Digital Commons Network^™

Mechanistic Rationale For Toxic Aerosol Formation From Vaping And Dabbing With A Focus On Ketene Formation From Semi-Synthetic Cannabinoids, Kaelas Ryan Munger

Dissertations and Theses

Cannabis vaping is a relatively new route of administration that is increasingly common among youth and young adults. Cannabis vaping has been associated with cases of acute lung injury, especially among youth, and most often involves the heating and aerosolization of high-potency products having cannabinoid concentrations of ~ 50 % - 98 % w/w. Proponents argue that vaping is safer than smoking due to the characteristically lower temperatures and fewer plant materials. However, the extreme cannabinoid concentrations, along with non-natural formulations having undisclosed additives, require studies of the health effects of these products. Despite the popularity of cannabis concentrate vaping, …

Barriers And Timely Postoperative Radiation Therapy In Head And Neck Cancer, Megan T Nguyen, Emily Kistner-Griffin, Reid Demass, Bhisham S Chera, Chanita Hughes Halbert, Katherine R Sterba, Elizabeth G Hill, Brian Nussenbaum, Anthony J Alberg, Vlad C Sandulache, David J Hernandez, Ryan S Jackson, Sidharth V Puram, Russel Kahmke, Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters, Gail Jackson, Sue S Yom, Evan M Graboyes

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Importance: Initiation of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) within 6 weeks of surgery is associated with improved outcomes among patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, the relationship of barriers to care with timely PORT is unknown.

Objective: To categorize barriers to timely PORT, evaluate the association of barriers to care with initiation of timely PORT, and describe the primary reason for delay among patients without timely PORT.

Design, setting, and participants: This prospective cohort study at a US academic medical center included adults with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma undergoing curative-intent surgery with an indication for PORT. …

The Glutaminase Activity Of Asns Fuels Glutamine Metabolism In Leukemia, Wai-Kin Chan, Lin Tan, Sara A Martinez, Di Du, Thomas D Horvath, Michael Pontikos, Leona A Rusling, Yulun Chiu, Bao Q Tran, Susan B Rempe, Sergei Sukharev, John N Weinstein, Philip L Lorenzi

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Not available.

Probiotic Biogeography In The Neonatal Intestine, Sierra Hansen

All ETDs from UAB

Neonatal infection remains a leading cause of both neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in preterm infants. Probiotic bacteria have been demonstrated to protect against the development of neonatal intestinal dysbiosis, however, formulations and efficacy vary substantially, highlighting a critical gap in the current understanding of the mechanisms governing probiotic efficacy in this population. This gap is exacerbated by regulatory standards which favor economic expansion over scientific rigor. Furthermore, current studies on probiotic efficacy largely rely on indirect or relative readouts of intestinal bacterial burden. Herein, we directly quantify the probiotic effects of Ligilactobacillus murinus V10 and Escherichia coli Nissle …

Structural Basis For Promoter Recognition By Pseudomonas Phage Dev Virion Associated Rna Polymerase, Brittney Bird

All ETDs from UAB

Bacteriophage DEV, a member of the Schitoviridae family, encodes a large virion-associated RNA polymerase (vRNAP) and shows significant potential for use in phage therapy. However, many aspects of DEV’s biology remain poorly understood, especially how it regulates transcription once inside the host. Recent work in our lab suggests that gene product 71 (gp71) functions as a DNA-dependent vRNAP. Analogous to the vRNAP of coliphage N4, gp71 likely initiates transcription by recognizing single-stranded DNA templates that contain early gene hairpin promoters. Based on this, my working hypothesis is that specific interactions between gp71 and the DEV early promoters PE1 and PE5 …

Characterizing The Role Of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A And Humoral Immunity To Biofilm Antigens During Streptococcus Pneumoniae Colonization, Jessica Lane

