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Voltage Profile Enhancement In Iliceto Shield Wire Scheme For Rural Electrification: Case Study Of Chalinze-Mbwewe Transmission Line In Tanzania, Ebeneza Chaula, Ibrahim Mwammenywa, Santos Kihwele

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Rural electrification faces challenges due to significant voltage drops over long transmission distances, affecting reliability and power quality. While the Iliceto Shield Wire Scheme (ISWS) offers a modern cost-effective solution, voltage stability remains a challenge. This study analyses voltage profile enhancement within ISWS, focusing on the Chalinze-Mbwewe section of the 132 kV transmission line, using LTSpice simulations. Due to LTSpice limitations, direct solar PV integration was mimicked by introducing a secondary voltage source at each load centre, producing 33 kV to match the original source voltage. This approach maintained improved voltage profile from Msoga Village to Mbwewe over 80.9 Kilometers. …

The Impact Of Gender Sensitization On Requirements Elicitation: A Controlled Experiment, Ruthbertha Kateule, Salome Maro, Leonard Peter Binamungu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Previous studies in software engineering have reported the importance of considering gender aspects in various software engineering activities, including requirements engineering, however, to the best of our knowledge, no work has investigated the impact of gender sensitisation on eliciting gender inclusive software requirements. The objective of this study was to understand the impact of gender sensitisation on software requirements elicitation. We conducted a controlled experiment using 40 undergraduate students from three different computing programs at the University of Dar es Salaam. The 40 participants were divided into 9 groups with both males and females. The participants were asked to elicit …

Enhancing Community Engagement Through ‘Nitunze Kilombero’ Mobile App: Case Of Climate Land Use And Cover Management For Kilombero Basin, Ghanima Chanzi, Subira Munishi

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The Kilombero Basin in southeastern Tanzania faces significant challenges due to rapid land use and land cover (LULC) changes driven by climate change, population growth, and unsustainable farming practices. This study assessed the role of community engagement and digital reporting through the 'NITUNZE KILOMBERO', mobile application in supporting water resources management in the basin. The App facilitates real-time reporting of environmental issues, provides educational resources, and enables collaboration between local communities and authorities. A mixed-methods approach, including household surveys and key informant interviews, was employed to assess the app's effectiveness. Results indicate high community awareness of LULC impacts, with 85% …

Load Flow And Fault Performance Evaluation Of Interconnected Minigrids In Uganda Using Digsilent Powerfactory, Prossy Mutesi, Santos Kihwele, Emmanuel Matee

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The increasing demand for decentralized, reliable electricity in rural Sub-Saharan Africa has catalyzed the deployment of minigrids as an intermediate electrification strategy. This study investigates two solar photovoltaic (PV) mini-grids: Kyamugarura and Kanyegaramire, located in western Uganda, approximately 3km apart. Each mini grid initially consisted of 13 kW installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity, supplying power to households and small businesses. Due to rising demand and regular evening blackouts, both mini-grids are being upgraded to 57 kWp each. The integration of these upgraded systems into the national utility grid is proposed and simulated to evaluate performance improvements under two medium-voltage interconnection options: …

Load Profile Analysis And Forecasting For Rural Mini Grids In Uganda, Prossy Mutesi, Santos L. Kihwele, Emmanuel S. Matee

Tanzania Journal of Science

Accurate load forecasting is essential for the reliable and cost-effective operation of rural mini grids, where constrained generation capacity and high penetration of renewable energy resources require well-informed operational decisions. This study examines electricity demand characteristics and forecasting performance for the Buzaami and Ssenyondo mini grids in Uganda, with particular focus on diurnal load profiles, peak demand behavior, and seasonal variability. 2022 operational data show extended peak demand from early morning to late evening, driven by socio-economic activities that strain resource scheduling and reliability management. To address these challenges, the study evaluates and compares Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, fuzzy …

Optimization Of Bio-Briquettes Production From Cassava Stems Co-Blended With Sisal Bole Bagasse Using Response Surface Methodology, Agnes Nshoma Msobi, Neema O. Msuya, Kando Khalifa Janga

