Digital Commons Network^™

Displacement And Preemption Of Climate Nuisance Claims, Jonathan H. Adler

Faculty Publications

Part I begins with a brief sketch of the common law environmental protection that preceded and matured alongside the development of environmental regulation, including the rise of federal common law actions for interstate pollution. With an eye toward preemption, and its role within our federalist system, Part II sketches the system of state and local environmental regulation that served as the background for the adoption of federal environmental law. While federal environmental laws are quite comprehensive and far-reaching, they operate alongside state and local efforts, often in collaborative fashion, and rarely preempt state regulation or litigation. [...]

Parts III and …

Speak Out: Verifying And Unmasking Cryptocurrency User Identity, Hadar Y. Jabotinsky, Michal Lavi

Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal

Terror attacks pose a serious threat to public safety and national security. New technologies assist these attacks, magnify them, and render them deadlier. The more funding terrorist organizations manage to raise, the greater their capacity to recruit members, organize, and commit terror attacks. Since the September 11, 2001 terror attacks, law enforcement agencies have increased their efforts to develop more anti-terrorism and anti-money laundering regulations, which are designed to block the flow of financing of terrorism and cut off its oxygen. However, at present, most regulatory measures focus on traditional currencies. As these restrictions become more successful, the likelihood that …

The Intersection Between Animal-Protection Efforts And The Free Exercise Clause, Ginger Pinkerton

Case Western Reserve Law Review

No abstract provided.

Front Matter

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

Every Reasonable Chance Plus Two: How The Red Hook Community Justice Center Bridges The Gap Between The Community And The Justice System, Se Won Park

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

The following is excerpted from an article published by Fordham Law News:

Standing before Judge Calabrese is Sean Johnson (his name has been changed to protect his privacy). Over the years he has been in and out of Rikers Island and has been arrested multiple times, most recently for shoplifting.

Today, Johnson has come before Judge Calabrese not for arraignment or sentencing but to do his part to solve some of the problems that have kept him cycling in and out of prison. On this afternoon, he has tested drug-free after months of counseling and treatment.

"Mr. Johnson," Judge Calabrese …

Making Sex Work Safe: Using A Consensus-Based Approach To Create Meaningful Policy For Sex Workers, Alexandra Sandler

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

Sex work has been described as the world's oldest profession, yet it has remained nearly unchanged in the U.S., largely due to the conflation between sex work and sex trafficking. The term "sex worker" refers to a person who willingly works in the industry to make a living. Sex trafficking, though, is a form of modern-day slavery, in which an individual performs commercial sex as a result of force, fraud, or coercion. The conflation of sex work and sex trafficking in the U.S. has resulted in oppressive policies that undermine the rights and safety of sex workers. With the exception …

การยกเว้นความรับผิดในทางอาญาตามประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 74, พิมพ์สุรางค์ ชนินทรลีลา