All ETDs from UAB

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), or “the pneumococcus”, is a Gram-positive bacterium that colonizes the upper respiratory tract as a pathobiont. Spn is a deadly human pathogen, and one of the leading etiological agents of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). One virulence factor of Spn is pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), a choline-binding protein (CBP) at the surface of the bacteria that interacts with the host environment. Here, we demonstrated a novel role for PspA involving adhesion to dying host nasal epithelial cells via a multimeric complex with host lactoferrin (LF) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). We found that the PspA-GAPDH complex aggregated the bacteria …

Influenza A Virus Increases Susceptibility To Streptococcus Pneumoniae By Damaging The Airway Epithelium, Erin Yepsen Earnhardt

All ETDs from UAB

Influenza A Virus (IAV) is commonly complicated by secondary bacterial infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Recent work from our lab demonstrates that an IAV-induced loss of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the airway disrupts the rheostatic properties of the airway surface liquid (ASL). In cystic fibrosis, caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, there is an increase in the bacterial burden of the airway. However, the underlying mechanisms and damage caused by IAV-induced CFTR dysfunction in the airway remains unknown. Using a primary differentiated human bronchial airway epithelial cell culture (HBEC) system, …

Lineage-Associated Zinc Metalloprotease B And Its Impact On Cardiac Damage Elicited During Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Jennifer Nichelle Luck

All ETDs from UAB

During invasive disease, certain strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) can invade the myocardium, damaging cardiomyocytes and predisposing patients to life-threatening cardiac complications. To identify genetic loci involved in pneumococcal cardio-virulence, we performed a bacterial genome-wide association study using 825 genomes corresponding to 17 distinct Spn lineages associated with varying rates of cardiac complications during hospitalization for pneumonia. This led to the identification of an allele of zmpB, the gene encoding Zinc metalloprotease B (ZmpB). Infection of mice with a ZmpB deficient mutant, i.e., TIGR4ΔzmpB, found that ZmpB was required to form foci of infection in the heart, i.e., cardiac microlesions. …

Virulence Factors And Their Binding Partners: A Biochemical Study, Morgan E. Blake

All ETDs from UAB

Virulence factors are an important mechanism by which viruses combat the host immune system, therefore a thorough understanding of the workings of these proteins will be of significant value in prevention of disease associated with viral infections. In this dissertation we investigate the main virulence factors of two viruses, the Influenza A Virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2, and their interactions with host proteins, providing critical information for structure-based drug design. In chapter one we studied the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of IAV and its interaction with the 30-kda subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF30) to inhibit host cell …

Standardizing Sea Urchin Husbandry: Tank Effects, Gamete Production, And Co-Culture, Raven Amber Edwards

All ETDs from UAB

This dissertation seeks to further knowledge of sea urchin husbandry in three major areas that have so far not been investigated substantially: optimal conditions for housing sea urchins in a lab-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), impacts of repetitive spawning regimens on reproductive output, and co-culture utilizing juvenile oysters. All studies utilize a commercial recirculating aquaculture system that is relatively novel for culturing sea urchins. The first chapter investigated the influence of housing conditions on sea urchin growth outcomes. Under the conditions of this study, the size of the tank showed limited influence on growth; however, stocking density was found to …

Structural And Functional Investigation Of The Influenza Nuclear Export Protein, Andrew James Staup

All ETDs from UAB

The influenza A nuclear export protein (NEP) is a multi-functional protein that mediates the export of progeny viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes from the host nucleus, regulates the activity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and is implicated in zoonosis. It is therefore critical to understand the mechanisms of NEP’s functions at the molecular level to inform its roles in the viral lifecycle and influenza zoonosis. In this dissertation, we report the structure of NEP in complex with the host nuclear export holo-complex as well as investigate the biophysical effects of the adaptive M16I mutation on NEP. We solved the cryo-electron …

Nmr-Based Metabolomic Profiling For Brain Cancer Diagnosis And Treatment Guidance, Julia R Zickus, José S Enriquez, Paytience Smith, Bill T Sun, Muxin Wang, Aldo Morales, Pratip K Bhattacharya, Shivanand Pudakalakatti

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a routinely used analytical tool for studying chemical entities of varying molecular sizes, ranging from approximately 20 Da to ~45 kDa, and in some cases even larger. Over the past two decades, the use of NMR spectroscopy has significantly expanded to the study of metabolomics. In this medium-sized review, the application of NMR-based metabolomics in the diagnosis, therapeutic intervention, and guidance of therapy for various types of brain cancer is discussed.

