Digital Commons Network^™

Improper Distinction Under The Ada Leads To An Irrational Outcome: Favoring One Life Over Another, Daniel Frederick Parise

Touro Law Review

Society has a distorted view of those battling addiction and essentially marks them with a sign of disgrace; however, what society may not fully understand is that addiction is a disability beyond the afflicted individual’s control. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health indicates that 19.7 million Americans have battled a substance use disorder in their life. Of the 19.7 million Americans who battled illicit substance use disorders, approximately seventy-four percent also struggled with alcohol use disorder.

Based on these statistics, it is clear that illicit drug use disorders are often interconnected with alcohol use disorders. However, Congress makes …

Baby, We Were Born This Way: The Case For Making Sexual Orientation A Suspect Classification Under The Equal Protection Clause Of The Fourteenth Amendment, Jennifer R. Covais

Touro Law Review

Currently, the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides minimal constitutional safeguards against discrimination based on sexual orientation. Laws that treat queer Americans differently than their straight counterparts are presumptively constitutional if those laws bear a rational relationship to any legitimate government interest. Consequently, states may limit same-goods and services of certain businesses, and qualify for government programs. The Supreme Court established enhanced equal protection guarantees for classifications based on race, ethnicity, and national origin which are deemed suspect classifications. These classifications will only survive judicial review if the government proves the law is necessary …

There’S No “Gender” In Team: Developing State Policies For The Inclusion Of The Transgender Interscholastic Athlete, Brianna Weppler

Touro Law Review

The transgender athlete is a relatively new concept challenging the norm of gender division in sports. Multiple states across the United States have yet to update their policies to include the transgender athlete in interscholastic athletics. State policies that do include transgender student athletes are currently being challenged on the grounds that they violate Title IX of the Educational Amendments to the 1964 Civil Rights Act. This review considers the different state policies dictating the inclusion of transgender student athletes in school sports. After evaluating the impact of omitting transgender students from participating on sports teams, this review maintains that …

Denial Of Housing To African Americans: Post-Slavery Reflections From A Civil Rights Advocate, Elaine Gross

Touro Law Review

In this article, I draw on two decades of experience as a civil rights advocate to reflect on the denial of housing to African Americans in post-slavery America. I do so as Founder and President of the civil rights organization, ERASE Racism. I undertake historical research and share insights from my own experience to create and reflect upon six lessons related to understanding the systematic discrimination and segregation of African Americans. The lessons encompass: (1) the role of the federal government, (2) the role of municipal governments, (3) White supremacy ideation and actions, (4) legislative advocacy and legal actions, (5) …

Banning Abortions Based On A Prenatal Diagnosis Of Down Syndrome: The Future Of Abortion Regulation, Alexandra Russo

Touro Law Review

Since the infamous Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, the United States has remained divided, each side unyielding to the other regarding the legal and moral issues surrounding abortion. The issues surrounding abortion have become progressively more politicized, thus threatening a woman’s right to a safe and healthy termination of her pregnancy. Restrictions on a woman’s ability to terminate a child with a genetic disorder, such as Down syndrome, highlight this concern. State restrictions on abortion that prohibit abortions based on a diagnosis of Down syndrome seek to prevent the stigmatization of the Down syndrome community. Regulations, such as …

This Aggression Will Not Stand, Schools: The Need For Federal Legislation Protecting Bullied Students With Disabilities, Russell A. Vogel

Touro Law Review

A boy with Autism comes home from school, visibly upset. His parents ask him why, and he responds that nobody in his class likes him. To his parents’ horror, they learn that their son’s teacher encouraged a class discussion about why they dislike their son. When the boy’s parents complain to the school about this issue, school administrators brush it aside. The next day, students sitting near the boy move their desks away from him and taunt him for the way he acts every time he tries to socialize with them. The boy then refuses to go to school each …

Compulsory Licensing Of Patents In Times Of Public Health Emergency, Kelsey Truglio

Touro Law Review

In March 2020, the United States shut down to avoid the continued spread of the COVID-19 virus as it spread globally. In December 2020, the first COVID-19 vaccines were granted emergency usage authorization in the United States. Wealthy nations were able to quickly purchase and hoard vaccines for public distribution, leaving many third-world countries and developing nations struggling to continue to survive the pandemic without vaccination.