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

เอกัตศึกษานี้มุ่งศึกษาสภาพบังคับของมาตรา 74 แห่งประมวลกฎหมายอาญา ซึ่งบัญญัติยกเว้นโทษแก่เด็กอายุกว่า 12 ปี แต่ยังไม่เกิน 15 ปี ทั้งที่เด็กในช่วงอายุดังกล่าวพ้นเกณฑ์อายุขั้นต่ำที่จะมีความรับผิดทางอาญาได้แล้ว มาตรการที่ศาลอาจกำหนดใช้กับเด็กในช่วงอายุนี้ได้มีเพียงวิธีการสำหรับเด็กสามประการหลัก ได้แก่ การว่ากล่าวตักเตือน การวางข้อกำหนดให้ระวังมิให้ก่อเหตุร้าย หรือการส่งตัวไปฝึกและอบรม แต่เมื่อพิจารณาการดำเนินกระบวนการยุติธรรมทางอาญาสำหรับเด็กและเยาวชนตามพระราชบัญญัติศาลเยาวชนและครอบครัวและวิธีพิจารณาคดีเยาวชนและครอบครัว พ.ศ. 2553 แล้ว เด็กที่กระทำความผิดไม่ร้ายแรงและมีลักษณะเหมาะแก่การแก้ไขฟื้นฟูย่อมถูกกลั่นกรองออกไปด้วยมาตรการเบี่ยงเบนคดีทำให้ไม่ต้องถูกพิพากษา คงเหลือเพียงเด็กที่กระทำความผิดร้ายแรงหรือมีลักษณะยากต่อการแก้ไขฟื้นฟูประการอื่นที่จะต้องตกอยู่ภายใต้สภาพบังคับตามมาตรา 74 ซึ่งนำไปสู่ปัญหาสำคัญว่าลำพังการยกเว้นโทษโดยให้ใช้วิธีการสำหรับเด็กไม่น่าจะเพียงพอคุ้มครองป้องกันสังคมได้อีกต่อไป จากการศึกษาแนวคิดทฤษฎีทางวิทยาศาสตร์และจิตวิทยาพัฒนาการ พบว่าเด็กอายุกว่า 12 ปี ซึ่งอยู่ในวัยแรกรุ่นแล้ว อาจกระทำความผิดโดยมีความรู้ผิดชอบไม่แตกต่างจากผู้ใหญ่ได้ มาตรฐานระหว่างประเทศ เช่น อนุสัญญาว่าด้วยสิทธิเด็กและกฎแห่งกรุงปักกิ่ง ก็ยอมรับการลงโทษเด็กในกรณีความผิดร้ายแรงเมื่อความจำเป็นในการปกป้องความสงบปลอดภัยของสังคมมีน้ำหนักมากกว่า นอกจากนี้ กฎหมายต่างประเทศที่ได้ศึกษา ซึ่งประกอบด้วยประเทศแคนาดา ฝรั่งเศส และเวียดนาม ต่างก็นำโทษทางอาญามาใช้กับเด็กที่พ้นเกณฑ์อายุขั้นต่ำที่จะมีความรับผิดทางอาญาทั้งสิ้น ด้วยเหตุนี้ จึงเสนอให้มีการแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 74 โดยกำหนดบทยกเว้นให้ศาลอาจใช้ดุลพินิจลงโทษเด็กได้ในกรณีความผิดร้ายแรง กรณีที่มิใช่ความผิดร้ายแรงหรือเด็กยังไม่มีความรู้ผิดชอบมากนักจึงจะนำวิธีการสำหรับเด็กมาใช้บังคับ นอกจากนี้ ผู้เขียนยังได้เสนอแนวทางการปรับปรุงวิธีการสำหรับเด็กให้มีความเข้มงวดมากขึ้นไว้ด้วย

Clouded Precedent: Tandon V. Newsom And Its Implications For The Shadow Docket, Alexander Gouzoules

Faculty Publications

The Supreme Court’s “shadow docket”—the decisions issued outside its procedures for deciding cases on the merits—has drawn increasing attention and criticism from scholars, commentators, and elected representatives. Shadow docket decisions have been criticized on the grounds that they are made without the benefit of full briefing and argument, and because their abbreviated, per curiam opinions can be difficult for lower courts to interpret.

A spate of shadow docket decisions in the context of free-exercise challenges to COVID-19 public health orders culminated in Tandon v. Newsom, a potentially groundbreaking decision that may upend longstanding doctrines governing claims brought under the Free …

State Rejection Of Federal Law, Thomas B. Bennett

Faculty Publications

Sometimes the United States Supreme Court speaks, and states do not follow. For example, in 2003, the Arizona Supreme Court agreed to "reject" a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, because no "sound reasons justif[ied] following" it. Similarly, in 2006, Michigan voters approved a ballot initiative that, according to the legislature that drafted it, sought "at the very least to freeze' the state's ... law to prevent" state courts from following a ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court. Surprising though this language may be, there is nothing nefarious about these cases. Cooper v. Aaron this is not. Unlike more notorious …

Vaccine Passports And The Right To Exclude: How The Court’S Holding In Cedar Point Nursery V. Hassid Could Light Fire To The Debate On The Constitutionality Of Vaccine Passport Requirements And Bans, John A. Kuzora

