Digital Commons Network^™

Regulating Water And War In Iraq: A Dangerous Dark Side Of New Governance, Tracey Leigh Dowdeswell, Patricia Hania

Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies

In the legal scholarship, the 'new governance' mode of governance advances an administrative arrangement where decision-making is shared amongst a range of actors, both public and private. The flexible, responsive, and collaborative governance orientation is intended to counter the ill effects of a coercive, top-down, state-centric, command-and-control approach to governance. Critics contend the new governance framework can displace the interests of local communities, disempower individuals, and dislodge basic human rights. The U.S. military has adopted such an adaptive approach in its own governance structure, which in this article is referred to as: the new governance "mentality." This mentality of governance …

Edification From The Andorran Model: A Brief Exploration Into The Condominium Solution On The International Stage And Its Potential Application To Current Land Disputes, Taylor Calvin Perkins

Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies

This note explores the international legal concept of the condominium solution and its current manifestation under the Andorran political system. It endeavors to come to a working definition of condominium, before embarking on a survey of condominiums throughout history. The note then chronicles the history of Andorra and the genesis of the Andorran condominium, and then analyzes the current Andorran constitution and the influence of the condominium within the document. Lastly, the paper explores why Andorra has been able to remain a condominium for over eight centuries, before finally ruminating on the optimistic future of condominium solutions in international law.

Civilian Casualties In Modern Warfare: The Death Of The Collateral Damage Rule, Valerie C. Epps

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

The Great Power Origins Of Human Rights, Seth Mohney

Michigan Journal of International Law

For years, historians depicted the history of human rights as the inexorable triumph of universal norms. This account underestimates both the historical and contemporary uncertainty surrounding many international human rights. As even casual observers must note, the tale of human rights progress is not littered with beneficent heads of state persuaded to pursue progress by the moral charge of universal norms. Instead, this history’s primary scenes feature struggles among great powers, peoples, and movements advancing diverse interests. Recognizing the complexity of human rights history, a new generation of historians has emphasized that human rights progress is not preordained, but rather …

The Legality And Implications Of Intentional Interference With Commercial Communication Satellite Signals, Sarah M. Mountin

International Law Studies

Commercial communication satellite signals have become increasingly attractive targets for intentional interference by State and non-State actors. This article discusses the law applicable to satellite signal interference in peacetime, as well as during armed conflict. Specifically, the piece discusses the threshold at which intentional interference may constitute a use of force.

The Superior Orders Defense: A Principal-Agent Analysis, Bohrer Ziv

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Singapore: A 'Fine' City: British Colonial Sentencing Policies And Its Lasting Effects On The Singaporean Corporal State, George Baylon Radics Ph.D., J.D.

Santa Clara Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

Aiding And Abetting: The Illegality Of Morocco's Nationalist Expansion Into Western Sahara And Their Support From The United States, Rachid H. Yousfi

Master's Theses

This paper will address the illegality of Morocco’s nationalist annexation of Western Sahara and how the United States plays the accommodating role through the selling of arms, economic aid, and diplomatic support. Considered as Africa’s last colony, the Saharawi people have not experienced the basic human right to self-determination and the right for independence. These rights are continued to be withheld for the sake of Moroccan nationalism and their “rightful and ethnic” claims to the territory, disregarding the International Court of Justice (ICJ)’s advisory opinion ruling in favor of Saharawi self-determination. It explores the chronology of the Saharawi population from …

Modern Maritime Neutrality Law, James Farrant

International Law Studies

This article is a fundamental reappraisal of the rules of maritime neutrality, including blockade, contraband and maritime zones. It is one of the most comprehensive reassessments of this area of the law since R. W. Tucker's seminal work in this publication in 1955. As well as defining and stating the rules of maritime neutrality, the piece offers recommendations for future development of the law which drafters of State law of armed conflict manuals may wish to consider.

Gender And Armed Conflict, Christine Chinkin

Book Chapters

The construction of social sex and gender roles means that armed conflict is sexed and gendered. Men still make up the majority of the fighting forces, while women's generally unequal and subordinate social and economic position makes them vulnerable in particular ways during conflict. Women and men, girls and boys all suffer gender-based violence. Such violence is directed at a person because of his or her gender. For instance men sustain specific harms such as disappearances and deliberate killings in greater numbers than women, while women disproportionately experience sexual violence. The detention of Bosnian Muslims at Potocari on 12 July …

Ending Perpetual War? Constitutional War Termination Powers And The Conflict Against Al Qaeda, David A. Simon

