumen degradation of Medlcago trumcatula cv. Paraggio barrel medic pods harvested after both good and poor growing seasons were measured with Merino wethers. Voluntary intake measurements on 18 sheep were made during the last 12 days of a 3. week period. The degradation characteristics of the whole pods, seeds and hulls were measured by incubating samples (in nylon bags) for 24, 48 and 72 h in the rumen of 4 sheep fitted with rumen fistula and given a maintenance ration. The voluntary dry matter (DM) and organic matter intakes were 1837 and 1734 g/sheep/day for the …

Comparison Of Digestibility Of Sorghum Silage By Sheep And By Heifers With Special Reference To The Hemicellulose Monosaccharides, Osamu Kawamura, Shigeyuki Tanaka, Takashi Miaki, Kazuo Shinkai

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) and corn are the most popular summer forages in south-west Japan. In this experiment, the digestibilities of sorghum silage were determined by adult sheep and by heifers. The digestibilities of all proximate components by heifers were higher than by sheep, Non-structural carbohydrates were almost completely digested by sheep, in contrast to heifers which excreted a portion of the grain undigested. Neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin digestibilities for heifers were higher than those for sheep. Heifers digested each hemicellulose monosaccharide better than sheep, Sheep and heifers differed by the largest extent …

Improved Nutritive Value Of Different Forage Species Monitored By Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, N Berardo, A Tava, L Valdicelli, M Odoardi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The development of rapid and reliable methods for the evaluation and prediction of forage quality has been the objective of many researchers for several years. The infrared-reflectance technique was developed for rapid prediction of nutritive value and chemical composition of feedstuffs, and for the last decade has been applied at our institute for the prediction of the nutritive value of forage samples from field trials and breeding programmes. Calibration curves have been developed for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea· Schreb.), bromegrass (Bromus …

Forage Nutritive Value And Ensilability Of Some Common Grassland Herbs, J Isselstein

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nutritive value for ruminant feeding and ensilability of Achillea millefollum, Plalllago lanceolata and Taraxacum offlcinale in comparison with Lolium perenne and Trifollum repens were investigated, The species were planted as monocultures in a field trial. The influence of the time of first cutting and nitrogen fertilisation was also studied, Laboratory methods were used to estimate the nutritive value and ensilability of the forage. L. perenne had the highest nutritive value, followed by T. repens and T. o.f!lc lnale. A, millefolium and P, lanceolata were of lower quality. The decrease indigestible net energy value from early to late cutting was …

Increasing The Forage Supply And Cattle Production Through A Three-Strata Forage System, K Lana, I M. Nitis, W Sukanten, S Putra, M Suarna

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A three-strata forage system (TSFS) experiment has been can-ied out for 3 years to study the effect of first stratum (grass and ground legume), second stratum (shrub legume) and third stratum (fodder tree) in increasing forage supply and Bali cattle production in a dryland farming area in Bali. The completely randomised factorial design consisted of 2 farming systems (TSFS and traditional system 2) and 2 stocking rates (2 and 4 steers/ha) with 10 and 11 replications. The 0.2S ha TSFS plot was divided into a 0.16 ha core area for food crop, a 0.09 ha peripheral area for the pasture …

Recent Advances In Pasture Research And Development In Zambia With Special Reference To The Agro-Ecological Regions, Jarsolav Kulich

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Zambia is a large country (7S2 972 km"Z) with a low population density (about 1 Olkm2), 3 distinct seasons and 3 a8f(!-ecological regions, Each region has a specific temperature and rainfall regime, The country has 2.6 million head of cattle of various breeds concentrated in regions of low (<700 mm) to moderate (8()()..1000 mm) annual rainfall with high to moderate temperatures, Calving and turn off rates are low in the traditional sector, Pasture research started 10 years ago. Work reported here was concentrated in each of the agro-ecologlcal regions. The results suggested that production from local breeds could be improved by adopting and integrating pasture farming.

Potential Yield And Adaptability Of Tropical Forages In Different Ecological Regions Of Burundi, P Brandelard, O Ncamihgo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The permanent grasslands based mainly on Eragrostis olivacea are (disappearing in Burundi, because of the increasing density of small . farms. As a result, the integration of forage cultivation in the traditional farming systems becomes of vital importance for the survival of livestock production. A 5-year investigation on yields, nutritive value, persistence and adaptability to soil and altitude of several indigenous and introduced tropical forage grasses and legumes in various ecological regions of Burundi led to proposals that some well-adapted species and cultivars be distributed to farmers. Some species, like Tripsacum andersonii, Pennisetum purpureum and Desmodium intortmn, are quite …

Productivity And Nutritive Value Of The New Perennial Protein Fodder Crop Galega Orientalis Lam. Cv. Gale, B Radenovic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Galega orienalis Lam. cv. Gale was first sown in Yugoslavia in 1991, in the north Backa region. The yields of green mass and hay, and crude protein, crude fat, ash and dry matter (DM) contents, obtained from 2 swaths in the year of sowing were much higher than those obtained from lucerne as the control crop.