Campbell Law Review

The COVID-19 pandemic gave America its biggest health crisis in the last one hundred years. In efforts to resolve this crisis, several state governments have issued various types of public health measures. Three of these measures are Vaccine Mandates, Vaccine Passport Requirements, and Vaccine Passport Bans. This Comment explores the legality of these three public health measures through the unique lens of the Fifth Amendment Takings Clause. Specifically, this Comment focuses on how both Vaccine Passport Requirements and Bans infringe on property owners’ rights to include and exclude unvaccinated patrons. This, in turn, results in a physical taking under the …

Overview Of Encampments Across Canada: A Right To Housing Approach, Alexandra Flynn, Joe Herner, Caroline Leblanc, Sue-Ann Macdonald, Kaitlin Schwan, Estair Van Wagner

Commissioned Reports, Studies and Public Policy Documents

Homeless encampments constitute one of the most serious right-to-housing issues in Canada today. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of shelter spaces decreased, indoor congregate settings became increasingly unsafe, and individuals lost their livelihoods. This has led to a rise in homeless encampments across the country. The lack of comprehensive data on this urgent crisis is distressing. Even so, we know that many individuals had little choice but to turn to living in tents or informal shelters to survive the confluence of historic crises in health, housing, climate change, colonial violence, and unemployment. As articulated by the UN Special Rapporteur …

Skating Past Liability Under The Tcpa: Robocalls And Unsolicited Texts And E-Mails, Julissa R. Rachor

Seattle University Law Review

This Note argues that the applicability of Telephone Consumer Protection Act's (TCPA) autodialer provision should be interpreted broadly to include calls made on many types of dialing equipment.

Part I of this Note offers a brief history of the TCPA and autodialers. Part II examines the FCC’s Orders that interpret the TCPA’s autodialer provision, and Part III assesses the varying interpretations of the provision by the circuit courts. Part IV reviews the general facts and procedural history of Duguid, and the Court’s interpretation of the autodialers provision. Last, Part V examines current efforts offered by Congress and potential next …

The Estimated Size And Lost Earnings Of New York’S Second Chance Sealing Gap, Colleen Chien, Navid Shaghaghi, Hithesh Bathala, Sarah-Mae Sanchez, Evan Hastings

Faculty Publications

As states pass reforms to reduce the size of their prison populations, the number of Americans physically incarcerated has declined. However, the number of people whose employment and related opportunities are limited due to their criminal records continues to grow. Another sanction that curtails economic opportunity is the loss of one’s driver’s license for reasons unrelated to driving. While many states have “second chance” laws on the books that provide, e.g. expungement or driver’s license restoration, a growing body of research has documented large “second chance gaps” between eligibility and delivery of relief due to the poor administration of second …

Distracted Walking, Michael L. Smith

Faculty Articles

Throughout the United States and across the world, cities are enacting bans on "distracted walking." These bans target cell phone users who cross the street while using a telephone. Doing so in certain cities may result in a fine, community service, or even jail. Drawing inspiration from municipalities, lawmakers in several states have proposed similar statewide legislation. Pushback against these measures is rare-as many people have either directly, or indirectly, experienced the slow and oblivious behavior of "smartphone zombies."

This Article surveys these laws and demonstrates that the science is, at best, mixed on whether device usage results in distraction …

Missing Link: League Punishments Of Team Executives, Michael A. Mccann

Saint Louis University Law Journal

Is it lawful for a professional sports league to punish an executive of a team when that executive isn’t employed by the league and, unlike a player, isn’t a member of a union that collectively bargains with the league?

The answer to this question has long been presumed as “yes,” despite the non-employing league lacking a contractual link to the executive—a third party—it fines, suspends, or even bans from employment with businesses owned by others.

