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Environmental Regulation On Indian Reservations, B. Kevin Gover Jun 1988

Environmental Regulation On Indian Reservations, B. Kevin Gover

Natural Resource Development in Indian Country (Summer Conference, June 8-10)

45 pages.


Agenda: Water Quality Control: Integrating Beneficial Use And Environmental Protection, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center Jun 1988

Agenda: Water Quality Control: Integrating Beneficial Use And Environmental Protection, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center

Water Quality Control: Integrating Beneficial Use and Environmental Protection (Summer Conference, June 1-3)

Conference organizers and/or faculty included University of Colorado School of Law professors David H. Getches, Lawrence J. MacDonnell and Charles F. Wilkinson.

Protecting water quality is essential to preserve the many beneficial uses of western water resources. This conference addresses the dominant federal requirements in the Clean Water Act, including the important major revisions enacted by Congress in 1987, with special attention to western problems regarding nonpoint source pollution. Developments in groundwater quality regulation are considered, as are selected issues concerning the implications of state and federal water quality regulation for the traditional exercise of water rights.


Long-Term Reconstruction And Analysis Of White River Streamflow, M. K. Cleaveland, D. W. Stahle, J. G. Hehr Jun 1988

Long-Term Reconstruction And Analysis Of White River Streamflow, M. K. Cleaveland, D. W. Stahle, J. G. Hehr

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

A 281-year reconstruction of White River annual runoff at Clarendon, Arkansas, was developed from a regional average of nine Oklahoma, Missouri, and Arkansas tree-ring chronologies (six post oak, Quercus stellata, and three baldcypress, Taxodium distichum). Inhomogeneity of the gaged series was detected with both double mass analysis (using state average total annual Arkansas precipitation) and regression (using the regional tree-ring average). Simple regression calibrated the homogeneous runoff data with the average ring width data from 1930 to 1980. Comparing the reconstruction with independent data verified the regression model. Variance of the reconstruction increases significantly during the 20th century, a change …


National List Of Plant Species That Occur In Wetlands: Intermountain (Region 8), Porter B. Reed, Jr., National Ecology Research Center May 1988

National List Of Plant Species That Occur In Wetlands: Intermountain (Region 8), Porter B. Reed, Jr., National Ecology Research Center

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands represents the combined efforts of many biologists over the last decade to define the wetland flora of the United States. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service initially developed the list in order to provide an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (FWS/OBS 79/31) to assist in the field identification of wetlands. Plant species that occur in wetlands, as used in the National List are defined as species that have demonstrated an ability to achieve maturity and reproduce in an environment where all or …


Jack Shaw Bridge, Susie Van Kirk Apr 1988

Jack Shaw Bridge, Susie Van Kirk

Susie Van Kirk Papers

To adequately assess the historical significance of the Mad River suspension bridge near Mountain View, commonly referred to as the Jack Shaw Bridge, it was necessary to research not only the bridge but the surrounding area as well. Resulting information provides a context or association for understanding the bridge's role in local history.


Field Evaluation Of Quintox (Cholecalciferol) For Controlling Com¬Mensal Rodents, L. Dawn Brown, E. F. Marshall Mar 1988

Field Evaluation Of Quintox (Cholecalciferol) For Controlling Com¬Mensal Rodents, L. Dawn Brown, E. F. Marshall

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 13th (1988)

AB STRACT: Field efficacy studies were performed on Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), roof rats (Rattus rattus), and house mice (Mus musculus) under a variety of conditions throughout the continental United States. Baits containing .075% (750 ppm) cholecalciferol yielded exceptional results in reducing commensal rodent populations under actual field conditions.


Dredging Management: A Comparative Analysis Of Mid-Sized U.S. North Atlantic Ports, Matthew H. Masters Jan 1988

Dredging Management: A Comparative Analysis Of Mid-Sized U.S. North Atlantic Ports, Matthew H. Masters

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

Dredging management within the states of Rhode Island, Maine and Connecticut is examined through an analysis of the ports of Providence, Portland, and New Haven. These ports were selected from a field of 30 Atlantic Coast ports through a multivariate statistical analysis, based on similarities in size, function and geography. Each port's dredging history was compiled to illustrate the frequency and magnitude of dredging activity among the three states. Pertinent state laws, regulations and policies regarding dredging and dredged material disposal were reviewed in an attempt to identify similarities and differences. It was believed that differences among each state's regulatory …


An Inventory And Condition Survey Of Rangelands In The Ashburton River Catchment, Western Australia, A A. Mitchell, A L. Payne, W F. Holman Jan 1988