Complete Genome Sequence Of Actinomyces Oris Strain Mg-1: An Oral Commensal Critical For Dental Plaque Formation, Bibek G C, Kexin Tan, Chenggang Wu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Actinomyces oris MG-1 is a key oral commensal involved in dental plaque formation. We report its complete genome sequence, generated using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing. The genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 3,042,829 bp, providing a resource for future functional studies.

Ubiquitination-Targeted Therapies Improve Bmd Ipsc Myogenic Cell Engraftment And Dystrophin Expression In Vivo, Muchen Liu, Somik Chatterjee, Jianbo Wu, Zeinab Kashaniasl, Ashok Kumar, Chunru Lin, Radbod Darabi

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is caused by in-frame mutations in dystrophin gene, leading to progressive muscle weakness, and cardiac and respiratory complications. Currently, there is no cure. We have recently identified the importance of poly-ubiquitination in regulating dystrophin stability through the binding of lncRNA H19 to the dystrophin C-terminal zinc-finger domain (ZNF), inhibiting TRIM63-mediated poly-ubiquitination. We also demonstrated that BMD mutations lead to conformational changes in ZNF domain, reduced lncRNA H19 binding and increased dystrophin ubiquitination. Here we used BMD iPSCs to investigate the in vitro myogenic potential of BMD myogenic cells, as well as in vitro and in vivo …

Neurotransmitter Signaling In Molecular And Behavioral Immune Responses To Pathogens In C Elegans, Benson Otarigho, Alejandro Aballay

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways play major roles in both molecular and behavioral defenses against pathogen invasion, shaping the ability of Caenorhabditis elegans to sense and respond to environmental challenges. Given the conservation of neurotransmitter signaling pathways, their understanding may not only provide insights into the neurobiology of C. elegans but also has broader implications for our understanding of neural-immune interactions and host defense mechanisms in higher organisms. In this review, we discussed the literature on various neurotransmitter signaling pathways, including serotonergic, dopaminergic/octopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic pathways, and how these pathways modulate molecular and behavioral immune defense against pathogens.

Evaluating Gains In Student Self-Efficacy In Scientific Literacy Associated With A Brief Curricular Intervention, Radhika Reddy, Olivia M. Ainsworth, Mackenzie J. Gray, Andrea Hildebrand, Jazzmine Waugh, Jennifer Lindwall, Javier Huerta, Thomas E. Keller

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Undergraduate research experiences (UREs) are high-impact practices that enhance retention, motivation, and self-efficacy in science, particularly for students with limited prior exposure to scientific environments. However, many students-especially those from underrepresented or marginalized backgrounds-enter these experiences with low research self-efficacy, stemming from limited familiarity with academic language, scientific literature, and research communication. The Research Induction Curriculum (RIC) was designed to address this challenge by providing early, structured training in scientific literacy through scaffolded journal club discussions. The RIC introduces students to progressively more complex scientific articles, supports peer discussion, and builds confidence in reading, interpreting, and presenting scientific information. This …

Accelerations And Emg Differences Between Isocaloric High-Incline Walking And Level-Grade Jogging, Taj Krieger, Motoki Sato, Lex Gidley, Justus Ortega, Eli Lankford

