Digital Commons Network^™

Finitely Generated Modules Over Bezout [email protected], Roger Wiegand, Sylvia Wiegand

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: Staff Publications

Let R be a Bezout ring (a commutative ring in which all finitely generated ideals are principal), and let M be a finitely generated R -module. We will study questions of the following sort: (A) If every localization of M can be generated by n elements, can M itself be generated by n elements? (B) If M 0 R m = Rn for some m, n, is Af necessarily free? (C) If every localization of M has an element with zero annihilator, does M itself have such an element? We will answer these and related questions for various familiar classes …

Water Current, Volume 6, No. 4, April 1974

Water Current Newsletter

From the Desk of the Director
1974 Summer Institute
National Commission on Water Quality Announces Study Plans
Maximum Water Resources Development Urged
Department for Natural Resources Nixed in Favor of Short-Term Measures
Controversy Reigns Over Project Discount Rate
EDF Questions Flood Control Projects
Research Review: Practical Treatment of Feedlot Runoff

Bulletin No 3883 - Dairying In W.A., Western Australian Department Of Agriculture

Bulletins - 3000 - 3999

Western Australia has a small dairy industry compared with its other rural production. However, the industry has consolidated over recent years.

Tree clearing and pasture development on existing holdings and the amalgamation of small dairy farms has led to a rapid increase in the area of pasture per farm. The trend in Western Australia is towards bigger herds, more efficient dairies, more fodder conservation and increasing production per cow and per· hectare.

The Use Of Color Infrared Aerial Photography In Determining Salt Marsh Vegetation And Delimiting Man-Made Structures Of Lynnhaven Bay, Virginia, Robert E. Holman Lll

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Color infrared aerial photography was found to be superior to color aerial photography in an ecological study of Lynnhaven Bay, Virginia. The research was divided into three phases: 1) determination of the feasibility of correlating color infrared aerial photography with wetland species composition and zonation patterns, 2) determination of the accuracy of the aerial interpretation and problems related to the aerial method used, and 3) comparison of developed with undeveloped areas along Lynnhaven Bay's shoreline.

Wetland species composition and zonation patterns of major cones were correlated with aerial infrared photography and resulted in a high degree of accuracy. Problems with …

An Ecological Study Of The Craney Island Disposal Area In Hampton Roads, Virginia, David Wallace Laist

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

A one year ecological study was conducted on the Craney Island Disposal Area in Hampton Roads, Virginia. This study attempted to identify the flora and fauna inhabiting the spoil deposits and trace the development of communities from the time of deposition through the initial stages of succession.

One hundred and ninety-two species were identified including 48 vascular plants, 66 insects, 48 birds, 18 species of algae, 4 crustaceans, and 8 vertebrates. The study area was divided into six zones based on substrate characteristics and species composition. The successional patterns and biotic interactions within each zone were discussed.

A Localized Epizootic Of Trichomoniasis In Mourning Doves, Ellis Greiner, William Baxter

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission: Staff Research Publications

Trichomonas gallinae was present in 47% (57/121) of adult, 41% (7/17) of juvenile, and 29% (2/7) of nestling mourning doves (Zenaida nacroura) from Lincoln, Nebraska. Throat lesions were present in 5.9% (43/724) of the mourning doves trapped for banding. Two of four pigeons (Columba livia) possessed T. gallinae, but none contained throat lesions.

Studies On The Causes Of Tree Distribution In A Forest Type In The Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Thomas A. Janszen

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Vegetational composition and environmental parameters were analyzed in a forest type of the Dismal Swamp. A 0.5 ha forest stand was divided into 200 5 x 5 meter contiguous quadrats and the tree size classes were precisely mapped. Fifty soil samples were analyzed for texture, pH, and major nutrients. A topographic map was constructed with precision to 0.01 ft. Analysis of variance tests showed non-randomness to exist in soil texture and nutrient content while homogeneity tests showed non-randomness in distribution of some woody species. Factor analysis indicated no significant correlations between soil quality, topography, and woody species. Findings indicate that …

Observations On The Distribution And Composition Of Zooplankton In Portions Of The Intracoastal Waterway, Virginia, O. Clair Hillard Jr.

Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Five stations were established in the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River, the Dismal Swamp Canal, the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal and the North Landing River. Representative samples of zooplankton were taken from October 1971 to June 1972. A. total of 57 species were identified and discussions regarding seasonal distribution in relation to physical factors and circulation are presented.

The composition of the zooplankton was found to fluctuate greatly due to the variables characteristic of the study area. The combined effect of tidal flow with freshwater input in conjunction with drainage from the Great Dismal Swamp, results in isolated populations …

A Review Of Coyote Control Research, Donald S. Balser

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Research on coyote control has lagged behind operational control for several decades. With the current controversy over toxicants and control of coyotes, attention has suddenly been given to the research needs of the problem. In the past research on annual damage problems, particularly predators, was concentrated on coming up with new lethal methods. The picture has changed with a definite need to study the entire problem, including the measurement of losses, the ecology of predators and prey, their behavior, and means of solving loss problems by non-lethal methods or mechanical protection. In any lethal control research, selectivity must be emphasized. …

Pest Management In Relation To Human Health, Allan M. Barnes

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Vector-borne disease prevention and control strategies, aside from those associated with domestic rodents, have rarely involved management of vertebrate populations, even though in many cases such management would appear to represent the most effective and economical long-term approach. Prevention of a long list of arthropod transmitted diseases is often at best a stop-gap procedure undertaken only after substantial disease hazard is detected in reservoir populations. More often, control actions await the detection of human cases, at which time short-term emergency control measures may be conducted, usually involving the use of toxicants against arthropod vectors and occasionally vertebrate reservoirs. In some …

An Overview Of Astm's Activities In Establishing Standards For Vertebrate Pest Control Materials, John R. Beck

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

The new FEPCA legislation under which a l l of us now operate, changes the format and program of pesticide registration and use in the United States. One of the events immediately proceeding this law was the establishment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the necessity for that new agency to develop guidelines and standards for the registration and use of pesticides.

Early in 1973, a large number of persons associated with one or more areas of pesticides, and representing the academic world, consumers, and producing companies, assembled in Philadelphia to discuss with the American Society for Testing …

A Review Of Rodent Control Programs In New York State, Joe E. Brooks

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

The history of rodent control programs in New York State is reviewed, beginning with state-funded efforts in August, 1967. In 1969, Federal rodent control grant funds were used to establish four Model Cities programs. At its peak in 1970, programs were active in 18 counties, eight cities and villages, and in six Model Cities areas. The program encompasses all the major metropolitan areas of the state, serving some nine million persons.

As part of the state program, the Rodent Control Evaluation Laboratory was established to investigate chemosterilants as a means of rodent control and to develop knowledge of pest rodent …

Conference Participants

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

The Sixth Vertebrate Pest Conference drew a registered attendance of 236, with an estimated additional 50-75 persons who attended portions of the conference but d i d not register. As in past conferences, the attendance was made up of individuals having varying interests in vertebrate pest control problems from thirty-one states plus the District of Columbia. Participants from Argentina, Australia, Canada, Finland, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, Sudan and Switzerland contributed greatly to the success of the conference and provided further exchange of information on an international level.

Bird Damage Appraisal Methods In Some Agricultural Crops, Richard W. Dehaven

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

For more than a decade, personnel of the Section of Bird Damage Control at the Denver Wildlife Research Center have studied agricultural damage by birds. Much of their research has centered on evaluating damage reduction efforts, and in doing this, they have developed and used many damage appraisal methods. This paper outlines briefly those that have been published. It is hoped that these methods will provide other workers with a useful starting point for evaluating bird losses in other test situations or in other surveys over extensive areas. The reader is cautioned, however, that bird damage appraisal is very complex, …

Bird Damage To Wine Grapes In Central California, 1973, Richard W. Dehaven

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Bird damage to wine grapes was surveyed in nine counties in the coastal area of central California in 1973. Damage to 90 bunches of grapes in each of 14O randomly selected plantings was visually estimated according to seven damage classes. Results indicated that birds damaged or destroyed 1.99%± 1.08% (95% confidence interval) of the crop, or about 1,547 to 5,219 tons of grapes worth more than $0.75 million . Napa, San Benito, and Sonoma Counties had the highest dollar losses. Upper bunches on grapevines were more heavily damaged than lower ones, and dark-colored varieties were more heavily damaged than light-colored …