An Inventory And Condition Survey Of Rangelands In The Ashburton River Catchment, Western Australia, A A. Mitchell, A L. Payne, W F. Holman

Technical Bulletins

The inventory and condition survey of rangelands in the Ashburton River catchment, undertaken by the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA) between 1976 and 1978, describes and maps the natural resources of the region’s pastoral leasehold land. This survey report provides a baseline record of the existence and condition of the natural area’s resources, to assist with the planning and implementation of land management practices. The report identified and described the condition of soils, landforms, vegetation, habitat, ecosystems, and declared plants and animals. It also assessed the impact of pastoralism and made land management recommendations. The area surveyed …


National List Of Plant Species That Occur In Wetlands: 1988, Nevada, Porter B. Reed, Jr. Jan 1988

National List Of Plant Species That Occur In Wetlands: 1988, Nevada, Porter B. Reed, Jr.

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 (National List) represents the combined efforts of many biologists over the last decade to define the wetland flora of the United States. The National List has undergone a number of revisions resulting from intensive review by regional ecologists. National, regional and State lists are being distributed to provide users with the most current information. We welcome and encourage modification and improvement of the National List. Refinement of the National List will occur continually, reflecting increased knowledge in Indicator assignments, taxonomy, and geographic distribution. We anticipate that further refinement of …


Historical Vegetation, Fuel Loads, And Integrated Resource Information System For Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah State University, Department Of Forest Resources And Ecology Center Jan 1988

Historical Vegetation, Fuel Loads, And Integrated Resource Information System For Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah State University, Department Of Forest Resources And Ecology Center

Elusive Documents

This report describes a comprehensive approach to understanding the role and effects of fire in Bryce Canyon National Park. The study includes a reconstruction of the historic vegetation of Bryce Canyon National Park from historic photographs, inference from computer simulation models, and research in areas of similar vegetation. The successional pathways from the historic vegetation to the present are discussed and the landscape scale consequences of fire suppression and successional devolopment are addressed.


Zur Variabilität Der Asiatischen Wüstenkröte Bufo Raddei Strauen, 1876, Wolf-Rüdiger Grosse, Annegret Stubbe Jan 1988

Zur Variabilität Der Asiatischen Wüstenkröte Bufo Raddei Strauen, 1876, Wolf-Rüdiger Grosse, Annegret Stubbe

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Zusammenfassung

1. Die Wüstenkröte, Bufo raddei, lebt in der Nähe von Wasserlachen und Lagunen der Flußauen in der Zentralmongolei, wo sie in der Dämmerung erbeutet wurde.

2. Der Fang 1984 erbrachte nur 1- und 2(3)-jährige Tiere, wobei die metrische Entwicklung der Art auf Unterschiede zu Bufo viridis hinweist.

3. Eine Analyse der Variabilität des Grundmusters zeigt dagegen deutliche Parallelen zu Bufo viridis. Arttypische Merkmale sind dabei die dunkelbraunen Fingerspitzen und die Ausbildung eines Rückenstreifens.

Summary

1. Mongolian Toad, Bufo raddei, lives in pools and lagoons of rivers of Central Mongolia. The animals were captured there in dusk. …


Entwicklung Und Stand Der Erforschung Der Gefäßpflanzenflora Der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, I. A. Gubanov, Werner Hilbig Jan 1988

Entwicklung Und Stand Der Erforschung Der Gefäßpflanzenflora Der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, I. A. Gubanov, Werner Hilbig

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Zusammenfassung

Vorliegender Beitrag gibt einen überblick über die floristische Durchforschung der MVR.

Erste Kenntnisse über die Flora der Mongolei stammen aus dem 18. Jh. und der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jh. (MESSERSCHMIDT, BUNGE, MAXIMOVICZ). In der zweiten Hälfte und am Ende des 19. Jh. erbrachten vor allem die Expeditionen der Russischen Geographischen Gesellschaft umfangreiches botanisches Material (POTANIN, KOZLOV). Auch andere Forscher führten ausgedehnte Sammelreisen durcn (KLEMENZ, PALIBIN, SAPOZNIKOV). Nach der mongolischen Revolution von 1921 wurden von sowjetischer Seite bereits in den 20er Jahren Sammelreisen durchgeführt. 1925 wurde die Mongolische Kommission der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR geschaffen, die weitere Expeditionen …


The Nebraska Agricultural Climate Situation Committee, R. E. Neild, K. G. Hubbard, Donald A. Wilhite Jan 1988

The Nebraska Agricultural Climate Situation Committee, R. E. Neild, K. G. Hubbard, Donald A. Wilhite

National Drought Mitigation Center: Faculty Publications

The Nebraska Agricultural Climate Situation Committee consisting of an interdisciplinary group of extension specialists provides up-to-date information and advice on seasonal changes in crop/ weather conditions. The committee meets each Monday during the growing season to review:

1. Maps and tabular data developed by a computer program CIS /Crop Weather Information System/ that is linked to a network of weather stations and computer terminals in county agent offices.