Compulsory licensing should be allowed on otherwise patented or patentable new technology in times of global health emergency, regardless of which entity creates the technology. This will enable governments of countries spanning all wealth …

Protecting Free Speech And Due Process Values On Dominant Social Media Platforms, Dawn C. Nunziato

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

In recent years, dominant social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter have been increasingly perceived as engaging in discrimination against conservative and right-wing viewpoints – especially by conservatives themselves. Such concerns were exacerbated by Twitter and Facebook’s deplatforming of then-President Trump in response to the president’s tweets and posts leading up to and during the January 6 th insurrection. Trump’s deplatforming, coupled with the recent actions taken by the platforms in removing Covid- and election-related misinformation, led to cries of censorship by conservative and increased calls for regulation of the platforms. Supreme Court Justice Thomas took up this charge (in …

A Critical 21st Century Role For Public Land Management: Conserving 30% Of The Nation’S Lands And Waters Beyond 2030, Robert L. Glicksman, Sandra B. Zellmer

GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works

The international goal of conserving 30 percent of the world’s lands and water to stave off the ravages of climate change and widespread species extinctions has come to the United States. The Biden Administration’s 30 by 30 Initiative commits the nation to placing 30 percent of its lands and waters in some kind of protected status by 2030. Because a substantial portion of the nation’s land base is owned by the federal government, 30 by 30 goals will be beyond reach if conservation commitments do not cover federal lands and resources. And because nearly 70 percent of the federal lands …

The Role Of Adoption In Dobbs-Era Pro-Life Policy, Elizabeth Kirk

Scholarly Articles

It is incumbent upon those who wish to provide alternatives to abortion for pregnant women to advance policies that highlight the unique gifts of adoption in a way that ensures it is a meaningful option. Of course, there are many venues for this to occur, whether in education, media, advertising, private initiative, or legislation. The particular policy appropriate for each state will depend on many factors, including the availability of legal abortion.

Pulsed Nuclear Space Propulsion And International Law: Some Preliminary, Glenn Reynolds, Leigh Outten

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

Pulsed Nuclear Space Propulsion, researched in the 1950s and 1960s by such eminent physicists as Freeman Dyson, Ted Taylor, Theodore von Karman, and Hans Bethe, involves propelling large spacecraft using compact nuclear explosions from specialized atomic devices. This technology is often known by the name of the Air Force project in which it was developed: Orion. It has long been believed that the 1962 Limited Test Ban Treaty prohibits the use of nuclear pulse space propulsion. After a survey of the Orion project and its results and a review of the applicable law, this Article concludes that language in the …

Inequality By Unnatural Selection: The Impact Of Tax Code Bias On The Racial Wealth Gap, Phyllis C. Taite

Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

Symposium Introduction - The Clean Water Act At 50: Is The Act Obsolete?, Jonathan H. Adler

Case Western Reserve Law Review

No abstract provided.

A Unified Theory Of Clean Water Act Jurisdiction, Robert W. Adler

Case Western Reserve Law Review

No abstract provided.

There Is More To The Clean Water Act Than Waters Of The United States: A Holistic Jurisdictional Approach To The Section 402 And Section 404 Permit Programs, Robin Kundis Craig

Case Western Reserve Law Review

No abstract provided.

แนวทางการกำกับดูแลการผลิตและการให้ออโต้จีนัสวัคซีนในราชอาณาจักรไทย, หาญชัย วงศ์จักรแก้ว