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(7): 995-1009, 2025. High-incline walking is a popular mode of exercise and often serves as an alternative to level-grade running for improving cardiovascular fitness. This study examined the muscle activation and biomechanical differences between high-incline walking (HIW) at a 20% grade and level-grade jogging (LGJ) at matched exercise intensities. Nineteen physically inactive adults (18-31 years) participated. Participants completed two isocaloric exercise trials (HIW and LGJ), each lasting ten minutes. EMG data were obtained from eight muscles: biceps femoris (BF), gluteus maximus (GM), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), tibialis anterior (TA), vastus lateralis (VL), anterior deltoid (AD), erector …

Editorial: A Step-By-Step Statistical Decision Framework For A Gender-Inclusive Approach In Sport And Exercise Science Research, James W. Navalta, Dustin W. Davis, Jafra D. Thomas, Whitley J. Stone

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(1): 1010-1029, 2025. The conflation of sex and gender in sport and exercise science research has led to gaps in representation and understanding of gender-inclusive outcomes. This invited editorial presents a framework to guide researchers in conducting statistical analyses that account for multiple gender identities beyond the traditional binary classification. The invited editorial guides deliberation on whether to test for sex or gender differences in sport or exercise science research. It prompts investigators to answer the question, “Is there a valid, literature-supported rationale for investigating sex or gender differences?” If “yes”, we propose approaches that …

The Cost Of Malnutrition In Older Adults In The Mountain West, 2020, Taylor Volk, Anirudh Polagani, Olivia K. Cheche, Kristian Thymianos, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr.

Health

This fact sheet presents 2020 data on the annual costs of disease-associated malnutrition for adults aged 65 years and older across the five Mountain West states of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. The data are sourced from “Advancing Policies for Quality Malnutrition Care in Older Adults: A Toolkit for State Legislators,” a report published by Defeat Malnutrition Today and Women in Government.

Innate And Adaptive Immune Features Associated With Immune-Related Adverse Events, Shaheen Khan, Venkat S Malladi, Mitchell S Von Itzstein, Hong Mu-Mosley, Farjana J Fattah, Yang Liu, Mary E Gwin, Jason Y Park, Suzanne M Cole, Sheena Bhalla, Jay Lohrey, David Hsiehchen, Angela Moses, Tao Wang, Yaming Xue, Angela B Mobley, J David Farrar, Marjaan Imam, Michelle Wu, Quan-Zhen Li, Edward K Wakeland, Yang Xie, Jeffrey A Sorelle, David E Gerber

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: While highly efficacious for numerous cancers, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause unpredictable and potentially severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs), underscoring the need to understand irAE biology.

Methods: We used a multidimensional approach incorporating single-cell RNA sequencing, mass cytometry, multiplex cytokine assay, and antinuclear antibody (ANA) profiling to characterize the peripheral immune landscape of patients receiving ICI therapy according to irAE development.

Results: Analysis of 162 patients revealed that individuals who developed clinically significant irAEs exhibited a baseline proinflammatory, autoimmune-like state characterized by a significantly higher abundance of CD57+ T and natural killer (NK) T cells, plasmablasts, proliferating and …

Bypassing Bamd Essentiality By Mutations In A Non-Essential Substrate, Santosh Kumar, Anna Konovalova

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The β-barrel assembly machinery (Bam) is essential for assembling all transmembrane β-barrel outer membrane proteins in gram-negative bacteria. The Bam complex consists of the central β-barrel protein BamA and accessory Bam lipoproteins, including the widely conserved and essential BamD. BamD is assumed to be an essential regulator of OMP assembly, as its absence causes a global defect in OMP biogenesis. Here, we challenge this view by demonstrating that BamD essentiality is both conditional and substrate specific. In Escherichia coli, its function can be bypassed by preventing BamA jamming by a single, non-essential substrate RcsF. Our findings suggest that BamD …

Infectious Prions In Brains And Muscles Of Domestic Pigs Experimentally Challenged With The Bse, Scrapie, And Cwd Agents, Francisca Bravo-Risi, Fraser Brydon, Angela Chong, Kane Spicker, Justin J Greenlee, Glenn Telling, Claudio Soto, Sandra Pritzkow, Marcelo A Barria, Rodrigo Morales

