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Design: A Critical Need In Pest-Damage Control Experiments, Charles R. Ingram

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The manner in which an experiment is conducted determines the inferences that can be made from the results of the analysis of the experiment. This paper emphasizes the critical need in pest-damage control (PDC) experiments for a detailed planning process (i.e., the design of experiments) by exampling improper designs that prohibit a researcher from making valid inferences about his hypotheses of interest. Emphasis is placed on identification of experimental units, determination of restrictions on the randomization procedure, and specification of treatment forms of pest control materials. A list of some specific actions to strengthen PDC experiments is given.

Avoidance Of Prey By Captive Coyotes Punished With Electric Shock, Samuel B. Linhart, Jerry D. Roberts, Stephen A. Schumake, Richard Johnson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Four individually penned coyotes (Canis latrans) that had learned to kill live domestic rabbits for food were presented with one black and one white rabbit during daily 1-hour sessions and punished by a brief, severe shock from a high-voltage collar each time they attacked the black rabbit. One coyote did not learn the color association; after three shocks; it refused to kill either rabbit for 10 days but killed both indiscriminately when retested 4 weeks later. The other three coyotes learned to avoid black rabbits after only three to five shocks and, when repeatedly retested without shock at …

Local Program Of Bird Damage Control In Salinas Valley, David R. Little

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

On behalf of the Monterey County Grape Growers Association, I wish to thank you for inviting us here and giving us a chance to tell the world, so to speak, about our local program of bird control: how we got there, where we are, and where we want to go. First, let me give you a little history of the grape industry in our county.

Control Of The European Mole, Talpa Eruopaea, M. Lund

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Common methods for mole control are baiting with earthworms impregnated with thallium sulphate or strychnine, gassing with pellets developing phosphine, and trapping. Seasonal cycles in burrowing activity make it difficult to evaluate results of expensive control campaigns and may give a false impression of efficiency.

Review And Results Of Sodium Cyanide Spring Loaded Ejector Mechanism (Scslem) Experimental Programs , Raymond W. Matheny

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Sodium cyanide was cancelled for use in predator control in March 1972 along with strychnine and 1080 mainly because of the indiscriminate use of these poisons which posed an imminent hazard and danger to the environment. After due consideration, the EPA Administrator in January 1974 authorized approval of experimental use permits (under Section 5 of FIFRA as amended) for use of sodium cyanide in the M-44 device (SCSLEM) in order to accumulate information necessary to support registration consideration. Subsequently nine permits were issued for this purpose. In August 1975, a public hearing was held in Washington, D.C. to respond to …

A Regional Approach To Rodent Control In The San Francisco Bay Area, Earl W. Mortenson, George L. Rotramel

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

A federally funded rat control project is being conducted by the Vector Control Section, California State Department of Health in cooperation with local health agencies in the Sari Francisco Bay Area. Four community demonstration areas were selected in urban poverty areas in the region. The objective of each demonstration program is to reduce the rat infestation to a level that will not have significant adverse health or economic effect. Environmental improvement and community participation are emphasized. Concurrent studies are being conducted to determine the status of anticoagulant resistance, the occurrence of rodent-borne diseases, and the significance of rat infestations in …

Methiocarb For Preventing Blackbird Damage To Sprouting Rice, Donald F. Mott, Joseph L. Guarino, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Seed rice was treated with 0.25% methiocarb to test its effectiveness as a blackbird repellent in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana in the spring of 1975. Two replications of 3 treated and 3 untreated plots showed 68% more seedlings in treated plots (2,393) than in untreated plots (1,429). Half as many birds (chiefly redwing blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were recorded in treated (1.18/mi n) as in untreated plots (2.39/min).

Pest Bird Damage Control In Cattle Feedlots: The Integrated Systems Approach, Thomas K. Palmer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The cattle feedlot affords an ideal habitat for large concentrations of birds. Several species are primarily involved in feed depredations and contamination. The development of an integrated systems approach to control involves the interaction of - human attitude, cultural control practices and application of bird damage control techniques, each of which is a dynamic system in itself.

Effects Of Bait Formulations On Toxicant Losses And Efficacy, Larry F. Pank

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

During application by airplane excessive amounts of zinc phosphide were lost from the bait registered to control rat damage in Hawaiian sugarcane. The losses created unnecessary hazards and potentially reduced the efficacy of the control program. In a series of screening tests, alternate adhesives, adhesive concentrations, and bait mixing procedures were evaluated for zinc phosphide retention, acceptance by rats, phosphine residues in sugarcane and operational effectiveness. A formulation was developed that reduced zinc phosphide losses 32% during application, increased acceptance by rats, left residues in sugarcane below the established tolerance and equaled or exceeded the performance of the original formulation.

Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Predictive and conceptual models are used to examine the contamination, toxicology, and residues of sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) in relation to its application in vertebrate pest control programs on forest and pastoral lands.

As a pesticide, the toxin appears to be neither mobile nor persistent. Exceedingly slender opportunities exist therefore for significant contamination of susceptible components of the environment.