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

ออโต้จีนัสวัคซีน เป็นวัคซีนที่ผลิตจากเชื้อจุลชีพที่เป็นต้นเหตุของการระบาดในฟาร์ม เมื่อผลิตเสร็จจะนำวัคซีนนั้นกลับไปใช้ ณ ฟาร์มที่เกิดปัญหา ดังนั้นจึงเป็นวัคซีนที่มีความจำเพาะต่อโรคระบาดที่เกิดขึ้นและสามารถลดความเสียหายและควบคุมการระบาดของโรคได้รวดเร็ว อย่างไรก็ดี สหรัฐอเมริกา ประเทศแคนาดา สหราชอาณาจักร สหภาพยุโรป และเครือรัฐออสเตรเลีย การออกใบอนุญาตการผลิต จะต้องออกตามใบสั่งจากสัตวแพทย์เท่านั้น โดยได้รับการยกเว้นจากการขึ้นทะเบียนตำรับยา เพื่อนำไปใช้กับสัตว์ที่วินิจฉัยสาเหตุของการเกิดโรค เฉพาะในกรณีที่พบว่าไม่มีวัคซีนขึ้นทะเบียน หรือมีวัคซีนที่มีทะเบียนแต่ไม่ตรงสเตรนของสายพันธุ์ของเชื้อก่อโรคหรือมีหลักฐานแสดงว่าวัคซีนที่มีอยู่ไม่มีประสิทธิภาพเพียงพอ กฎหมายต่างประเทศที่ใช้ในการกำกับดูแล มีทั้งความเหมือนและความแตกต่าง โดยขึ้นกับบริบทต่อการบริหารจัดการและปัญหาอุปสรรค รวมทั้งข้อจำกัดของแต่ละประเทศ เนื่องจากเมื่อพิจารณาถึงกฎหมายของราชอาณาจักรไทยในปัจจุบัน ที่ใช้ในการบริหารจัดการเพื่อกำกับออโต้จีนัสวัคซีน อยู่ภายใต้การกำกับของพระราชบัญญัติยา พุทธศักราช 2510 ในมาตรา 4 เป็นสาระสำคัญหลัก ส่วนประเด็นที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการออกใบอนุญาตสถานที่ ผลิต นำเข้า ขาย และขึ้นทะเบียน คือมาตรา 12 มาตรา 79 และ มาตรา 83 (3) สำหรับเรื่องการกำหนดและข้อยกเว้นไม่ต้องขอใบอนุญาตผลิต ขาย นำสั่ง ในราชอาณาจักรไทยจะอาศัยมาตรา 13 (1) และ 13 (5) ซึ่งเป็นข้อยกเว้นไม่ต้องขอใบอนุญาต และมาตรา 13 (2) ยังคงมีข้อให้ตีความทางกฎหมายกับแนวทางปฏิบัติตามข้อเท็จจริง อันเนื่องมาจาก ระบบการเลี้ยงสัตว์เป็นระบบ “ฝูง” โดยมาตรา 13 (1) ได้กำหนดข้อยกเว้น ไม่ใช้บังคับแก่ “(1) การผลิตยาซึ่งผลิตโดยกระทรวง ทบวง กรม ในหน้าที่ป้องกันหรือบำบัดโรค สภากาชาดไทย และองค์การเภสัชกรรม” กฎหมายที่ผู้เขียนเห็นว่าน่าจะถูกหยิบขึ้นมาใช้เพื่อกำหนดแนวทางการปฏิบัติต่อระเบียบการกำกับดูแลออโต้จีนัสวัคซีน โดยปัจจุบันบทบาทหน้าที่และอำนาจการรับผิดชอบหลัก เป็นของสำนักงานคณะกรรมการอาหารและยา แต่เพียงผู้เดียว ตามกระบวนการกรอบการปฏิบัติเดิม เพราะแท้จริงแล้ว หากกรมปศุสัตว์ จะกระทำการแทนก็ย่อมจะกระทำได้โดยชอบ นอกจากนี้ผู้เขียนยังเสนอให้มีการออกร่าง “กฎหมายเฉพาะ” สำหรับบริหารจัดการโดยเฉพาะ โดยมีหน่วยงานที่ทำหน้าที่รับผิดชอบเกี่ยวกับยา สารชีววัตถุ หรือวัคซีนสัตว์โดยตรงเป็นการเฉพาะ หรือทำการส่งเสริมสำนักเทคโนโลยีชีวภัณฑ์สัตว์ (Bureau of Veterinary Biologics) ของกรมปศุสัตว์ ที่มีอยู่แล้วให้มาบริหารจัดการออโต้จีนัสวัคซีนเป็นการเฉพาะโดยประกอบด้วยคณะผู้เชี่ยวชาญเฉพาะ เป็นผู้ทำงานที่มีความรู้ความสามารถเกี่ยวกับออโต้จีนัสวัคซีนอย่างแท้จริง

การกำหนดเหตุฉกรรจ์ในประมวลกฎหมายอาญามาตรา 289 อันเนื่องมาจากการกระทำต่อเด็ก, ศักดิพัฒน์ ประทุม