This Article challenges that presumption. It does so by applying employment law, franchise law, and private association law to the unique relationship between sports leagues …

Legislative Push Towards Supersession In Missouri: Why The State Attorney General Should Not Be Statutorily Granted Concurrent Jurisdiction With Locally Elected Prosecutors, Josef Nilhas

Saint Louis University Law Journal

There is a current trend of electing progressive or “reform-minded” prosecutors over “tough-on-crime” prosecutors in local elections across the country. Traditionally, prosecutors have possessed wide discretion over which cases to prosecute or not, and the law presumes that “prosecutors make discretionary decisions disinterestedly, unaffected by their own self-interest or the interest of others.” However, recently in Missouri, state officials have pushed for providing the state attorney general with concurrent jurisdiction over certain cases. In particular, the Missouri Senate passed a provision through an amendment to House Bill 2 (“HB2”) that would allow the State Attorney General to take over homicide …

Addressing The Inevitability Of Race In The Doj’S Enforcement Of The Pattern-Or-Practice Initiative, Joshua Chanin

Loyola University Chicago Law Journal

Section 14141 of the 1994 Crime Act empowers the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) to investigate and drive reform of local law enforcement agencies found to have engaged in a pattern or practice of misconduct. During the Trump administration, the DOJ willfully allowed its powers under this section to lie dormant, despite a number of high-profile incidents of police violence against Black Americans. Active enforcement of Section 14141 affords the federal executive branch significant opportunities to promote lawful policing. Using its pattern-or-practice authority, the DOJ has guided dozens of law enforcement agencies through a process designed to remedy systemic unlawful …

The Pandemic And The Public Nuisance: Judicial Intervention In The Era Of Covid-19 And The Collective Right To Public Health, Kyra Ziesk-Socolov

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

Amidst the unprecedented disruption caused by COVID-19, workplace lawsuits around the country began to apply a longstanding common law theory in a novel way: employee plaintiffs argued that their employers’ noncompliance with state and federal public health guidance designed to curb the spread of the virus should be enjoined as a public nuisance. Although some of these initial public nuisance suits were dismissed, others successfully forced defendant businesses to either alter their COVID safety practices or temporarily close. This Article explores the first pandemic-era public nuisance suit, Rural Community Workers Alliance v. Smithfield Foods, brought by meatpacking plant workers …

As Fires Blaze Through California, Could They Blaze A New Path For Incarcerated Individuals: A Model For Back-End Abolition, Jacquelyn Kelsey Arnold

Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice

This Note provides a critique on the current system of prison labor through the lens of the California wildfires and the lack of inmate labor due to early release in the wake of COVID-19. This Note provides an overview of the relevant history of the Thirteenth Amendment, contextualizes mass incarceration as a product of the “War on Drugs” in the United States, and consequently, discusses the significant and dramatic expansion of the prison industrial complex and the use of prison labor as a growing source of production labor. It concludes with a recommendation for a provisional back-end abolition model that …

No-One Receives Psychiatric Treatment In A Squad Car, Judy Ann Clausen, Joanmarie I. Davoli

UF Law Faculty Publications

This Article explores tragedies caused by our current system for responding to mental health emergencies: homelessness, institutionalization, criminalization, harm to self, harm to others, and harm by police. In the wake of the George Floyd murder, there has been increased attention on our response to mental health emergencies and an outcry to reduce the role of police. This Article analyzes reforms from California, Colorado, Eugene, Oregon, the federal government, Dallas, and Nebraska. This Article posits that any reform that focuses only on first responders will not fix our system. Harm by police is only one of the tragedies suffered by …

Fee Retrenchment In Immigration Habeas, Seth Katsuya Endo

UF Law Faculty Publications

For noncitizens facing removal, habeas corpus provides one of very few avenues for Article III review. For decades, habeas proceedings have been interpreted as falling under the ambit of the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), which provides for the award of attorneys’ fees to prevailing parties in suits against the federal government. But this understanding is being challenged, threatening the judicial backstop to executive and legislative overreach in immigration. Reducing the ability of lawyers to recover their fees in these circumstances will reduce the number and quality of habeas challenges by individuals being detained while they await removal—a particularly …

Psychosis, Heat Of Passion, And Diminished Responsibility, E. Lea Johnston, Vincent T. Leahy