Olfactory Responses Of Deer Mice To Douglas-Fir Seed Volatiles, C. Raymond Record, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Donald J. Stern

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

An attempt was made to identify the olfactory cues produced by Douglas-fir seeds which attract deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) to the seeds. The olfactometers used are described, and the merits of different statistical analyses of the data are discussed. The odors produced by whole Douglas-fir seed and by the endosperm were preferred among the fractions tested to date. Deer mice were repelled by Douglas-fir turpentine, cedar oil, and, to a lesser degree, one extract.

Control Of The Oregon Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Beldingi Oregonus), Warren C. Sauer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Attempts to reduce populations of Spermophilus beldingi oregonus have centered around the application of Compound 10.80 and strychnine baits. Additional population reduction techniques were investigated for possible employment into the squirrel program. Techniques which show much promise are: hand baited chopped gree bait (.01% chlorophacinone) broadcast (10 pounds per acre) and hand baited grain bait with .01% chlorophacinone and .05% fumarin, and bait stations using .01%, .05% chlorophacinone grain bait (100 and 200 foot spacing) and .05% fumarin grain bait (100 foot spacing).

In addition, the concentration of Compound 1080 on chopped green bait can be reduced to 1/4 oz. …

Operational Aspects Of Successful Ground Squirrel Control By Aerial Application Of Grain Bait, Conrad Schilling

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

By County Ordinance the County Agricultural Commissioner has been charged with rodent suppression in Fresno County, California. For nine years personnel from the Agricultural Commissioner's Office have conducted a county operated and funded program of ground squirrel suppression through the use of aerially applied zinc phosphide treated squirrel oat groats. Planning procedures, relative costs and operational aspects of the program are outlined. This technique of ground squirrel suppression has been shown to have many advantages over hand application of rodent baits. No known hazards to non-target wildlife species have been demonstrated.

Opening Comments—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Charles C. Siebe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council, it is my pleasure to welcome you to the Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference. We are pleased that the American Society for Testing and Materials held its first Symposium on Test Methods for Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials in conjunction with our Conference, and we congratulate Symposium Chairman Rex Marsh for the excellent program that was presented. The concerns and challenges of today's society mandate that we be knowledgeable and up-to-date concerning the use of vertebrate pest damage control methods and materials and the impacts of our programs on the environment.

Criteria For Rodent Bait Selection, W.R. Smythe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

World food shortages become more acute each year, and all too often, rodents are present to take their unwarranted share. To counter this, we must refine our rodent control methods to make them more efficient. To this end, correct bait selection is essential. Grain baits must be selected for purity and acceptability. Grain alterations must be carefully controlled, as well as any additives. Multi-ingredient or composition baits must be checked for size, hardness, protein content and additives. The selection of trap baits is critical for the success of trapping program. In general, fresh coconut is the best bait, but on-site …

Keynote Address—The Role Of Education In Vertebrate Pest Control, Gustav A. Swanson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Lack of adequate information is emphasized as a major problem in attaining effective control of damage by vertebrate pests, and it is stressed that the problem is widespread in all elements of the public, including those directly involved, like producers and government officials, as well as those only indirectly involved, like the average citizen. A number of specific examples are cited to illustrate the problems of uninformed or inadequately informed publics.

Anticoagulants—A Problem Of Distribution For The Hawaiian Sugar Industry, Allen H. Teshima

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Current rodent control practices for the Hawaiian sugar industry revolve around the use of single grain baits containing anticoagulants in bait stations and zinc phosphide for aerial applications. Neither type of control programs as they are now applied has been very effective against the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) which is becoming a major problem species for the industry. As a result, we have sought a more effective anticoagulant, to which the Norway rat is more susceptible, and an improved method of bait distribution. With knowledge of the month-to-month variation in the field rodents' gestation rate, a new control …

The Cost Of Predator Damage Control Using Trapping As The Primary Control Technique, Ronald A. Thompson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The justification and economics of the operational animal damage control program in California as conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are discussed. Emphasis is given to the necessity for use of the steel trap. Nearly 83 percent of the depredators are taken by trapping. Annual agricultural losses due to predation were estimated at $4.7 million in California for Fiscal Year 1975. The projected cost-benefit ratio was 1:3.9.

The Use Of Aircraft In Predator Control, Dale A. Wade

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Private aerial hunting of predators for protection of livestock began before 1925 in the western United States. Apparently, it was first used in professional control programs in 1942. Inclement weather, dense vegetation and rough terrain are limiting factors and helicopters are more versatile than fixed-wing aircraft. When it can be employed, aerial hunting is unsurpassed as an immediate control method where livestock losses are severe and the need for control is urgent.