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การฆ่าเด็กเป็นการใช้ความรุนแรงต่อเด็กที่เกิดขึ้นบ่อยครั้งในสังคมไทย เนื่องจากเด็กเป็นเหยื่อที่มีความอ่อนแอทางชีวภาพส่งผลให้ผู้กระทำโดยส่วนใหญ่มุ่งที่จะกระทำความผิดต่อเด็ก เนื่องจากกระทำความผิดสำเร็จได้ง่ายและสะดวกกว่ากระทำต่อผู้ใหญ่ แต่ประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 289 ในปัจจุบันกลับไม่ได้บัญญัติคุ้มครองเด็กเป็นพิเศษแต่อย่างใด ส่งผลให้ผู้กระทำความผิดไม่เกรงกลัวต่อบทลงโทษ แม้ว่ารัฐธรรมนูญแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย พุทธศักราช 2560 มาตรา 71 จะบัญญัติคุ้มครองเด็กจากความรุนแรงทั้งปวงและการฆ่าเด็กส่งผลกระทบกระเทือนอย่างร้ายแรงต่อความสงบเรียบร้อยและศีลธรรมอันดีของประชาชนก็ตาม ผู้เขียนจึงได้ทำการศึกษาเปรียบเทียบกฎหมายอาญาของต่างประเทศ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา ฝรั่งเศส ตุรกี และฟิลิปปินส์ พบว่าได้กำหนดให้การฆ่าเด็กเป็นเหตุฉกรรจ์ซึ่งทำให้ผู้กระทำความผิดต้องรับโทษหนักขึ้นกว่าการฆ่าผู้ใหญ่ โดยพิจารณาตามโครงสร้างรับผิดทางอาญา ได้แก่ องค์ประกอบภายนอกของความผิด คือ ผู้กระทํา การกระทำ และวัตถุแห่งการกระทำ และองค์ประกอบภายในของความผิด คือ เจตนา เพื่อเสนอแนวทางการกำหนดเหตุฉกรรจ์ในประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 289 ที่เหมาะสมในการคุ้มครองผู้เสียหายที่เป็นเด็ก เพื่อให้ผู้กระทำความผิดเกิดความเกรงกลัวต่อกฎหมายและในขณะเดียวกันเพื่อป้องกันยับยั้งอาชญากรรมที่จะเกิดขึ้นกับเด็กในอนาคต

The Monetization Of Childhood: How Child Social Media Stars Are Unprotected From Exploitation In The United States, Jessica Pacht-Friedman

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The note highlights the legal vulnerabilities of child social media influencers, or "kidfluencers," who are increasingly exploited due to inadequate protections under U.S. labor laws. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) exempts child performers, and while some states have Coogan Laws, these are insufficient to address the unique challenges posed by digital platforms like YouTube. The author advocates for expanding these protections to include social media stars and adopting a "Right to be Forgotten" to safeguard children's privacy and financial interests.

Johnson V. M'Intosh: Christianity, Genocide, And The Dispossession Of Indigenous Peoples, Cynthia J. Boshell

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

Using hermeneutical methodology, this paper examines some of the legal fictions that form the foundation of Federal Indian Law. The text of the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1823 Johnson v. M’Intosh opinion is evaluated through the lens of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide to determine the extent to which the Supreme Court incorporated genocidal principles into United States common law. The genealogy of M’Intosh is examined to identify influences that are not fully apparent on the face of the case. International jurisprudential interpretations of the legal definition of genocide are summarized and used as …

Trust In Science: The Crisis Of Expertise As An Ideological, And Not Only A Scientific Controversy, David S. Caudill

Faculty Publications

Within the so-called "culture wars" dividing our nation politically, there is a law-related division over the trustworthiness of consensus science-the so-called "crisis of expertise." When the science concerning climate change, mask-wearing, or vaccinations becomes politicized, it loses its mooring in scientific evidence and impacts the effectiveness of regulatory law. Perhaps counter-intuitively, however, the solution is likely not to wear "Because Science" t-shirts while insisting on "cold, hard facts" and diagnosing as stupid those who believe the scientific theories of marginalized, minority-view scientists. Indeed, a certain level of modesty-regarding the uncertainties and tentativeness of even the best science-is necessary for the …

Suspect Classifications, Immutability, And Moral Responsibility, Michael Gentithes

Con Law Center Articles and Publications

Immutability is an important thread in equal protection jurisprudence.1 It helps explain when a government classification is constitutionally suspect, requiring courts to evaluate that classification under the exacting strict scrutiny standard.2 Recently the Supreme Court, though not expressly relying on equal protection arguments to reach its holding, has suggested that sexual orientation is an immutable trait of the sort that traditionally triggers strict scrutiny when the government relies upon it.3 But the suggestion that sexual orientation is immutable, and thus subject to strict scrutiny, has not found wide acceptance across the judiciary. Furthermore, the scientific evidence surrounding sexual orientation is …

Onlife Harms: Uber And Sexual Violence, Amanda Turnbull

Canadian Journal of Law and Technology

Uber markets itself as a technology company that is managed primarily by ML algorithms with the support of human engineers. Yet, in its 2019 Report, the role that its technology played in relation to sexual violence is, for all intents and purposes, absent. Likewise, solutions dealing specifically with the role of technology in facilitating gender-based violence are also missing from the series of initiatives in which Uber has invested that are aimed at preventing sexual violence. Uber was not sufficiently rigorous in defining the problem it was trying to solve. It was a missed opportunity that has resulted in continued …

The United Nations Security Council And Arms Control: A Failure Of Responsibility, Mary Ellen O'Connell, Sawyer White

