Digital Commons Network^™

Network And Multipath Traceroute Visualization, Cameron Makowski

Military Cyber Affairs

TraceCam introduces a new paradigm in network path analysis, leveraging GPU-accelerated WebGL visualization, advanced traceroute integrations, and AI-driven insights to transform complex routing data into actionable intelligence. Early prototypes have demonstrated significant improvements in performance, clarity, and multi-path discovery, overcoming traditional limitations in traceroute analysis. By incorporating retrieval-augmented language models and enriched metadata sources like IPinfo.io, TraceCam enables automated anomaly detection, contextual explanations, and rapid root-cause analysis, enhancing operational efficiency. The platform’s architecture ensures scalability and adaptability, supporting deeper investigations and real-time situational awareness. Future development will focus on clustering-based anomaly detection, expanded geographic visualizations, and enhanced AI-generated analysis to …

Quantifying Adversary Military Forces’ Susceptibility To Cognitive Attacks, Bonnie Rushing, Cole Nelson, Shouhuai Xu, Christofer “Raven” O’Keefe, Olga Karpoyan

Military Cyber Affairs

This paper introduces a method to quantify international populations’ susceptibility to cyber cognitive attacks using press freedom and media trust metrics. We present the Cognitive Influence Calculator, a tool that estimates susceptibility (𝑆) based on Press Freedom Scores (PFS) and media trust levels. Findings show that while authoritarian regimes are harder to reach, successful cognitive attacks have greater impacts due to higher trust in state-controlled narratives. Using U.S. wargaming data and international trust metrics, we compute susceptibility scores for the U.S., Russia, China, Iran, and North Korea. Results show an inverse relationship between PFS and media susceptibility, with local/allied …

Forward, Amy Hamilton

Military Cyber Affairs

No abstract provided.

Understanding Russia’S Cyber Policies, Strategies, And Doctrines, Bryan Hancock, Hanh Nguyen, Olga Karpoyan, Ekzhin Ear, Shouhuai Xu

Military Cyber Affairs

This study analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of Russia’s cyber policies, strategies, and doctrines through a systematic set of attributes, leading to key insights: (i) Russia has proactively adapted its cyber policies, strategies, and doctrines to its evolving environment; (ii) Russia actively conducts cognitive warfare, but remains equally vulnerable to it; and (iii) Russia’s cyber posture faces significant challenges, including a limited technological base, shortage of skilled personnel, and restrictive approach to information control, all of which undermine the effectiveness of its strategies. These insights offer valuable implications for US Cyber Command and the Department of Defense.

Characterizing Cyberattacks Against Operational Technology Infrastructures Through The Lens Of Attack Flows, Sherman Kettner, Caleb Chang, Ekzhin Ear, Shouhuai Xu

Military Cyber Affairs

Operational Technology (OT) infrastructures play a critical role in modern society and economy. However, their increasing connectivity with public networks such as the Internet has made them vulnerable to cyberattacks, much like traditional Information Technology (IT) systems. In particular, cyberattacks against OT infrastructures remain relatively underexplored and little understood. In this paper, we aim to deepen our understanding of cyberattacks against OT infrastructures. For this purpose, we propose a methodology, including novel cybersecurity metrics to analyze the attack flows of these attacks in an end-to-end fashion, which allows us to draw useful insights. We demonstrate the utility of the methodology …

Christianity, Conception, And Consciousness: Why A Conscious Human Mind Is Necessary To Fulfill The Conception Requirement, Vittoria L. D'Addesi

Liberty University Law Review

As artificial intelligence (“AI”) advances, it not only affects our daily life, but also implicates patent law. The Federal Circuit Court of Appeals has already held in Thaler v. Vidal that only a natural human person can be an “inventor” entitled to receive a patent, thereby excluding AI. The rationale in Thaler centers on statutory interpretation, leaving open the question of whether AI is capable of fulfilling the conception requirement—an essential element of qualifying as an inventor and receiving a patent. This Comment aims to expand the rationale of Thaler and argues that AI cannot fulfill the conception requirement; thus, …

Silicon Sentinels: Using Whistleblower Protections To Manage Information Asymmetry And Ai Risk, Jason Green-Lowe, Fynn Fehrenbach, Mark Reddish

Liberty University Law Review

In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence (“AI”) development, policymakers face a critical challenge: obtaining accurate and timely information about the potential risks and impacts of advanced AI systems. This Article examines the pivotal role of whistleblower protections as a mechanism to address the information asymmetry between AI companies and government officials. Employees inside AI companies are uniquely positioned to share information that can help outside regulators make wise policy decisions, but employees might be reluctant to do so unless their decision to share that information is legally protected. We propose a comprehensive framework for AI whistleblower protections as …

Open-Source; Open-Season; Open-Fire: Google V. Oracle And The Vulnerability Of Code To Copyright Infringement By Ai Harvesting, Kent Pederson

