Digital Commons Network^™

A New Frontier In Online Dispute Resolution: Combining Ai And Mindfulness, Noopur Amin

Journal of Law, Technology, & the Internet

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in dispute resolution has gained attention due to its potential to streamline the resolution process and reduce costs. The purpose of this paper is to explore the integration of AI with alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes and propose an online dispute resolution (ODR) model that combines elements of mindfulness and different forms of AI. The paper begins by providing an overview of the history of ODR and introducing Lodder and Zeleznikow's three-step ODR model. It then explores the role of AI in dispute resolution and provides a brief history of AI generally. The comparison …

Revising The Indian Plenary Power Doctrine, M. Henry Ishitani, Alexandra Fay

Michigan Journal of Race and Law

The federal Indian law doctrine of Congressional plenary power is long overdue for an overhaul. Since its troubling nineteenth-century origins in Kagama v. United States (1886), plenary power has justified invasive Congressional interventions and undermined Tribal sovereignty. The doctrine's legal basis remains a constitutional conundrum. This Article considers the Court's recent engagement with plenary power in Haaland v. Brackeen (2023). It argues that the Brackeen opinions may signal judicial readiness to reevaluate the doctrine. The Article takes ahold of Justice Gorsuch's critical assessment and runs with it, ultimately proposing a method for cleaning up this destructive and constitutionally dubious line …

Reuniting "Active" And "Direct" Participation: The International Criminal Court's Dph Divorce In Lubanga, Josef Danczuk

Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review

Throughout treaty-making processes and turn-of-the-century international criminal tribunal decisions, scholars and judges alike determined that the terms "direct" and "active," when referring to participation in hostilities, were synonymous. However, the International Criminal Court ("ICC'), in interpreting the Rome Statute in the Lubanga case, determined that they were not, creating disparity between interpretations of the same terms within International Criminal Law ("ICL") and the Law of Armed Conflict ("LOAC"). Not only is the ICC's interpretation legally wrong, it is also practically unworkable and distorts the well-established doctrine of DPH as defined in LOAC. Lubanga may have broadened protectionfor child soldiers, but …

Lost In Translation: The Limits Of Explainability In Al, Hofit Wasserman-Rozen, Ran Gilad-Bachrach, Niva Elkin-Koren

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

As artificial intelligence becomes more prevalent, regulators are increasingly turning to legal measures, like "a right to explanation," to protect against potential risks raised by AI systems. However, are eXplainable AI (XAI) tools-the artificial intelligence tools that provide such explanations-up for the task?

This paper critically examines XAI's potential to facilitate the right to explanation by applying the prism of explanation's role in law to different stakeholders. Inspecting the underlying functions of reason-giving reveals different objectives for each of the stakeholders involved. From the perspective of a decision-subject, reason-giving facilitates due process and acknowledges human agency. From a decision-maker's perspective, …

The Original Meaning Of The Sixteenth Amendment, David Gamage, John R. Brooks

Faculty Publications

The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution enshrines Congress’s “power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived.” Challenges to the exercise of that power have typically turned on whether the thing being taxed is “income” or not. In the most recent example, the 2024 Supreme Court case of Moore v. United States, taxpayers argued that the Sixteenth Amendment only authorizes taxation of realized income—that is, that gain from appreciated property can only be taxed as “income” when there has been a sale or conversion of that property.

In this Article we argue—based on the original …

Can Chatgpt And The Like Be Your Co-Authors?, Hadar Y. Jabotinsky, Michal Lavi

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

On November 30, 2022, OpenAI released an AI based chatbot called ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer). This AI system uses natural language processing (NLP) techniques to generate written text by learning the patterns and structures of natural language. ChatGPT is a versatile chatbot with the ability to write speeches, news articles, and essays either wholly or partially. Some users acknowledge ChatGPT as a co-author of the generated text, while others only acknowledge its use in writing the document. In fact, this issue became so pressing in academia that Springer Nature, the world's largest academic publisher, announced that software like ChatGPT cannot …