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Experimental studies suggest that animal species not previously described as naturally infected by prions are susceptible to prion diseases affecting sheep, cattle, and deer. These interspecies transmissions may generate prions with unknown host ranges. Pigs are susceptible to prions from different origins, including deer chronic wasting disease (CWD), sheep scrapie, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Here, we studied prions in brains and muscles from pigs previously infected with these different prion sources. Specifically, we measured the total prion protein (PrP) and PK-resistant PrP by western blot. Seeding activity in these tissues was evaluated using the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) …

Inhibition Of The Ufd-1-Npl-4 Complex Triggers An Aberrant Immune Response In Caenorhabditis Elegans, Rajneesh Rao, Alejandro Aballay, Jogender Singh

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The UFD-1 (ubiquitin fusion degradation 1)-NPL-4 (nuclear protein localization homolog 4) heterodimer is involved in extracting ubiquitinated proteins from several plasma membrane locations, including the endoplasmic reticulum. This heterodimer complex helps in the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins via the proteasome with the help of the AAA+ATPase CDC-48. While the ubiquitin-proteasome system is known to have important roles in maintaining innate immune responses, the role of the UFD-1-NPL-4 complex in regulating immunity remains elusive. In this study, we investigate the role of the UFD-1-NPL-4 complex in maintaining

Prairie Soundscape, Rebecca J. Romsdahl

The Cicadian

This series of soundscapes represents dawn and dusk. Morning Cacophony was recorded at 6:00 AM, May 2023 on the Tympanuchus Reserve near Crookston, MN — a rare remnant prairie never plowed. Voices of the prairie: sedge wren, bobolink, greater prairie chicken, sandhill crane, red-winged blackbird, clay-colored sparrow. Night Chorus was captured at 2:00 AM, June 2024 on restored grassland at Bluestem Preserve near Moorhead, MN — once farmland, now thriving prairie. Nocturnal symphony: whip-poor-will (song + warning call), coyotes, treefrogs, grasshopper sparrow, soft wind, gentle rain.

The Effect Of A Kn95 Mask On High-Intensity Interval Training Performance, Physiological Response, And Perception, David Kenny, Payton Stanziani, Holly Chambers, Madison Vinovrski, Isabel Allocco, Jack Fisher, Morgan Raley, Kyle S. Beyer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(3): 984-994, 2025. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a KN95 mask on the performance, physiological response, and perception of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Twenty college-aged participants (Male: 10, Female: 10) completed a two-visit, crossover, counterbalanced study. The HIIT workout included four 1-minute “all-out” intervals at 3.5% of body mass with 4-minute rest intervals, performed with or without a KN95 mask. Following HIIT, participants remained on the cycle ergometer for a 15-minute recovery period. For each interval, peak power and average power were recorded. Throughout the HIIT workout and recovery, …

Evaluating The Impact Of Zoa Energy Drink On Muscular Strength, Psychomotor Vigilance, And Mood In Active Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Jose J. Rojas, Jason M. Curtis, Flavia F. Pereira, Cassandra Evans, Kaelan Jones, Alyana Andal, Juan Carlos Santana, Hena Thakkar, Jose Antonio

Journal for Sports Neuroscience

This study evaluates the effects of ZOA Energy Drink, a commercially available energy beverage, on muscular strength, sustained attention, and mood in exercise-trained individuals. Using a randomized, blinded, two-arm design, 24 participants (15 males, 9 females; age = 31.8 ± 8.4 years) were assigned to consume either ZOA Energy Drink or a caffeine-matched placebo. The primary outcomes included psychomotor vigilance (PVT), mood state (POMS), handgrip strength, and push-up performance. Baseline body composition was also assessed using bioelectrical impedance.