The Association Of The Roof Rat (Rattus Rattus) With The Himalayan Blackberry (Rubus Discolor) And Algerian Ivy (Hedera Canariensis) In California, Val J. Dutson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

The roof rat (Rattus rattus) utilizes Algerian ivy and the Himalayan blackberry for food and cover, often living independent of man. Algerian ivy is the most popular ornamental and ground cover plant in California and is used extensively for landscaping, particularly in southern California. The Himalayan blackberry inhabited by feral roof rats, grows abundantly in northern California along inland creeks and in pasture land of the Sacramento Valley and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. Rats construct platform nests on or within the dense layer of canes that accumulate within the thickets. Information on distribution and recommendations …

Reptiles And Amphibians&#;A Management Dilemma, William D. Fitzwater

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Reptiles and amphibians despite general public revulsion have a more positive than negative potential. On the positive side are food, scientific and educational benefits, biological control of pests, medicine, ornamentation, carrion cleanup, pets and aesthetic values. On the negative side are predation, human confrontation and health. Where control is deemed a necessary management procedure, it can be achieved to some degree by cultural controls, repellents, trapping and reductional methods, such as, hand capture, den hunting, electric fence and pesticides (though none are currently registered for this purpose).

Frontmatter And Contents

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Table of Contents

Use Of Chlorophacinone In The Struggle Against The Common Vole (Microtus Arvalis Pallas) And Against The Muskrat Ondatra Zibethica L.), J. Giban

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

The use of the anticoagulant rodenticide, chlorophacinone, was largely developed in France during the last ten years. Its special properties, with respect to those of other anticoagulants currently known, have contributed largely to finding an effective and economically acceptable solution in the struggle against the two most damaging rodents in France: the common vole (Microtus arvalis P. ) and the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica L. ).

The Potential Value Of Genetically Sterile Norway Rats In Regulating Wild Populations, Bryan P. Glass

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

I appreciate the invitation to address this assembly, and hasten to inform you that I come before you as a Director and representative of the Introgene Foundation of Oklahoma City, not as one who has been actively performing the research of which I shall speak, although I have been following it very closely for approximately five years. I am grateful to the Foundation for sending me to this Conference to present this paper.

The biological control of animal populations took on a new dimension with the development of radiation-induced sterility in the screw-fly some two decades ago, and since that …

The European Rabbit Problem In New Zealand, Michael E. R. Godfrey

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Although in much smaller numbers now than previously, the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is still a major pest and a significant threat to agriculture, particularly sheep farming. The total cost of rabbit control is about NZ$5 million and the net annual return due to increased agricultural production has been calculated at about NZ$60 million . Aerial poisoning using 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) on carrot baits is the most effective means of controlling the European Rabbit currently used in New Zealand. Approximately 600,000 acres are treated annually at a cost of about NZ$300,000. Due to the extremely rapid replacement of …

The Effects Of A Chemosterilant (Mestranol) On Population And Behavior In The Richardson's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Richardsonii) In Alberta, Louise A. Goulet, R. M. F. S. Sadleir

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

A chemosterilant, mestranol, was administered to three populations of Richardson's ground squirrel in southeastern Alberta. Mestranol was given to all squirrels in one plot, to only 50 percent in another plot, while a third plot remained as control. In all plots social behavior and population dynamics were followed over two seasons by live trapping and visual observations.

Mestranol sterilized all females who received the drug shortly before or in early pregnancy; accordingly the birth rates were reduced. Levels of total aggression were also reduced but increased survival and immigration rates nullified the effects of the treatment during the first season. …

Keynote Address--Vertebrate Pest Animals In The Province Of The Cape Of Good Hope, Republic Of South Africa, Douglas D. Hey

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Southern Africa is renowned for its wealth of animal life both in numbers and variety. Antelope in countless herds once roamed the plains , while the large mammals, the so-called big game, have drawn hunters to this continent from all over the world. Selected wildlife products such as ivory, rhino horn and skins have been articles of trade for centuries. But far more important, zoologically, is the fact that in this region representative of 51 families of mammals occurs, a greater variety than are to be found in any other zoo-geographical region. These are all placental mammals, and no monotremes …