Control Methods For Nuisance Beaver In The Southeastern United States, Edward P. Hill

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Strychnine alkaloid baits were consumed by both captive and wild beaver without any apparent hesitation. An approximate minimal acute lethal dose of sodium monofluoro-acetate to beaver of mixed ages and sex was 0.202 mg/kg. Trapping beaver on four study area watersheds in Alabama with No. 330 conibear traps for approximately two weeks in winter during two successive years essentially eliminated beaver. Older individuals were trapped the first year, maturing juveniles and the remaining few adults were trapped the second year, and there was very little reproduction between the trapping periods. Trapping, with its recreational appeal, and income and food potential …

Pharmacological Review Of Chemicals Used For The Capture Of Animals, Peter J. Savarie

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

A review of the literature reveals that over 60 chemicals have been used for the capture of wild animals, but only 30 of the most widely used chemicals are discussed in the present paper. For practical considerations these chemicals can be classified as being either (l) neuromuscular blocking agents, or (2) central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Some common neuromuscular blocking agents are d-tubocurarine, gallamine, succiny1choline, and nicotine. M99 and its derivatives, phencyclidine, and xylazine are some of the more commonly used CNS depressants. Neuromuscular blocking agents have a relatively rapid onset and short duration of action but they do not …

Some Of The Effects Of Domestic Sewage Discharged Into Hickman And Jessamine Creeks In Jessamine County, Kentucky, Henry H. Howell, Mike W. Jones, Robert A. Kuehne

KWRRI Research Reports

A 6-week study was made in the summer of 1971 as an initial effort to determine the extent of pollution that the three sewage disposal plants in Jessamine County, Kentucky, are contributing to its streams. With the rapid population increase in Lexington and nearby municipalities, this study should furnish a basis of comparison for future investigations. Eighteen collecting stations were established in riffle areas of Hickman and Jessamine Creeks, and coliform bacteria, macro-invertebrate populations, fish populations and chemical water quality of each riffle area were studied.

Hickman Creek's flow was augmented by approximately 3,100,000 gallons/day (11,735 -m³/day) from …

Bear River Basin Type Iv Study: Economic Base Appendix Report, United States Department Of Agriculture

Elusive Documents

A collection of tables relating to the Bear River Basin Type IV Study relating the economic variables to be considered.

An Evaluation Of The Effects Of Dredging Within The Arkansas River Navigation System, Volume Iv - The Effects Upon The Benthic Associations, Louise Russert Kraemer

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

The huge and increasing volume of dredged materials being moved in and from the bottoms of waterways of the U.S. is probably well known to the reader. Lee and Plumb (1974) distinguish between the 2 forms of dredging: (1) mining the bottom sediments (as in shell dredging), and (2) developing and maintaining navigable waterways. They indicate some 380,000,000 cubic yards are dredged annually in this country; maintenance dredging accounting for about 80,000,000 cy, and new construction for about 300,000,000 cy.* These figures (based on 5 yr. averages) do not include dredging by private companies. Smith (1975) comments: "With federal dredging …

Energy - Minerals - Environment: How Now Brown Cow?, Bobby G. Wixson

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

Energy, technical, social, political, economic, and environmental problems are all people related problems which will continue to increase along with the world's population. With the growing demands for more energy and minerals along with the constraints of protecting the environment, new approaches must be considered to these complex problems.

Energy sources, modifications, alternatives, and new developments must be considered for the present as short term resources (next 25- 30 years) and in the future as long range research necessary to develop and implement new technology (25 years on). Major energy sources and their environmental considerations are generally classified as:

I. …

The Future Of Hard Minerals Mining On The New England Continental Margin, James D. Eger

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

As man's needs for all commodities increase with the rapid worldwide increase in technological development, new sources for these commodities must be sought. In the United States, shortages of many materials are already being experienced, and the health of our economy is dependent on the continued supply of these vital materials. In order to supply our needs for minerals, intensified and improved exploration methods, improved technology allowing utilization of lower grade ores, synthetics and substitutes, government sponsored research programs, and new exploitable areas all must be developed. This study will look at the current situation affecting hard minerals mining on …

Abundance And Distribution Of Soil Micro-Arthropods In Rock Valley, Nevada, E.B. Edney, P.J. Franco, J.F. Mcbrayer

Memorandum

No abstract provided.

Water Current, Volume 8, No. 1, January/February 1976

Water Current Newsletter

Evolving Groundwater Management Policies
Water Resources Seminars
1976 Water Conference
Water Research in Nebraska
OWRT Seeks Applications for One-Year Appointment as Research Scholar
Nonpoint Sources Causing Water Quality Problems
Research Review: Mapping Model for Determining Land Suitable for Irrigation

Private Water Supplies, Maine Department Of Human Services

Maine Collection

Private Water Supplies

Department of Human Services, Augusta, Me. (Reprinted 1976).

Contents: Introduction / General Requirements / Types of Private Water Supplies / Procurement of Safe Water / Distribution / Appendix A & B

Blood And Tissue Identification Of Selected Birds And Mammals, Part Ii: Cross Reaction Patterns Of Birds And Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken And Mallard Duck Antiserum, Part 1, David W. Oates, Debra L. Weigel

Other Publications in Wildlife Management

Most enforcement cases involving our laboratory deal with the identification of a blood stain or meat sample which is suspected to be deer. Determining whether it is, indeed, from deer is not difficult. But, if the sample is not deer, exact identification can prove to be a more time consuming and tedious process. To eliminate the need to obtain antiserum for each individual species and aid identification, we undertook an investigation on which species and the extent to which several species may cross react with antisera of some common birds and mammals, especially deer. Deer, cow, and raccoon were selected …