Results revealed no statistically significant differences between the ZOA and the caffeine matched control groups in psychomotor vigilance (p = 0.155), mood …

The Genus Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) In Oman, Graeme Lowe

Euscorpius

The taxonomic position of Androctonus populations in Oman was investigated by analyzing morphological variation in a comprehensive sample representing 150 records gathered from 95 localities spread throughout the country. Two new allopatric species are described, separated by multivariate morphometric analysis and meristic characters: (1) A. omanensis sp. n., distributed across most of Oman, is characterized by wider, deeper metasomal segments IV–V, shorter legs, more robust pedipalps, more granules on lateral inframedian carinae of metasoma II–III, and sparser setation on basitarsal spurs; and (2) A. ammophilus sp. n., distributed in the dunes of the Rub’ al-Khali (Empty Quarter) of …

Exploring The Relative Effects Of Natural Gas And Biogas Cooking On Indoor Air Quality In Residential Kitchens, Wande Benka-Coker, Kailey Sipe, Dinela Dedic, Alexander Jones, Bramley Hawkins, Emily Lyons, Matt Steiman, Megan L. Benka-Coker

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Indoor air pollution from gas stove combustion remains a public health concern, given links to adverse cardiorespiratory health effects, yet few studies have characterized or compared the air quality impacts of different gas-based cooking fuels. We investigated kitchen-level concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in four homes in Central Pennsylvania that used natural gas and/or biogas fueled stoves. We conducted time-resolved kitchen monitoring and assessed pollutant concentrations during cooking and non-cooking periods. We applied linear mixed-effect regression models with kitchen-level random effects and time-varying covariates to estimate the influence of fuel type on indoor air …

Beneficial Effects Of Performlytetm, A Prodosomed Phytonutrient-Enriched Electrolyte Formulation, In Enhancing Neuro-Muscular Synergy, Immune Competence, Cellular Aerobic Glycolysis And Sports Performance, Bernard William Downs, Samudra P. Banik, Bruce S. Morrison, Tandra Chakraborty, Manashi Bagchi, Sanjoy Chakraborty, Steve Kushner, Debasis Bagchi

Publications and Research

An optimised sports nutrition formulation achieving the correct blend of electrolytes with antioxidants and vitamins is integral towards meeting the demanding performance in professional sports arena. In this work, we describe a pilot study carried out to understand the effect of a novel phytonutrient- and electrolyte-fortified sports nutrition composition, PerformLyte^TM, developed in our laboratories, in boosting the performance of trained male cyclists. PerformLyte^TM is a unique fortified formulation comprising of polyphenolic antioxidants, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, as well as carotenoids, sulforaphanes, exotic spices, sea water-derived electrolytes, and vitamin C, encapsulated in proprietary patent-pending Prodosome absorption technology, enabling sustained …

Fruquintinib In Less Pretreated Patients: Multivariate Profile-Matching Analysis Of Fresco-2 To Fresco, Arvind Dasari, Cathy Eng, Sara Lonardi, Rocio Garcia-Carbonero, Toshiki Masuishi, Chiara Cremolini, François Ghiringhelli, Joleen Hubbard, Tanios Bekaii-Saab, Jeremy Jones, Rui-Hua Xu, Lin Shen, Jianming Xu, Yuxian Bai, Yanhong Deng, Ying Yuan, Wei Wei, Jianchang Lin, Lucy Chen, Zhao Yang, William R Schelman, Shukui Qin, Jin Li

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: In the phase 3 FRESCO (NCT02314819) and FRESCO-2 (NCT04322539) studies, fruquintinib vs placebo, plus best supportive care, significantly improved overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). These studies were conducted in temporally and geographically diverse populations that received distinct prior therapies; FRESCO patients were less pretreated than FRESCO-2 patients. This analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of fruquintinib in a less pretreated global population than the FRESCO-2 intention-to-treat (ITT) population.

Methods: In FRESCO and FRESCO-2, patients were randomized 2:1 to receive oral fruquintinib 5 mg or matched placebo. Profile matching was undertaken …