Rise Of The Knowmebots: Promoting The Two Dimensions Of Al Agency, Richard S. Whitt

Colorado Technology Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Rap Rhyme, Prison Time: How Prosecutors Use Rap Evidence In Gang Cases, Charis Kubrin, Kyle Winnen, Rebecca Rogers

Chapman Law Review

"In this Article, we call for greater nuance and careful treatment of rap-related evidence in the courtroom, which includes recognizing rap’s history, conventions, and practices generally, and acknowledging rap’s complicated and complex intersection with gangs specifically. Greater nuance and more careful treatment will enable courtroom members, including judges and jurors, to make better informed evaluations regarding whether rap evidence, despite being prejudicial, is sufficiently probative and if so, what relevance it may have to the case. We preface this argument with a review of punitive policies and practices associated with gangs in the criminal justice system, and with a discussion …

Lessons In Rhetoric From Older Case Law, William B. Reingold Jr.

Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy

No abstract provided.

Environmental Justice Beyond 2°C, Clifford Villa

Faculty Scholarship

In the last four decades, average temperatures have risen significantly across the United States, with Alaska and New Mexico among the fastest warming states. Since 1970, average temperatures in New Mexico have risen 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit (°F)—or nearly 2 degrees Celsius (°C). The international scientific community has urged world leaders to contain global warming above pre-industrial levels to 1.5°C ideally, and to 2°C at worst. Current trajectories, however, suggest we may shoot past 2°C of global warming this century and enter a world of 3-4°C or beyond... The “trade offs” and “letting go” as we confront the looming 4°C world …

Chatgpt, Ai Large Language Models, And Law, Harry Surden

Publications

This Essay explores Artificial Intelligence (AI) Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT/GPT-4, detailing the advances and challenges in applying AI to law. It first explains how these AI technologies work at an understandable level. It then examines the significant evolution of LLMs since 2022 and their improved capabilities in understanding and generating complex documents, such as legal texts. Finally, this Essay discusses the limitations of these technologies, offering a balanced view of their potential role in legal work.

Open Access And U. S. Federal Information Policy, Eric Harbeson

Copyright, Fair Use, Scholarly Communication, etc.

Federal agencies are directed, as a matter of United States Federal policy, to provide free, immediate public access to peer-reviewed scholarly publications that are produced with support from Federal research grant funding. Because copyright vests in the author of the work, agencies must have permission from the author in order to provide that access. A government-wide regulation, in place since 1976, constitutes one possible source for the needed permission. The “Federal Purpose License” provides that, as a condition of Federal funding, grant recipients issue the granting agency a non-exclusive license to use all works subject to copyright and either developed …

Entire Issue Vol. 17 No. 30

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

Vol. 17(30) 2024

Supreme Court Litigators In The Age Of Textualism, Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl

Faculty Publications

The Supreme Court’s approach to statutory interpretation has moved in a textualist direction over the last several decades, but there is little systematic information on how litigators’ briefing practices have changed during this era of textualist ascendancy. This Article examines thirty-five years’ worth of party briefs (over 8,000 briefs total), explores the briefs’ use of interpretive tools (including differences across categories of attorneys), and compares the briefs to the Court’s opinions.

This examination yields several valuable findings. Although the briefs show a textualist shift, they differ from the Court’s opinions in a few ways. The magnitude of the textualist shift …

The Delegation Doctrine, Jonathan H. Adler

Faculty Publications

Despite the focus on the Court’s recent major questions cases, signs of an emergent delegation doctrine can also be found elsewhere. Most significantly, seeds of a delegation doctrine have been planted within the Court’s Chevron jurisprudence. The Court’s increased reluctance to grant Chevron deference to administrative agencies--and its insistence that courts first conclude that interpretive authority has been delegated before deferring to any agency interpretation—rests on the same core premise as the Court’s recent major questions doctrine decisions. It also suggests that the “new” major questions doctrine is not as new as it might seem, but rather a logical outgrowth …

The Indian Child Welfare Act, Political Classification Of “Indians,” And Preservation Of Tribal Sovereignty: Children, The Most Precious Resource, Rachel Yost

American Indian Law Review

No abstract provided.