Liberty University Law Review

In Google v. Oracle, the Supreme Court was forced to decide if Google’s copying of 11,500 lines of computer code from Oracle without permission constituted copyright infringement. Much was on the line, including precedent concerning the copyright status of millions of lines of code nation-wide. In the lengthy decision, the Supreme Court avoided the central issue of holding whether the copied “declaring code” could be protected by copyright or instead was a functional tool outside of the Copyright Act. Instead, it punted the issue, assuming for the sake of argument that the declaring code that was taken was in …

Is Ai A Horse Or A Zebra: Do Ai Free Speech Concerns Require New Legal Tools?, Jennifer Huddleston

Liberty University Law Review

In 1996, as the internet was emerging into more popular use among the general public, Judge Frank Easterbrook published Cyberspace and the Law of the Horse. In this essay and lecture, Judge Easterbrook warned against the rise of specialized law for general purpose technology and instead posited that many common law legal principles will be able to evolve. As this essay and lecture posit, new technologies provide may provide an opportunity to examine if existing legal principles function optimally, but we should be cautious of interventions in the name of protecting the public from new and rapidly evolving technologies.

Nearly …

The Measure Of A Man: Considering Science Fiction And Christianity In The Regulation Of Artificial Intelligence Models, Andrew P. Connors

Liberty University Law Review

Does artificial intelligence “think,” and if it does, what should the law do about it? This article examines popular culture and the Turing Test to assess whether artificial intelligence “thinks,” applying the author’s engineering background and his Christian worldview. The author concludes that artificial intelligence mimics rather than creates and considers the risks and benefits of artificial intelligence given that conclusion. The author suggests that legal regulation should be measured, leaving important decisions to humans while at the same time encouraging development of this important, misunderstood technology.

Artificial Intelligence And Autonomous Systems In Warfighting At Sea, Nicholas Kadlec

International Law Studies

Much of the debate surrounding the military use of artificial intelligence (AI) tends to focus on lethal autonomous weapons systems. Those are systems that, once activated, can select and engage targets without further human intervention; sometimes pejoratively called “killer robots.” Moreover, debates often focus on their use and risks in land warfare. This land-warfare focus tends to invoke questions about the systems’ ability to distinguish between combatants and civilians on urban battlefields and the potential for mistakes. Legal debates about the lawfulness of AI and lethal autonomous weapons systems in warfare similarly tend to focus on land warfare and thus …

Caught In Citizenship Limbo: Lessons From The 2025 International Student Visa Crisis In The U.S, Jinke He

Critical Internationalization Studies Review

No abstract provided.

Easements As An Option For Api Access, William J. O'Reilly

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

The debate surrounding interoperability involves commercial interests, privacy interests, and security interests. Application Programming Interfaces or APIs are a vital component of interoperability, and the possibility of regulating APIs creates tension between owners of APIs, consumers, and other parties. There are many current and proposed methods for regulation. Some are technological, some are legal. No single method completely regulates APIs, and many lack the authority that comes from established precedent. Technology regulation has previously turned to property law principles for privacy and other vital interests. By turning easement law into a framework for API governance, there is a robust tool …

A (Loper) Bright Future? Charting Federal Ai Legislation With State Blueprints In A Post-Chevron World, William B. Simpson

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

Despite a growing proliferation of algorithmic systems across the market, the U.S. lacks a comprehensive federal AI law to address the risks posed by this technology. The 2024 Supreme Court case Loper Bright v. Raimondo, which overturned the doctrine of Chevron deference, arguably complicates the passage of such a law by constraining Congress’ ability to use ambiguous statutory language as a means of reaching legislative consensus. Nevertheless, as Congress prepares to tackle this complex issue, it can look to state legislatures that have passed AI laws amidst similar constraints. The purpose of this article is to analyze certain state AI …

Cyber Insurance For Public Housing: Confronting Market Barriers And Forging Policy Solutions, Deborah L. Johnson, William B. Simpson

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

In 2023, the Los Angeles Public Housing Authority was hit by the LockBit ransomware gang, which claimed to have exfiltrated 15 terabytes of data. In another incident, hackers impersonated a vendor and diverted nearly $1 million in housing funds from a second California agency. Public Housing Authorities (PHAs), which handle large amounts of sensitive data, are increasingly being targeted by cyberattacks. These attacks often exploit the weak cyber defenses and broad risk profiles of these relatively unsophisticated entities. With limited resources and few avenues for recovery, PHAs are left vulnerable to, and by, cyberattacks, threatening the vital services they provide. …

The Case For A Federal Data Privacy Law From A National Security Perspective - What The U.S. Can Learn From Overseas, Theodore H. Massey Iii

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

The collection of personal data in the private sector has grown exponentially over the years, leading to an exponential growth in the theft and the purchase of personal data by criminals and foreign adversaries. While the United States has implemented EO 14117 and the Protecting Americans’ Data from Foreign Adversaries Act of 2024 to protect against the inherent national security risks associated with data privacy, the United States must create an omnibus federal privacy law if it wishes to mitigate the national security risk. This paper introduces the reader to the increase in personal data collected by private organizations and, …