Ponded Pasture Systems For Beef Production In Seasonally Dry Zones Of Northern Australia, J H. Wildin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In northern Australia's monsoonal zone the dry season nutritional stress is a major constraint to beef production. Between May and November the quality of dry native pastures is extremely low, particularly in digestibility, nitrogen and mineral content, and cattle lose weight. To overcome this serious constraint many innovative technologies in cattle husbandry, supplementary feeding and improved pastures have been developed, Growing water-loving grasses for green forage in the dry season using wet season water in artificial ponds is a permanent forage system being adopted commercially in central Queensland and other regions of northern Australia. Para grass (Bracltiaria mutica) …

Genetic Improvement And Nutritive Value Of Lucerne: Crude Protein Content, P Rotili, G Gnocchi, C Scotti

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Stratigraphical analysis of a lucerne (Medicago saliva L.) stand was made to show the effect of leaf age and health, and of leaf-stem ratio, on crude protein content, These data show that when the analysis was made on stems of the same age and on leaves of the same age, health and physiological state, the variability of this trait is negligible, which makes it very difficult to breed for crude protein content. Nevertheless ii is possible to improve the protein content by selection for physiological trails such as leaf persistence and tolerance of early culling.

Plant Improvement: The Evaluation And Extension Processes, A S. Laidlaw, K.F M. Reed

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Registration and evaluation systems throughout the world range from voluntary registration to compulsory schemes involving assessment of taxonomic and agronomic characteristics. Evaluation can be confined to agronomic tests simulated under grazing management or extended to feeding-value trials. Criteria include adaptation to climate and soils, persistence and seasonal growth, annual dry matter production, resistance to pests and diseases, and association with beneficial organisms. The need for stress (e.g. drought, low nutrients, acidity, salinity, heat or cold) to be given more emphasis in programmes in specific localities is suggested. In developing regions the emphasis is screening a wide range of grasses and …

Achievements And Perspectives In The Breeding Of Forage Grasses And Legumes, A.J P. Van Wijk, J G. Boonman, W Rumball

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Successful breeding progrnmmes on forage grasses and legumes have in common that they made seed and plant material of superior genetic and physical quality available to the end-user at competitive prices. This was achieved by government- and privately-funded breeding programmes. A distinction between these two types of breeding organisations is made and discussed. Achievements in various areas are presented and the constraints the breeder is faced with ore given. It is felt that highly advanced genetic designs are not directly applicable, but that progress can continue to be made by applying classical procedures at a greater level of efficiency.

Nutritive Value Of Regrowth Of Pennisetum Parents And Hybrid Progeny, S C. Schank, D A. Diz, R L. Smith

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Low forage nutritive value of the giant forms of elephantgrass (Pen,1isetum purpureum Schum.) has limited its production In tropical areas. A dwarf cultivar, Motl ·(released In 1988), has given convincing evidence of much higher forage quality. A tall elephantgrass (cv. Kinggrass, USDA PI 300086) was hybridised with Moll. Over 400 lntraspecific hybrids were obtained in 1988 and evaluated. Yield and forage 11utrillve value of the two parents and selected progeny were compared. Dry matter production was measured at 6-week regrowth and 12-week regrowth during 1990. Samples collected were analysed for in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) and crude protein (CP), …

Is There Variability For Quality In Red Clover, C Moussett-Declas, F Faurie, J L. Tisserand

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

At Dijon (Prance), 36 varieties of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (24 diploids and 12 tetraplolds) were analysed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and silage parameters in the primary growth. All the forage compounds analysed were significantly different, WSC mean was 5.6291,, much lower than previously reported. The tetraploid varieties appeared better than diploids for CP, WSC and DMD but poorer for DM, All the silages (except two) had excellent quality with pH under 4,0 and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content under 400 mM/kg DM, Selection for quality of forage …

Improving The Digestibility Of Warm-Season Perennial Grasses, K J. Moore, K P. Vogel, A A. Hopkins, J F. Pedersen, L E. Moser

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The nutritional value of perennial warm-season grasses is limited primarily by digestible energy concentration. The relatively low digestibility of these grasses is due to their high concentration of fibre and its resistance to degradation in the rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate quantitatively improvements in the digestibility of 5 experimental switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) populations in terms of a first-order digestion model in order to develop selection strategies for further improvement. The populations were developed by recurrent restricted phenotypic selection from a base population by l cycle of selection for low and 3 cycles for high …

Sex Differences In The Diets Of Forest-Dwelling Baboons (Papio Anubis), Kara Hartunian