A Note On Navajo Nation V. Urban Outfitters, Inc., Brantly J. Stockton

American Indian Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Death Of The Evolving Standards Of Decency, Meghan J. Ryan

Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters

The Eighth Amendment Punishments Clause is in jeopardy. The constitutionality of punishments is usually judged according to the “evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.” And in evaluating these standards, the Court has traditionally looked to changing societal views on punishment. This is a living constitution approach to interpretation, and the Eighth Amendment is the only area of law in which the Court has consistently and explicitly ap-plied such an approach. But a living constitution approach is diametrically opposed to the current Court’s focus on originalism. This is the first originalist Court in history, and …

Impact Of Social Media Influencers On Consumer Choice: A Case Study Of Reviews By Youtubers, Faisal Fasih

International Journal on Consumer Law and Practice

Consumer participation is vital for businesses, especially in online markets, because potential customers cannot physically check the product. One of the standard options is to watch the review on YouTube, a source of a host of information, including consumer-related products. However, it also provides a fertile ground for disseminating misinformation, including fake reviews of consumer goods, because the contents of the information are unverified. Fake reviews can create information asymmetry, lead to the dismissal of genuine reviews, and ultimately reduce market competition. Therefore, one would have expected that the popularity of YouTube would decrease as a source of information access. …

Contractual Landmines, Robert E. Scott, Stephen J. Choi, Mitu Gulati

Faculty Scholarship

Conventional wisdom is that the standardized boilerplate terms used in large commercial markets survive unchanged because they are an optimal solution to the contracting problems facing parties in these markets. As Smith and Warner explained, “harmful heuristics, like harmful mutations, will die out.” But an examination of a sample of current sovereign bond contracts reveals numerous instances of harmful landmines — some are deliberate changes to standard language that increase a creditor’s nonpayment risk, others are blatant drafting errors, and yet others are inapt terms that have been carelessly imported from corporate transactions. Moreover, these landmines differ from each other …

Green Colonialism: Sidelined While On The Front Lines, M. Alexander Pearl

Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

The Consequences Of Mythology: Supreme Court Decisionmaking In Indian Country, M. Alexander Pearl

Faculty Articles

Ilanoli isht unowa. We tell our own stories. A single historical event has many stories. Although this nation's official chronicle expected and even hoped for Indigenous peoples to fade away, we are still here. Our histories are marked by resistance, survival, sovereignty, and renaissance. Only now, in the later stages of the American experiment, do our histories have the chance to matter in new forms and spaces. How much these stories matter within contemporary contexts depends upon where they are spoken and more importantly, who is listening. On the pages of a U.S. Supreme Court opinion, what stories are told …

มาตรการทางกฎหมายในการคุ้มครองผู้บริโภคศึกษากรณีการใช้คำสั่งบอทในการซื้อบัตรเข้าชมคอนเสิร์ตผ่านระบบออนไลน์, ธรรศปริชณ์ พุทธวรคุณ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