The Constitutionality Of Geofence Warrants, Sahara R. Damon

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

In our current Information Age, new technologies are expanding faster than our legislatures can keep pace with. This has certainly been the case with “Geofence Warrants,” which are a form of reverse warrant that law enforcement has increasingly relied on to uncover perpetrators of crimes where a suspect may otherwise not be uncovered. Chatrie, the first case to be heard in a Circuit Court regarding geofence warrants, serves as a prime example of the typical context in which these warrants are employed. In Chatrie, over a week, three armed robberies took place at the same bank by what appeared to …

Free Speech And Synthetic Lies: Deepfakes, Synthetic Media, And The First Amendment, Jacob R. Bourgault

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

The rapid evolution of deepfakes and synthetic media presents unique and pressing challenges to the scope and resilience of First Amendment protections. While these technologies can be used creatively or comedically, they are increasingly weaponized in ways that can cause substantial harm: from non-consensual pornography and fraud to manipulated political content and reputational sabotage. As the production of synthetic media becomes more accessible and convincing, courts and lawmakers are being called upon to resolve the tension between free expression and individual dignity, autonomy, and privacy. This Article examines whether existing exceptions to First Amendment free speech—such as obscenity, defamation and …

Personal Data Is Not Digital Contraband: Why The Protecting Data At The Border Act Is Needed, Raaid M. R. Bakridi

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

In Fiscal Year 2024, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) conducted over 46,000 warrantless searches at international borders, raising significant privacy concerns. This article examines the constitutionality of these searches, focusing on the federal government’s use of the “border search exception” to the Fourth Amendment, which traditionally allows warrantless searches at the border to safeguard national security. However, applying this exception to electronic devices, which store vast amounts of personal data, presents new challenges, for such electronic devices often reveal intimate details of an individual's life. The article critiques the government's use of such exceptions and the argument that constitutional …

Unlawful Disclosures Of Personal Information In M&A Transactions And How To Avoid Them, Zion J. Mercado

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

This article examines the unlawful disclosure of personal information in the context of M&A transactions, identifying common pitfalls and legal exposures that arise during due diligence and as a result of the transaction itself. It discusses how various data privacy regulatory regimes intersect with M&A practices, and provides practical guidance for mitigating risks through contractual and technical safeguards. By outlining regulatory expectations and enforcement trends, the article aims to help deal professionals and counsel avoid privacy violations and ensure compliant transactions.

Editorial Board Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025), William B. Simpson Editor-In-Chief

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

masthead

Foreword, William B. Simpson

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

foreword

The Special Provisions For The Establishment Of Public Office In Palestine, Fade Alawneh, Osama Darraj

Journal of the Arab American University مجلة الجامعة العربية الامريكية للبحوث

This research, whose topic is the provisions related to the establishment of the public office in Palestine, dealt with the subject of the most important basic legal rules for the establishment of the public office, whether these rules relate to the establishment of this job, starting from the competent authorities to create the job, represented in the Legislative Council or the executive authority competent to follow up the administrative formations and the public job in all its stages, This study also dealt with the methods of establishing the public office and the specificity of each of these methods. Also, this …

The Jurisdiction Of The International Criminal Court Over The Killing Of The Reporter Of Al-Jazeera Shereen Abu Aqleh, Rezeq Salmoodi, Mahmoud Al-Qarem, Ibrahim Khalid Yahya

Journal of the Arab American University مجلة الجامعة العربية الامريكية للبحوث

This research dealt with the issue of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over the murder of the journalist Shireen Abu Aqleh in Jenin on Wednesday morning, May 11, 2022. In this regard, the research addressed the various and possible scenarios in the issue of criminal jurisdiction in both its formal and objective aspects in terms of overlap, parallelism and separation between national and international criminal jurisdiction as well as the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction on the case in question. All of this was derived from the research problem represented by the conflict of criminal jurisdiction in the case …

Taxing Litigation Finance, Young Ran (Christine) Kim

Articles

The emerging litigation finance industry has the capacity to expand access to justice but also raises important legal and ethical questions. Although much has been said about the industry’s potential to increase frivolous lawsuits and permit improper control over a claim by the funders, scholarly discussion on the proper tax treatment of the parties involved has fallen by the wayside. The problem arises in classifying litigation finance contracts as either a nonrecourse loan, immediate sale, or variable prepaid forward contract, all of which discretely impact the timing and character of income. Unfortunately, courts have traditionally found it difficult to draw …

Restorative Justice And Building Communities Of Radical Belonging In The Law School Classroom, Aparna Polavarapu

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

The Restorative Justice Project, Shana Toor

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

Incorporating Restorative Justice Into Black-Letter Criminal Law, Shirin Bakhshay

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

"Will The Circle Be Unbroken": The Role Of Law School Centers In Advancing Restorative Justice Theory, Practice, And Education, Deborah Thompson Eisenberg, Toby Treem Guerin

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.

Magic Or Morass?: A Multidisciplinary Approach To Restorative Practices For Sexual Harm Prevention And Program Evaluation, C. Quince Hopkins, Laurie M. Graham, April Cavaletto

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.