Dual Role Of Forbs And Rodenticides In The Ground Spray Control Of Pine Mice, Frank Horsfall Jr., R.E. Webb, Ross E. Byers

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Highly effective controls for the pine mouse (Pitymys pinetorum) were obtained for three years in apple orchards by means of herbaceous ground cover sprays of [(chloro 4 phenyl) 1 phenyl] acetyl 2 dioxo 1-3 indane at a rate of 0.2 lb. per acre of actual orchard. This toxicant from Europe is designated there as chlorophacinone. The spray residue persists for a maximum of about 30 days and was not found to be translocated to fruits nor was it detected in runoff water. Ingestion of the lethal agent is markedly enhanced by an adequate presence of forbs in the treated greenery. …

Nesting Success Of Quelea Quelea With One Parent Removed And Observations On Roosting Behavior, With Implications For Control, Jeffrey A. Jackson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Avicidal sprays are likely to continue to be a major tool in controlling Quelea quelea nesting colonies when they are found in cereal producing areas. New observations on nesting behavior indicate that a single parent cannot successfully care for the nest if the other parent is destroyed before the eggs have hatched. During the incubation period, Quelea return earlier in the evening and males are more concentrated in night roosting areas than after the eggs have hatched. These factors indicate that for the most efficient control, the best time to spray nesting colonies is before hatching begins.

The Relationship Of Quelea Migrations To Cereal Crop Damage In The Lake Chad Basin, Jeffrey J. Jackson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Quelea quelea and some other species of weaverbirds (Ploceidae) cause severe damage to cereal crops in sahelian zones of Africa. Recent observations of weaverbird damage to cereals in the Lake Chad Basin show that crops grown in certain places at particular times are more l i k e l y to be damaged than others. Timing of harvest by varying plan tin g times and selection of short-cycle cereals may avoid damage in some situations.

Feral Pigeon Control, Lester B. Krebs

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Feral pigeons, problem birds common to most American cities and farms, are descendants of the Rock Dove (Columba livia) of North Africa and Europe. They were brought to America as domestic poultry by the first European settlers and have since escaped. They are not truly "wild", as their existence depends upon man's activities. An adult pigeon will eat about a pound of food a week, consisting primarily of grain spilled around elevators, rail road yards and feed lots or fed by bird lovers at city parks. Pigeons are usually monogamous. The female lays 1 to 2 eggs, 8 …

Opening Comments – Sixth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Warren V. Johnson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

On behalf of the California Vertebrate Pest Committee, I want to extend a welcome to the sixth meeting of the Vertebrate Pest Conference.

With this welcome, I would like to remind you that this is your Conference and hope that you will benefit from the program that has been arranged as well as the opportunity to become acquainted with and exchange ideas and information with your fellow workers in vertebrate pest control and associated fields. As has been said before, it is a great tribute to this Conference to have noted scientists willing to travel across the nation, from Canada …

Oregon's Nutria Problem, Lee W. Kuhn, E. Paul Peloquin

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

The nutria or coypu, Myocastor coypus, is a large semi-aquatic rodent that superficially resembles an overgrown muskrat or a stunted beaver. They were introduced into Oregon from about 1930 to the 1950s. At one time Oregon had more than 600 fur farmers raising these animals for fur; now there are none. Some animals escaped and many others were released into the wild when it became apparent that pelt values were nonexistent and production costs greatly exceeded profits. Being prolific and quite mobile the nutria quickly spread through much of western Oregon. By the 1960s damage to agricultural crops was …

Rare And Endangered Wildlife Problems And Solutions, Howard R. Leach

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 6th (1974)

Worldwide concern over vanishing species prompted a World Wildlife Conference in Washington, D. C. on February 12 - March 2, 1973 which resulted in a Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Enactment of the Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1973 by Congress places all endangered species native to United States under jurisdiction of the Federal Government.

The California Endangered Species Conservation and California Species Preservation Act enacted by the California Legislature in 1970 has resulted in a listing of 49 California animals declared rare or endangered. Efforts to protect and enhance threatened species are …