Tanzania Journal of Science

This research aimed at producing bio-briquettes from cassava stems and sisal bole bagasse as an alternative source of cooking energy. A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Face - Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD) featured a multi-objective optimization of the effect of the production parameters, focusing on maximizing char yield and Higher Heating Value (HHV) of the produced briquette while minimizing carbonization temperature and residence time. The findings showed that bio-briquettes produced at the lowest temperature (250 ℃) and residence time (30 min) and the blending ratio of 75% by 25% had the highest char yield of 76.92% and HHV of …

Modelling And Analysis Of 50 Mwp Solar Pv Integration Into Tanzania’S Transmission Network: A Case Study Of Tagamenda Substation, Iringa Region, Santos Kihwele

Tanzania Journal of Science

While increasing the share of renewable energy in the grid, grid integration studies for the utility solar photovoltaic (PV) plants are vital, given their intermittency and the fact that Tanzania has never had one connected to the grid. This paper presents a 50 MWp grid integration study, including a technical analysis conducted using PSS®E software. The study investigates the grid behaviour during the integration of the 50 MWp solar plant, considering the most suitable technical and economic solutions. The study analysed the load flow under normal conditions, contingency analysis (N-1), short- circuit analysis, and voltage stability assessment. The results show …

Extraction Of High-Quality Cashew Nutshell Liquid Using Carbon Dioxide-Expanded Hexane, Frank N. Jacob, Neema Msuya, Joseph Y.N Philip, Kando Khalifa Janga

Tanzania Journal of Science

Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) is a by–product from cashew processing industries containing four naturally occurring phenolic compounds. This study investigated an extraction approach using CO2–expanded hexane. The central composite design (CCD) was employed in experimental design to investigate the effects and interaction of CO 2 mole fractions and extraction temperature on the CNSL yield and quality (Colour) from Steamed CNSL. The dissolution power of the CO2–expanded hexane was assessed by determining the solubility of CNSL during the initial stages of extraction at different extraction conditions. Findings indicated that higher CO2 mole fractions reduced CNSL solubility, while higher temperatures enhanced it. …

Tanzania Mbesese Initiative 2026, June Ezzell, Sam Liebman, Noah Beyer, Kate Hamilton, Luke Vollert, Kylee Borgen, Cody Balazs, Meg Mclaughlin

Architectural Engineering

The Tanzania Mbesese Initiative 2026 Senior Project supports a multi-year design-build effort to establish the Same Polytechnic College in Same, Tanzania. This community faces high poverty levels and limited access to higher education, necessitating sustainable infrastructure to support tertiary education. To prepare for the upcoming July phase of construction, an eight-student Architectural Engineering team designed three practical and resilient structures: a Shade Structure, a Water Collection Structure, and a Reusable Scaffolding system. The final design applied structural analysis, modeling, and hand-tool fabrication practice to balance material efficiency with long-term structural durability. The deliverables provide comprehensive construction documentation, complete material takeoffs, …

Leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks For Through-The-Wall Radar Imaging: Challenges, Impacts, And Future Directions, Tumaini Edgar, Abdulla F. Ally, Abdi T. Abdalla

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI) is an essential technology for military and rescue applications; however, its performance in detecting and visualizing high-quality images of targets behind walls is significantly degraded by multipath reflections and signal attenuation. This paper reviews the current state of TWRI and its challenges, and explores the transformative potential of deep learning, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), in addressing these challenges. Peer-reviewed articles published from 2018 to 2024 were analysed to examine CNN applications in addressing TWRI challenges. The analysis reveals that using CNNs, TWRI systems can be more effective by filtering wall distortions, reducing noise, lowering computational …

A Review Of Energy Storage Technologies With Hydro Energy System Design For Off-Grid Electricity, Daniel H. Ngoma, Banet L. Masenga

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Many renewable energy sources such hydropower—particularly small-scale run-of-river and micro-hydro—offers reliable, low-cost generation. However, their inherent intermittency (due to seasonal flow variations) and inability to instantly match demand necessitate integrated energy storage to ensure a stable, continuous power supply. This review synthesizes contemporary energy storage technologies in the context of their integration with off-grid hydro energy system design.