2. Insect, plant disease and weed surveys.

3. Weekly weather and crop reports from the State/Federal System.

4. Weather outlooks from the National Weather Service.

5. Climate probabilities.

Situation reports and advisories …


Die Gemeinsame Botanische Expedition Des Instituts Für Biochemie Der Pflanzen In Halle Und Des Instituts Für Volksmedizin In Ulan-Bator Durch Die Mongolische Volksrepublik 1983, Siegfried Huneck, Werner Hilbig Jan 1988

Die Gemeinsame Botanische Expedition Des Instituts Für Biochemie Der Pflanzen In Halle Und Des Instituts Für Volksmedizin In Ulan-Bator Durch Die Mongolische Volksrepublik 1983, Siegfried Huneck, Werner Hilbig

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Einleitung

Im Rahmen des Abkommens über wissenschaftliche Zusammenarbeit der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR und des Ministeriums für Volksgesundheit der Mongolischen Volksrepublik (MVR) führten das Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen (IBP) in Halle/Saale und das Institut für Volksmedizin (IVM) in Ulan-Bator vom 15. Juni bis 17. August 1983 die zweite gemeinsame Expedition in die MVR durch. An dieser Expedition nahmen teil: Dr. habil. S. HUNECK (IBP, Leiter der Expedition), Dr. W. HILBIG (Mattin-Luther-Universität Halle, Wissenschaftsbereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Halle/Saale), Dr. T. KHAIDA V (Direktor des IVM) und Dr. U. COGT (Institut für Botanik der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Ulan-Bator). …


Nachruf Für E. M. Lavrenko, Z. V. Karamyševa, Werner Hilbig Jan 1988

Nachruf Für E. M. Lavrenko, Z. V. Karamyševa, Werner Hilbig

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Am 18. Juli 1987 verstarb in Leningrad im Alter von 87 Jahren Prof. Dr. Evgenij Michajlovic LAVRENKO.

Die biologische Forschung in der Mongolei verliert damit ihren Senior und einen ihrer herausragenden Vertreter, der seit den 40er Jahren mit der Mongoleiforschung verbunden ist und ihr wesentliche Impulse verliehen hat.


Verlauf Und Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse Der Expedition In Die Mongolische Volksrepublik 1978, Siegfried Huneck, Hans Dieter Knapp Jan 1988

Verlauf Und Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse Der Expedition In Die Mongolische Volksrepublik 1978, Siegfried Huneck, Hans Dieter Knapp

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Einleitung

Auf Grund eines Abkommens über wissenschaftliche Zusammenarbeit der Akademie der Wissenschaftel'l der Mongolischen Volksrepublik und der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik führten das Institut für Naturstoffe (IN) in Ulan-Bator und das Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen (IBP) in Halle/Saale vom 13. Juni bis 29. Juli 1978 eine gemeinsame Expedition in die MVR durch. An dieser Expedition nahmen von Seiten der AdW der DDR Dr. habil. S. HUNECK (Leiter der Expedition), Dr. habil. H. RIPPERGER (beide IBP) und Dr. H. D. KNAPP (damals Müritz-Museum, Waren) und von Seiten der AdW Dr. BASANSUREN (IN) und zeitweilig Dr. U. COGT …


Mikroklima-Untersuchungen In Pflanzengesellschaften Verschiedener Höhenstufen In Hochgebirgen Der Nordwest- Und Südmongolei, Werner Hilbig, K. Helmecke, Z. Schamsran, D. Bumzaa Jan 1988

Mikroklima-Untersuchungen In Pflanzengesellschaften Verschiedener Höhenstufen In Hochgebirgen Der Nordwest- Und Südmongolei, Werner Hilbig, K. Helmecke, Z. Schamsran, D. Bumzaa