Pepperdine Law Review

This Article presents a framework for interpreting the constitutional war termination powers of Congress and the President and applies this framework to questions involving how and when the war against Al Qaeda and associated forces could end. Although constitutional theory and practice suggest the validity of congressional actions to initiate war, the issue of Congress’s constitutional role in ending war has received little attention in scholarly debates. Theoretically, this Article contends that terminating war without meaningful cooperation between the President and Congress generates tension with the principle of the separation of powers underpinning the U.S. constitutional system, with the Framers’ …

Towards International Criminalization Of Transboundry Environmental Crimes, Hamdan Qudah

Dissertations & Theses

This dissertation puts forward the argument that violations of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights should be penalized under a criminal body of international law. The theories brought forth under this proposal stems from the field of green criminology, which explores the criminal application of law in the context of environmental protection. The concept of crimes against future generations can be the crux of new law that can be used to criminalize conduct against the interest of future populations. In an effort to maintain sustainable development which centers on environmental protection, economic protection and social development, the …

Gaia’S Navy: The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society’S Battle To Stay Afloat And International Law, Gerry Nagtzaam

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

This Article critically examines the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and its self-appointed role to protect oceanic life. In Part I, the Article examines the history of this radical environmental group, the role performed by its charismatic leader, Paul Watson, its organizational structure, its strategies and tactics, its governing philosophy, and its attitudes to violence. Part II provides a history of the various direct actions carried out by the group; it examines the organization’s ongoing confrontations with the Japanese whaling fleet, documents the current legal travails the group and its leader are experiencing, and asks whether its methods are counterproductive to …

The Arab Spring’S Four Seasons: International Protections And The Sovereignty Problem, Jillian Blake, Aqsa Mahmud

Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs (2012 - Present)

In December 2010, public demonstrations erupted throughout the Middle East against autocratic regimes, igniting a regional political transformation known as the Arab Spring. Depending on events, modern international criminal and humanitarian law provided certain protections to vulnerable populations. However, international law did not provide a uniform degree of protection to civilians and combatants who faced similar circumstances. This Article argues for a uniform standard of protections for all populations affected by armed conflict, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It evaluates each of five major Arab Spring uprisings (Tunisia, Bahrain, Egypt, Syria, and Libya) and describes the legal protections that …

A Call For Aggressive Media Campaign Regarding Dprk Prison Camps, Hannah Lee

Northwestern Journal of Human Rights

No abstract provided.

Lost In Translation: The Accidental Origins Of Bond V. United States, Kevin L. Cope

Michigan Law Review First Impressions

One of the unusual features of cases about the constitutionality of federal statutes is that they are nearly always foreseeable. Even before the bill’s introduction in Congress, lawmakers are often aware that they are inviting a federal lawsuit. Anticipating a legal challenge, legislators and their staffs attempt to predict the courts’ views of the statute and adapt the bill accordingly. Generally speaking, the bigger the bill’s potential constitutional impact, the more foreseeable the resulting case. By this logic, jurists should have seen the constitutional issues in Bond v. United States from a mile away. In reality, they were foreseen by …

The Invisible Women: Have Conceptions About Femininity Led To The Global Dominance Of The Female Human Trafficker?, 7 Alb. Gov't L. Rev. 143 (2014), Samuel Vincent Jones

UIC Law Open Access Faculty Scholarship

Virtually no academic or media attention has been dedicated to female traffickers, or female delinquency, in general. Human trafficking, like other crimes, has been myopically constructed, marketed, and viewed through news reports, cinema, literature, and criminal statutes as a heinous male-perpetrated offense against women and girls, rendering the female trafficker practically invisible. This essay questions the soundness and viability of continued reliance on the female victim-male culprit paradigm, used by many countries to prevent human trafficking. It confronts contemporary assumptions about femininity, violence, and aggression, calling particular attention to American cultural suppositions about femaleness that have detrimentally influenced our capacity …

Humanitarian Intervention Post-Syria: A Grotian Moment, Milena Sterio

Law Faculty Articles and Essays

Grotian Moment is a term that signifies a "paradigm-shifting development in which new rules and doctrines of customary international law emerge with unusual rapidity and acceptance." A Grotian Moment is thus "an instance in which a fundamental change in the exiting international system happens, thereby provoking the emergence of a new principle of customary law with outstanding speed." Professor Richard Falk invented the term Grotian Moment in 1985. Since then, the term has been employed by experts in a variety of ways. Here, I will adopt the following meaning of Grotian Moment as proposed by Professor Michael Scharf: "a transformative …

Just Outcomes, Overreaching Rationales: How International Criminal Law's Achievements Augur Flawed Responses To Political Violence, Brad R. Roth

Law Faculty Research Publications

No abstract provided.