เอกัตศึกษา เรื่อง มาตรการทางกฎหมายในการคุ้มครองผู้บริโภคศึกษากรณีการใช้คำสั่งบอทในการซื้อบัตรเข้าชมคอนเสิร์ตผ่านระบบออนไลน์ มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษากฎหมายสำหรับการคุ้มครองผู้บริโภคเกี่ยวกับการใช้บอท (bot) ซื้อบัตรเข้าชมคอนเสิร์ตผ่านระบบออนไลน์ โดยศึกษาปัญหาและข้อเสนอแนะเพื่อให้คุ้มครองบริโภคได้รับความเป็นธรรม รวมทั้งแนวทางที่เหมาะสมสำหรับการจำหน่ายบัตรเข้าชมคอนเสิร์ตผ่านระบบออนไลน์มีประสิทธิภาพในอนาคตจากการศึกษาพบว่า ประเทศไทยยังไม่มีกฎหมายที่ชัดเจนสำหรับการห้ามใช้บอท (bot) ซื้อบัตรคอนเสิร์ตจำนวนมากเพื่อขายต่อในราคาสูงกว่าปกติ ส่งผลให้เจ้าหน้าที่ไม่สามารถควบคุมปัญหาและไม่มีอำนาจลงโทษผู้ที่นำบัตรมาจำหน่ายในราคาสูงกว่าปกติได้ จากการศึกษากฎหมายต่างประเทศพบว่า สหรัฐอเมริกา เช่น รัฐนิวยอร์ก และรัฐแอริโซนานั้นมีกฎหมายการควบคุมการใช้บอท (bot) เป็นเครื่องมือในการซื้อบัตรชมการแสดงต่าง ๆ ที่ส่งผลให้ผู้บริโภคได้รับความเสียหาย เช่น ไม่ได้รับความเป็นธรรมในการเข้าถึงบัตรชมการแสดง ปัญหาการนำบัตรชมการแสดงมาขายในราคาที่สูงกว่าปกติ เห็นได้ว่าสหรัฐอเมริกาได้มีความพยายามที่จะคุ้มครองผู้บริโภคให้ได้รับความเป็นธรรม เช่นมีการแก้ไขกฎหมายให้สอดคล้องกับสถานการณ์ปัจจุบัน หรือการออกกฎหมายเพื่อเข้ามาควบคุมและลงโทษการกระทำที่ใช้บอทในการซื้อบัตรบัตรที่เกินกว่าที่กำหนด นอกจากนี้สาธารณรัฐเกาหลีได้แก้ไขกฎหมายกรณีผู้กระทำความผิดที่ใช้โปรแกรมอัตโนมัติซื้อบัตรเข้าชมคอนเสิร์ตเพื่อจำหน่ายต่อ โดยกำหนดโทษจำคุกและโทษปรับด้วย และมีมาตรการป้องกันมิให้มีการกระทำความผิดอีก เช่น การให้บัตรเข้าชมฟรีแก่แฟนคลับที่รายงานผู้ขายบัตรเกินราคา รวมถึงนำวิธีการต่าง ๆ มาใช้ เช่น โปรแกรมป้องกันมาโคร และการเฝ้าระวังการขายบัตร เป็นต้นข้อเสนอแนะเชิงนโยบาย สำหรับภาครัฐ ควรส่งเสริมการมีส่วนร่วมของประชาชนในการรายงานการกระทำที่เป็นความผิดผ่านระบบออนไลน์ นอกจากนี้ภาคธุรกิจ(ผู้ประกอบการ) ควรพัฒนาปรับปรุงระบบแพลตฟอร์มและเทคโนโลยีให้มีความทันสมัย และส่งเสริมกิจกรรมให้บัตรเข้าชมคอนเสิร์ตให้ฟรีแก่แฟนคลับที่รายงานผู้ที่ใช้บอทในการซื้อบัตรและหรือนำบัตรไปเก็งกำไรขายต่อเกินราคาที่กำหนดไว้ ในส่วนของภาคประชาชน (ผู้บริโภค) ควรสร้างความตระหนักรู้ไม่สนับสนุนการใช้บอทในการซื้อบัตร สำหรับข้อเสนอแนะทางกฎหมาย ควรบัญญัติกฎหมายการใช้คำสั่งบอทในการซื้อบัตรเข้าชมคอนเสิร์ตผ่านระบบออนไลน์เป็นการเฉพาะ โดยกำหนดคำนิยาม “บอทที่ใช้ในการซื้อบัตรเข้าชมคอนเสิร์ต" ควรกำหนดลักษณะความผิด และบทลงโทษกรณีการใช้คำสั่งบอทในการซื้อบัตรเข้าชมคอนเสิร์ตผ่านระบบออนไลน์ที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อผู้บริโภค และทำลายโครงสร้างอุตสาหกรรมคอนเสิร์ต

Sweeping General Jurisdiction Under The Specific Jurisdiction Rug: A Doctrinal Map Of The Contraction And Expansion Of Personal Jurisdiction As Told By Ford, Amy L. Moore