The study examine a spectrum of storage solutions, evaluating their technical characteristics, costs, and suitability for hybrid hydro applications. Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS), while highly efficient and large-scale, is often geographically constrained and capital-intensive for small off-grid projects. Battery Energy Storage Systems …

Revitalising Tanzania’S Textile Industry Through The Uk Textile System’S Role, Charles M. Kahabi

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Currently, there is the environmental and social challenges emerging from the global clothing and textile industry, specifically on textile waste management.  Additionally, the flow of second-hand clothing (SHC) between European countries especially the UK and Tanzania is increasing. In the UK, rapid growth of second-hand clothing (mitumba) driven by fast fashion results in vast quantities of discarded garments, of which only a fraction is recycled, leaving the remainder in landfills. Conversely, Tanzania has long depended on imported SHC a practice that, while affordable, has undermined local textile industries and contributed to waste accumulation. By examining Tanzania’s textile landscape, the research …

Optimization Of Vehicle Mix For Three-And Four-Wheel Passenger Transportation System In Nigeria, Omotunde A. Muyiwa, Hamid A. Jimoh, Kolawole T. Oriolowo

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Efficient transportation systems are essential for reducing passengers waiting times in densely populated areas. However, there is a dearth of information on the optimization of vehicle mix for three-and four-wheel transportation systems in Nigeria. The present study was designed to optimize the vehicle mix for three-and four-wheel passenger transportation to improve transportation efficiency. Twenty purposively selected vehicles were observed, while a queuing model (M/M/s) was used to determine passenger arrival rates during different periods (morning, afternoon, and evening). An integer linear programming model was developed to minimize passenger waiting times. Data on vehicle types, capacities, travel cycles, and average passenger …

Implementation Of The Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies In Tanzania’S Downstream Oil And Gas Industries, Vitalis John Mwinyi

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The advent of the fourth industrial revolution (IR4.0) has resulted in the digital transformation of multiple sectors of the economy due to the disruptive nature of the technologies driving the revolution. The technologies have already found their way into the oil and gas industries across the globe, especially in upstream, midstream, and downstream operations. However, the degree of implementation is not the same for these operations, considering the complexities involved, integrated process, the associated risk and investment cost, among others. This study aimed to establish the implementation level of IR4.0 technologies in the downstream operations. A survey method was employed …

Analysis Of Factors Enabling Organisational Governance Maturity For The Technical Audit Function In Tanzania, George C. Haule

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The study aimed to identify key factors contributing to Organisational Governance Maturity (OGM) of the Technical Audit Functions (TAF) in Tanzania.  The study employed a sequential approach as a research design.  The first step was to collect and analyse literature studies to identify factors enabling the OGM of the TAF.  Next, a questionnaire was administered to one hundred twenty-eight (128) respondents from seven (7) TAFs to rank the key enabling factors that were identified from the literature that influence the OGM of TAF in Tanzania.  Using data from a questionnaire administered to 128 respondents, a two-step strategy was employed to …

Design Of Virtual Impedance Controller For Parallel-Connected Converters In A Microgrid, Manyanda Makoye, Francis Mwasilu, Peter M. Makolo, Jackson Justo

Tanzania Journal of Science

This paper addresses the significant challenge of inaccurate power sharing among Distributed Generators (DGs) in islanded microgrids, which is primarily caused by mismatched feeder and line impedances. Conventional decentralized control solutions often fail to ensure accurate power sharing, especially when line impedances are resistive. To overcome this, the paper proposes a robust, coordinated Virtual Impedance Control (VIC) strategy for DGs. This method implements fixed virtual resistance and virtual inductance to standardize the output impedance characteristics of parallel-connected inverters, thereby minimizing impedance discrepancies and enhancing system stability through increased damping. The theoretical analysis and design of the VIC were validated through …

Elemental And Mineralogical Characterization Of Permo-Carboniferous Coal In The Ngaka Coalfield, Southwest Tanzania: Implications For Coal Quality Variation, John W. Gama, Justina J. Saroni, Remigius L. Gama