Natural Law And Legal Positivism In The Nuremberg Trials, Judah B. Murray

Senior Honors Theses

Abstract

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how a natural law based jurisprudential philosophy would have proved superior to the Austinian legal positivist prepositions that the Allies worked from in the Nuremberg Trials. This is achieved through defining natural law as it was classically understood by its historical advocates such as Thomas Aquinas and Sir William Blackstone. Natural law’s applicability to the Trials builds off the principles articulated by those writers. In the process of making this determination, as to why natural law represents a viable jurisprudential idea, this paper addresses the fundamental conflict between natural law and …

The Future Of The Law Of Armed Conflict: Ostriches, Butterflies, And Nanobots , Eric Talbot Jensen

Michigan Journal of International Law

The historical fact that the law of armed conflict (LOAC) has always lagged behind current methods of warfare does not mean that it always must. This Article will argue that the underlying assumption that law must be reactive is not an intrinsic reality inherent in effective armed conflict governance. Rather, just as military practitioners work steadily to predict new threats and defend against them, LOAC practitioners need to focus on the future of armed conflict and attempt to be proactive in evolving the law to meet future needs.

The Bull In The China Shop: Raising Tensions In The Asia-Pacific Region, Raul (Pete) Pedrozo

International Law Studies

This paper examines the legality of China's recent endeavors to change the status quo in the Asia-Pacific region, specifically with respect to the announcement of an ADIZ over the East China Sea. The piece concludes with recommendations for potential U.S. responses.

The Indeterminate International Law Of Jurisdiction, The Presumption Against Extraterritorial Effect Of Statutes, And Certainty In U.S. Criminal Law, Kenneth S. Gallant

Global Business & Development Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Charting The Legal Geography Of Non-International Armed Conflict, Michael N. Schmitt

International Law Studies

This article examines the geographical reach of international humanitarian law (law of armed conflict), particularly during armed conflicts between States and non-State organized armed groups. The issue is operationally critical, since to the extent that IHL applies, practices which are lawful during armed conflicts, such as status-based targeting, may be employed. When IHL does not apply, human rights obligations shouldered by the State govern the conduct of its military operations. The article surveys the various approaches to the the legal geography of non-international armed conflict, arguing that an interpretation by which IHL is not geographically restricted is the most supportable.

Over There: Teaching International And Comparative Law At West Point, Robert J. Goldstein

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The 2013 International Law Weekend panel discussion, "Teaching International Law Outside Law Schools," was considered by many present to be a novel reflection on the challenges of transplanting a law school-level course in international law to non-law students.

Game Of Bombs: President Barack Obama’S Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime, Jeffrey F. Addicott

University of Baltimore Journal of International Law

One of President Barack Obama’s favorite solutions to reducing or halting armed conflict in the world centers around his often-stated desire to rid the world of nuclear weapons. While this simplistic formula for a more peaceful world has certainly been voiced by other occupants of the oval office, the world is, and always has been, an extremely dangerous place, and the machinations of competing spheres of power in a “Game of Thrones” will always exist in human history. Coupled with an aggressive Russia and China, the dangers associated with the new era of radical Islamic extremism rubricate the need to …

The March Of Judicial Cosmopolitanism And The Legacy Of Enemy Combatant Case Law, Madalina Lulia Sontrop

LLM Theses

This thesis explores the concept of judicial cosmopolitanism and its prevalence in enemy combatant case law. The author draws upon the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of cosmopolitanism and cosmopolitan law to describe judicial cosmopolitanism as form of legal discourse through which judges show a willingness to extend constitutional protections based on a contemporary, functional understanding of sovereign jurisdiction. The purpose of this work is to address the correlation between enemy combatant jurisprudence and the aforementioned understanding of judicial cosmopolitanism. It is argued that a march of judicial cosmopolitanism developed early in enemy combatant cases, and that it came to a …

International Civil Disobedience: Unauthorized Intervention And The Conscience Of The International Community, Nathan J. Miller

Maryland Law Review

No abstract provided.

Beyond Privacy Rights: Crossborder Cyber-Espionage And International Law, 31 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 369 (2014), Stefan Kirchner

UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law

No abstract provided.

Humanitarian Intervention Post-Syria: A Grotian Moment?, Milena Sterio

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Grotian Moment is a term that signifies a "paradigm-shifting development in which new rules and doctrines of customary international law emerge with unusual rapidity and acceptance."'