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Im Rahmen der Mongolisch-Deutschen Biologischen Expeditionen wurden erste Mikroklimauntersuchungen im Jahre 1973 in ausgewählten Pflanzengesellschaften der Wüste und Halbwüste im $üdgobi-Aimak durchgeführt (HELMECKE u. SCHAMSRAN 1979). Auch von sowjetisfber (BERESNEVA 1974, 1981) und von polnischer Seite (vgl. KLIMEK 1980) liegen mikroklimatologische Untersuchungen für verschiedene Gebiete der MVR vor. Von den Gebirgen der MVR wurde besonders der Südteil des Changai berücksichtigt. Hier wurden Mikroklimamessungen in verschiedenen Höhenstufen durchgeführtl (BRZEZNIAK u. NIEDZWIEDZ 1980). Die von Biologen der Universitäten Halle-Wittenberg und Ulan-Bator von 1977 bis 1979 durchgeführten Untersuchungen in Hochebirgen der MVR (Charchiraa, Uvs Aimak; Ich-Bogd, Bajanchongor Aimak) schlosseh neben den floristisch-vegetationskundlichen und …


Title Page, Verso Of The Title Page, And Table Of Contents For Erforschung Biologischer Ressourcen Der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, Band 7 (1988), Michael Stubbe Jan 1988

Title Page, Verso Of The Title Page, And Table Of Contents For Erforschung Biologischer Ressourcen Der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, Band 7 (1988), Michael Stubbe

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Title page, verso of the title page, and table of contents for Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, Band 7 (1988)


Bibliographie Pflanzen Soziologischer Arbeiten Über Die Mongolische Volksrepublik. Folge 2, Werner Hilbig Jan 1988

Bibliographie Pflanzen Soziologischer Arbeiten Über Die Mongolische Volksrepublik. Folge 2, Werner Hilbig

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Zusammenfassung

Der vorliegende Teil 2 einer Bibliographie pflanzensoziologischer und vegetationsökologischer Arbeiten über das Gebiet der Mongolischen Volksrepublik (MVR) enthält im wesentlichen Arbeiten aus den Jahren 1980-1985. Es werden 201 Arbeiten zitiert.

Summary

The second part of the bibliography of geobotanical and synecological publications about the territory of the Mongolian People's Republic contains publications mainly from 1980 till 1985. 201 papers are quoted.


Wetland Characteristics Of Avian Cholera Outbreaks And Surface Water Transfer In The Nebraska Rainwater Basin Area, Brian J. Smith Jan 1988

Wetland Characteristics Of Avian Cholera Outbreaks And Surface Water Transfer In The Nebraska Rainwater Basin Area, Brian J. Smith

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Avian Cholera (Pateurella multocida) has infected and killed thousands of migrating waterfowl each year since 1975 in Nebraska’s rainwater basin area. Disease outbreaks in migrating waterfowl populations just prior to the nesting season are of concern to biologists. Feedlots and itner-wetland basin surface water transfer mechanisms of the avian cholera causative agent, P. multocida, were investigated using remote sensing techniques. Wetland basin characteristics (classification type, adjacent landuse, basin landuse, and basin densities) were also investigated for relationships to 1981 avian cholera outbreaks. No surface drainage relationships were found that would permit the transfer of P. multocida from one wetland basin …


Carbon Dioxide Emissions And Fossil Fuel Consumption A Canadian Perspective, John Peter Doucet Jan 1988

Carbon Dioxide Emissions And Fossil Fuel Consumption A Canadian Perspective, John Peter Doucet

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The potential climate change due to increased loading of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has emerged as one of the most significant environmental threats of the late twentieth century. An analysis of a variety of feasible energy demand scenarios for Canada indicates that if we continue to consume the same types and proportions of fuels as we do today, the expected demand for energy in the year 2005 would yield carbon dioxide emissions up to 52.5 per cent greater than that of 1985. On the other hand, if Canada were to alter the types and quantities of fuels required to …


Resource Law Notes Newsletter, No. 12, Nov. 1987, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center Nov 1987

Resource Law Notes Newsletter, No. 12, Nov. 1987, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center

Resource Law Notes: The Newsletter of the Natural Resources Law Center (1984-2002)

No abstract provided.


Of Canoes And Castaways: Reassessing The Population Of Tongareva (Penrhyn Island) At Contact, Paul B. Roscoe Sep 1987

Of Canoes And Castaways: Reassessing The Population Of Tongareva (Penrhyn Island) At Contact, Paul B. Roscoe

Pacific Studies

No abstract provided.


Agenda: Water As A Public Resource: Emerging Rights And Obligations, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center Jun 1987

Agenda: Water As A Public Resource: Emerging Rights And Obligations, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center

Water as a Public Resource: Emerging Rights and Obligations (Summer Conference, June 1-3)

Conference organizers and/or faculty included University of Colorado School of Law professors Lawrence J. MacDonnell, David H. Getches, and Charles F. Wilkinson.