Law Faculty Scholarship

This Article provides a doctrinal mapping of the Supreme Court’s modern personal jurisdiction jurisprudence through the lens of Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Judicial District Court. Tracing the evolution of specific and general jurisdiction from International Shoe through Bristol-Myers Squibb, the Article examines how the Court’s articulation of the “arise out of or relate to” requirement has shifted over time. While Ford purported to clarify the relationship prong of specific jurisdiction, the Article argues that the decision instead destabilizes the doctrinal boundary between specific and general jurisdiction. By reinvigorating the “relate to” language without articulating clear limiting …

The Scales Project: Making Federal Court Records Free, Christopher A. Cotropia

Law Faculty Publications

Federal court records have been available online for nearly a quarter century, yet they remain frustratingly inaccessible to the public. This is due to two primary barriers: (1) the federal government’s prohibitively high fees to access the records at scale and (2) the unwieldy state of the records themselves, which are mostly text documents scattered across numerous systems. Official datasets produced by the judiciary, as well as third-party data collection efforts, are incomplete, inaccurate, and similarly inaccessible to the public. The result is a de facto data blackout that leaves an entire branch of the federal government shielded from empirical …

A Promise Without A Remedy: The Supposed Incompatibility Of The Gplv2 And Apache V2 Licenses, Chestek, Pamela S.

Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal

License “incompatibility” in free and open source software licensing means that, when two differently licensed pieces of software are combined, one cannot comply with both licenses at the same time. It is commonly accepted that the GNU General Public License version 2 is incompatible with the Apache License, version 2 because certain provisions of the Apache License would be considered “further restrictions” not permitted by the GPLv2. However, this article will explain why there is no legally cognizable claim for combining the two, either under a copyright infringement theory or a breach of contract theory.

Winter 2024: Amplifying

The Weldon Times

A student-run publication from the Schulich School of Law at Dalhousie University.

Co-Editors in Chief: Nicole Payette, Elyse Loewen

Research Access To Social Media Data: Lessons From Clinical Trial Data Sharing, Christopher J. Morten, Gabriel Nicholas, Salomé Vilgoen

Articles

For years, social media companies have sparred with lawmakers over how much independent access to platform data they should provide researchers. Sharing data with researchers allows the public to better understand the risks and harms associated with social media, including areas such as misinformation, child safety, and political polarization. Yet researcher access is controversial. Privacy advocates and companies raise the potential privacy threats of researchers using such data irresponsibly. In addition, social media companies raise concerns over trade secrecy: the data these companies hold and the algorithms powered by that data are secretive sources of competitive advantage. This Article shows …

"The Reed That Bends With The Wind Does Not Break"-The Complexities Of Multicultural Mediation And The Use Of Artistic Tools To Overcome Them, Nokukhanya Ntuli

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

Mediation processes are inherently complex and require flexibility and adaptability. This is especially true for mediation processes involving multiple parties with diverse cultural backgrounds. This paper examines the complexities created by cultural diversity in mediation. The paper highlights a dispute between the local community of Msango, West Africa, and an international mining company. It highlights how linguistic and literacy barriers complicated the process, undermining effective communication and progress. The complication identified at the start of the process necessitated the process design to encompass tools to overcome the barriers identified early on. As the mediation progressed, the mediators continued to uncover …

"Bricolage" As Comparative Research Method For Critical Legislative Innovation, Marie-Claire Belleau

FIU Law Review

Comparative law incentivize imagination to create new solutions to social problems intrinsically linked to different parts of the world. It consists in the analysis of multiple legal solutions revealed by research. Meanwhile, the understanding of the documentation put forward is influenced by the social, cultural, linguistic, political, and economic context where it evolved in the first place. Consequently, the interpretation of those elements leads to varying results. In response to this reality, we offer a modest comparative methodology rooted in creativity inspired by the concept of “bricolage” for the purpose of legislative innovations. In light of some descriptive examples pertaining …