Book Chapters

From the Publisher
Chapter thirty-six critically examines the UN Security Council's role in arms control law. The authors argue that the Permanent Members of the Security Council have failed time again to meet nuclear non-proliferation obligations. The chapter pinpoints that - far from preventing proliferation - members of the Security Council are responsible for every state that has acquired nuclear weapons in violation of the NPT since the treaty's inception. This failure is not without consequence. For decades, there was a sense of prestige and a degree of deference that the Security Council and its P5 members enjoyed. This was …

Richmond Law Magazine: Winter 2022, University Of Richmond

Richmond Law Magazine

Free Britney (and other legal lessons from the headlines)

The Making of a More Perfect Union

Richmond Law: A Story in 7 Objects

A Pandemic Instrument Can Start Turning Collective Problems Into Collective Solutions By Governing The Common-Pool Resource Of Antimicrobial Effectiveness, Isaac Weldon, Kathy Liddell, Susan Rogers Van Katwyk, Steven J. Hoffman, Timo Minssen, Kevin Outterson, Stephanie Palmer, A. M. Viens, Jorge Viñuales

Faculty Scholarship

To address the complex challenge of global antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a pandemic treaty should include mechanisms that 1) equitably address the access gap for antimicrobials, diagnostic technologies, and alternative therapies; 2) equitably conserve antimicrobials to sustain effectiveness and access across time and space; 3) equitably finance the investment, discovery, development, and distribution of new technologies; and 4) equitably finance and establish greater upstream and midstream infection prevention measures globally. Biodiversity, climate, and nuclear governance offer lessons for addressing these challenges.

West Virginia V. Environmental Protection Agency: The Agency's Climate Authority, Michael B. Gerrard, Joanne Spalding, Jill Tauber, Keith Matthews

Faculty Scholarship

On February 28, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments for the landmark West Virginia v. EPA case, involving the scope of powers delegated to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the Clean Air Act. The Court’s decision will affect administrative law, and could have major consequences for environmental law, particularly the Agency’s power to regulate greenhouse gas emissions and take action on climate change. On March 1, the Environmental Law Institute hosted a panel of leading experts to discuss the case, the arguments, and what form the decision may take. Below, we present a transcript of that …

The Right To Counsel In A Neoliberal Age, Zohra Ahmed

Scholarly Works

Legal scholarship tends to obscure how changes in criminal process relate to broader changes in society at large. This article offers a modest corrective to this tendency. By studying the Supreme Court’s right to counsel jurisprudence, as it has developed since the mid-70s, I show the pervasive impact of the concurrent rise of neoliberalism on relationships between defendants and their attorneys. Since 1975, the Court has emphasized two concerns in its rulings regarding the right to counsel: choice and autonomy. These, of course, are nominally good things for defendants to have. But by paying close attention to how the Court …

Perceptions Of Justice In Multidistrict Litigation: Voices From The Crowd, Elizabeth Chamblee Burch, Margaret S. Williams

Scholarly Works

With all eyes on criminal justice reform, multidistrict litigation (MDL) has quietly reshaped civil justice, undermining fundamental tenets of due process, procedural justice, attorney ethics, and tort law along the way. In 2020, the MDL caseload tripled that of the federal criminal caseload, one out of every two cases filed in federal civil court was an MDL case, and 97% of those were products liability like opioids, talc, and Roundup.

Ordinarily, civil procedure puts tort plaintiffs in the driver’s seat, allowing them to choose who and where to sue, and what claims to bring. Procedural justice tells courts to ensure …

Outsourcing Enforcement, Desiree Leclercq

Scholarly Works

International organizations often outsource the enforcement of international law to their member states. The International Labor Organization (ILO), for instance, has neither its own adjudicative body nor an internal system of sanctions. Instead, the ILO’s maritime rules authorize states to impose costly retributive measures against noncompliant states. Conventional scholars are optimistic that these kinds of authorizations will strengthen otherwise toothless international law. During the COVID-19 pandemic, however, states neither followed nor enforced the ILO’s rules, harming hundreds of thousands of seafarers in the process.

Where has international law gone wrong? Challenging the conventional view, this Article unearths the state-centric drawbacks …

Shadow Contracts, Jessica S. Jeffers, Anne M. Tucker

Scholarly Works

This project explores side letters in private market funds. Side letters, separate agreements between a fund and an investor, act as an invisible amendment to the main contract. This article introduces a new use case for side letters: impact invest- ments, where funds target social, as well as financial returns. Using a hand-col- lected data set, we examine the scope and role of side letters in this growing space. Side letters as "shadow contracts" demonstrate the Easterbrook/Fischel theories in action, namely that parties "write their own tickets," tailoring agreement terms to their specific needs within the framework of corporate governance …