This conference focused on the legal rights associated with a broad range of public uses and interests in water including recreation, fish and wildlife protection, and water quality. Evolving legal areas such as the public trust doctrine, instream flow laws, federal reserved rights, and wetlands protection were discussed.

Water as a Public Resource: Emerging Rights and Obligations considered the extension of the public trust doctrine to areas previously not covered by this concept, as well as developments in …


Oil Spill Liability And Compensation: A Review Of The Existing Mechanisms And A Look At The Future, Gary A. Reiter May 1987

Oil Spill Liability And Compensation: A Review Of The Existing Mechanisms And A Look At The Future, Gary A. Reiter

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

This study provides an examination of the existing United States Federal laws and international regimes regarding oil spill liability and compensation, and the manner in which they have been implemented by regulation and policy. The presentation concludes with discussion of and arguments concerning various proposed Federal comprehensive liability and compensation legislation. Emphasis is placed on the unsuccessful legislative proposals of the 99th Congress and the effects that similar legislation, if passed by the 100th congress, may have on current response policies and Federal and state governments. In particular, the effects of the proposed legislation on state's sovereignty and response operations …


Resource Law Notes Newsletter, No. 10, Jan. 1987, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center Jan 1987

Resource Law Notes Newsletter, No. 10, Jan. 1987, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center

Resource Law Notes: The Newsletter of the Natural Resources Law Center (1984-2002)

No abstract provided.


Maritime Boundaries Between Trinidad And Tobago/Venezuela/Barbados And Grenada - Its Impact On Offshore Oil, Patty Marajh Jan 1987

Maritime Boundaries Between Trinidad And Tobago/Venezuela/Barbados And Grenada - Its Impact On Offshore Oil, Patty Marajh

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

The future of the economy of Trinidad and Tobago is heavily dependent upon the exploitation of the hydrocarbon resources in its continental shelf. Trinidad's geographical proximity to the Venezuelan mainland is relevant because both states share the same continental shelf in areas not delimited by the 1942 gulf of Paria Treaty. The continental shelves of Barbados and Grenada also intersect and these areas have not been delimited and defined by any agreement. The current expansion of the exploration and exploitation of crude oil and natural gas have raised several problems within recent years. This thesis will focus attention to the …


An Inventory And Condition Survey Of Rangelands In The Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia, A L. Payne, G F. Spencer, P J. Curry Jan 1987

An Inventory And Condition Survey Of Rangelands In The Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia, A L. Payne, G F. Spencer, P J. Curry

Technical Bulletins

The inventory and condition survey of rangelands in the Carnarvon Basin, undertaken by the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA) between 1980 and 1982, describes and maps the natural resources of the region’s pastoral leasehold land. This survey report provides a baseline record of the existence and condition of the natural area’s resources, to assist with the planning and implementation of land management practices. The report identified and described the condition of soils, landforms, vegetation, habitat, ecosystems, and declared plants and animals. It also assessed the impact of pastoralism and made land management recommendations. The area surveyed covers …


Seepage Interceptor Drains And Topsoil Salinity, T R. Negus Jan 1987

Seepage Interceptor Drains And Topsoil Salinity, T R. Negus

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

The Department of Agriculture established 121 trials in its Narrogin advisory district starting in 1972 to measure the effect of bulldozer and grader built seepage interceptor banks and drains on the topsoil salinity of the land downslope of them.

After 14 years of moniterin, there was no evidence that seepage interceptor drains and banks reduced the top soil salinity on 10 of the 11 sites in the Pingelly, Brookton and Wickepin Shires.


Genesis Of Marine Terrace Soils, Barbados, West Indies: Evidence From Mineralogy And Geochemistry, Daniel R. Muhs, Russell C. Crittenden, John N. Rosholt, Charles A. Bush, Kathleen C. Stewart Jan 1987

Genesis Of Marine Terrace Soils, Barbados, West Indies: Evidence From Mineralogy And Geochemistry, Daniel R. Muhs, Russell C. Crittenden, John N. Rosholt, Charles A. Bush, Kathleen C. Stewart

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Well-developed, clay-rich soils dominated by interstratified kaolinite-smectite are found on the uplifted coral reef terraces on the island of Barbados. The reef limestone is unlikely to have been the soil parent material however, because it is 98 per cent CaCO, and geomorphic evidence argues against the 20 m of reef solution required to produce the soils by this process. The mineralogy of the sand, silt, and clay fractions of the soils, and trace element geochemistry, suggest that aeolian materials carried on the trade winds from Africa, volcanic ash from the island of St. Vincent, and quartz from Tertiary bedrock on …