Theses and Dissertations

The ability to eat and switch between many food sources is an adaptative feeding strategy utilized for meeting nutritional needs across different environments, seasons, and physiological conditions. Baboons (genus Papio) excel at both dietary flexibility and foraging selectively, and consequently have one of the most widespread geographic distributions in the Order. To further expand to our understanding of baboon feeding ecology, I analyzed foraging activity and the nutritional characteristics of the diets of the relatively understudied rainforest baboons (Papio anubis) living in Kibale National Park, Uganda. I also investigated if there are differences in food type choice …

Impact Of Some Parameters On The Survival And Proliferation Of Foodborne Pathogens: Escherichia Coli, Bacillus Subtilis, Staphylococcus Aureus, And Streptococcus Pyogenes, Hassan Agha, Ahmed Bashir Sanaalla, Muhanad Abdullah Salim Abdulsamad, Maroua Abderrahmane Salhi, Ghada Abdu-Razzaq Mohammad, Abdulmutalib Alabeed Alkamil Allaq

AUIQ Complementary Biological System

Food poisoning caused by foodborne microorganisms is a significant public health concern. This study aims to investigate the impact of several nutritional and environmental parameters on the growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococc pyogenes in both model systems and food. The specific impact of temperature, pH, and UV light stress on pathogens.Applying physical stress on microorganisms is a standard method to induce cell inactivation and promote food stability.This study found that the optimal temperature for the growth of these pathogens is between 30°C and 50°C. No growth was observed beyond 50°C, indicating temperature sensitivity; low temperatures …

Composition Of The Fractions Of Dry, Mature Subterranean Clover Digested In Vivo And In Vitro, L Klein, S K. Baker

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A modified pepsin-cellulase procedure was used to improve the prediction of in vivo digestibility of dry, mature subterranean clovers (Trifolium subterraneum). Feed, faeces, and the residues from this /11 vitro procedure and the i11 vitro procedure of Tilley & Terry were analysed for protein, ash and fibre fractions lo determine the composition of the cell-wall functions that were digested. The extent of digestion of the cell-wall fractions differed between the two in vitro procedures, but the cell-wall fraction that was digested contained similar proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose, protein and lignin. The cellulose and protein contents of the cell-wall digested …

Advancement In In-Silico Drug Discovery From Virtual Screening Molecular Dockings To De-Novo Drug Design Transformer-Based Generative Ai And Reinforcement Learning, Dony Ang

Computational and Data Sciences (PhD) Dissertations

The field of drug discovery has seen remarkable advancements over the past few decades, transitioning from traditional experimental methods to highly sophisticated computational approaches. One of the pivotal techniques in this evolution is virtual screening, which utilizes molecular docking to predict the interaction between small molecules and target proteins. This method has significantly accelerated the initial stages of drug discovery by enabling the high-throughput screening of large chemical libraries. By simulating the binding affinity and stability of potential drug candidates, virtual screening has become a cornerstone in identifying promising compounds for further development.

A notable application of virtual screening was …

Covid-19 Prevention Behaviors And Dietary Habits Among Undergraduate Students: A Health Belief Model Approach, Doreen Liou

Department of Nutrition and Food Studies Scholarship and Creative Works

Physical and social disruptions resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting young adults in higher education. The purpose of this survey research is to unveil COVID-19 related beliefs using the Health Belief Model, and COVID-19 prevention behaviors, including self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption among university students. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 304 male and female undergraduate students from diverse ethnic backgrounds and majors at a New Jersey state university using convenience sampling. Variables measured included frequency of COVID-19 prevention behaviors (e.g.: wearing indoor mask, handwashing), and consumption of fruit and vegetables (dark green and orange vegetables) over the previous week. …

Diseases Of Cannabis Sativa And The Epidemiology And Molecular Diversity Of Neofusicoccum Parvum, Hannah V. Zima

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Cannabis sativa has been an underutilized agricultural resource in the United States, largely due to federal regulations distinguishing marijuana from hemp. In 2018, Congress passed a Farm Bill, which defined hemp as C. sativa containing a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) level of no more than 0.3%. As a result, commercial hemp production began in most states in 2019, including Arkansas, and was accompanied by numerous challenges like diseases and pests. The research on the epidemiology of diseases affecting C. sativa is limited, and understanding the pathogens is in its early stages in the U.S. For this study, an initial disease survey was …

Interactive Effects Between Bluetongue Virus Infection And Insecticide Exposures In Culicoides Sonorensis, Parker Mullins

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Culicoides biting midges are common pests around the world of humans, livestock, and wildlife. In addition to nuisance blood feeding, they are also able to transmit pathogens to their hosts like bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus, which can be damaging in terms of both production economics and animal welfare. In order to protect humans and livestock from biting pests like Culicoides, a wide array of interventions is recommended, but chemical insecticides and repellent use are ubiquitous. For a multitude of reasons ranging from natural weathering of applied insecticides to the increase in resistance-associated mutations and behaviors in …