UF Law Faculty Publications

This Article calls for the creation of a generic partial excuse for diminished rationality from mental disability. Currently, most jurisdictions recognize only one partial excuse: the common law heat-of-passion defense. Empirical research demonstrates that populations with delusions experience similar impairments to decision-making capacities as people confronted with sudden, objectively adequate provocation. Yet, current law affords significant mitigation only to the latter group, which only applies in murder cases. Adoption of the Model Penal Code’s “extreme mental or emotional disturbance” (EMED) defense could extend mitigation to other forms of diminished responsibility. However, examination of jurisdictions’ adoption and utilization of the EMED …

Policing The College Campus: History, Race, And Law, Katheryn Russell-Brown, Vanessa Miller

UF Law Faculty Publications

The structure, impact, and historical roots of campus policing on the American college campus receives little academic attention. In fact, campus policing is often overlooked in legal analyses and research studies, including its relationship to race. Campus policing and race deserves a critical assessment from legal scholars because race is fixed to the ways the criminal-legal system presents itself on campus. The racialized implications of policing on campus are rooted in historical social and legal contexts that still exist today. However, the lack of research on campus policing is not surprising. American colleges and universities have successfully marketed themselves as …

Hippa, Matthew T. Bodie

Cardozo Law Review de•novo

"HIPPA" does not exist. The real acronym for the 1996 Health Information Portability and Accountability Act is HIPAA—“privacy” is not even in the title. But many have invoked "HIPPA" in seeking to keep their personal health decisions private and autonomous. No doubt a complicated statutory and regulatory regime, HIPAA's scope is much narrower than the average person understands, applying mainly to health care providers and insurers. But its complexity does not explain the widespread and erroneous expectation that federal law will shield those who want to keep their health information, like vaccination status, to themselves. Asserting a right to confidentiality …

Hb 1013: Georgia Mental Health Parity Act, Justin Crozier, Betsy Hicks, Jordan Kalteux

Georgia State University Law Review

The Act overhauls Georgia’s mental health system by enforcing compliance with federal mental health parity law. Most notably, the Act requires health insurers to provide coverage for mental health and substance use disorders equitably with physical health and defines generally accepted standards of care. The Act requires insurers to submit annual parity compliance reports and requires the Commissioner to make annual data calls and submit annual reports. The Act requires compliance with a minimum 85% medical loss ratio. The Act provides for cancelable loans to Georgia residents enrolled in related educational programs and creates grant programs for accountability courts. The …

Hb 1134: Amendments To The Georgia Street Gang Terrorism And Prevention Act, Alex Norton, Sam Collier

Georgia State University Law Review

The Act amends the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism and Prevention Act to provide the attorney general with concurrent authority to prosecute criminal gang activity alongside local prosecuting attorneys in Georgia. Modeled after a similar act that created concurrent authority for the attorney general to prosecute human trafficking crimes, the Act seeks to enhance the government’s investigation and prosecution of gang crimes in the state by making the effort more corroborative, coordinated, and multi-jurisdictional.

Hb 1009: Remote Operation Of Personal Delivery Devices, Laura Bloodworth, Julia Webb

Georgia State University Law Review

The Act provides for the remote operation of personal delivery devices on Georgia’s highways, streets, bike paths, and sidewalks. It provides the required parameters for operation including parking, time frames, speed limits, safety parameters, weight limits, insurance, and local enforcement through civil citations.

Sb 361: Law Enforcement Strategic Support Act, Adenike Tijani, Adelarin Yemi-Sofumade

Georgia State University Law Review

This Act provides a new income tax credit for individuals, LLC members, partnership partners, and S-corporation shareholders ranging from $5,000-$10,000 for donations to law enforcement foundations, defined as domestic nonprofit corporations with the sole function of supporting local law enforcement units. The Act caps credits for all taxpayers at $75 million per year.

Sb 441: Criminal Records Responsibility Act, Jacob Kanter, Greg Mercer

Georgia State University Law Review

The Act contains two distinct components. First, the Act reforms Georgia’s criminal records reporting system. Second, the Act grants the Georgia Bureau of Investigation authority to initiate investigations into election fraud.

Uncomfortable Truths About Sovereignty And Wealth, Matthew L.M. Fletcher

Roger Williams University Law Review

No abstract provided.