Tanzania Journal of Science

Coal from heterolithic seams exhibits distinct chemical characteristics due to interbedded non-coal beds, which influence its quality and usability. Despite extensive research in these settings, the elemental and mineralogical characteristics of the heterolithic sequences of the Mchuchuma Formation (K2) in the Ngaka Coalfield remain poorly documented. This study provides the first detailed assessment of K2 seams across five active mine sites. Eleven representative samples were analyzed using proximate, elemental, and mineralogical techniques, supported by Pearson correlation, binary analysis, and Principal Component Analysis. Proximate analysis revealed that ash content varies across mine sites, with values ranging from 9.17 to 25.03%, volatile …

Analysis Of The Effects Of Magnetic Field, Heat Transfer, And Thermal Radiation On Blood Flow Through Bifurcated Artery To Enhance Tumor Treatments, Abdullahi Isah, Dauda Gulibur Yakubu, Ali Musa

Tanzania Journal of Science

The work presents the effects of some pertinent parameters on blood flow through bifurcated artery to enhance tumor treatments. Combining appropriately the basic equations, together with the fractionalized Maxwell fluid model allow us to determine the velocity, temperature and concentration of blood flow through bifurcated artery. The study adopted the Atangana-Baleanu fractional time derivative on fluid model to describe the non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow. The numerical simulations were performed using the combined Laplace transform and the method of undetermined coefficients and the results obtained with the aid of Mathcad software were simulated and presented graphically. From the graphical results, …

Multi-Objective Optimization Of Waste Incineration For Minimal Carbon Monoxide And Sulfur Dioxide Emission And Rate Maximization: A Case Study Of Mbezi, Mkuranga-Pwani, Tanzania, Grangay M. Nyanghura, Enock W. Nshama

Tanzania Journal of Science

Incineration is widely employed for hazardous waste disposal, but results in harmful flue gas emissions. This study optimizes a double-chamber incineration process to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions while maximizing the incineration rate. The effects of waste mass, primary chamber temperature (PT), and secondary chamber temperature (ST) were analyzed using a full factorial design of 27 experiments. ANOVA revealed that mass had the greatest impact on emissions and incineration time, ST had a moderate effect, and PT had little influence. Regression analysis provided models for incineration time, CO, and SO2 emissions. Single-objective optimization using sequential quadratic …

Comparative Study Of Cement-Rice Husk Ash Stabilized Bricks And Fired Clay Bricks, Daniel R. Samson, Emmanuel S. Leo

Tanzania Journal of Science

In some countries, fired clay bricks (FCBs) are widely used for construction, but their production is energy-intensive, relies largely on firewood, and contributes to deforestation and carbon emissions. This study explores unfired clay bricks stabilised with cement and rice husk ash (RHA) as a sustainable alternative, using Dakawa ward in the Morogoro Region, Tanzania, as a case study. The bricks, with a clay of plasticity index 17%, were stabilized with 6%, 10%, and 14% cement by mass, moulded into 40 mm cubes, and cured for 28 days. The compressive strengths achieved were 1.5, 3.6, and 4.1 MPa with water absorption …

Developing And Delphi-Validating A Phase-Based Sustainable Bsc Framework For Contractors' Sustainable Productivity Management In Developing Countries, Truong Van Luu, Le Minh Long Nguyen

HBRC Journal

This study develops and validates, using the Delphi method, a conceptual decision-support framework for construction contractors' sustainable productivity management (CSPM) in developing-country settings. Guided by KAMET rules, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 experts to elicit, refine, and reach consensus on a set of productivity management attributes that construction contractors can realistically apply. The outcome is 29 feasible productivity management attributes, organized under the four Sustainable Balanced Scorecard (SBSC) perspectives and mapped onto five management phases (planning, organizing, staffing, leading/coordination, and controlling). Rather than predicting or demonstrating productivity gains, the framework provides a practical roadmap for diagnosing capability gaps, prioritizing …

Anonymized Survey Dataset On Road Safety Assessment During Construction Of Bus Rapid Transit (Brt) Corridors In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Lorain Salufu

Open Data

This dataset contains anonymized survey responses collected for a study on road safety assessment during construction of the Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Phase 3 corridor. The dataset includes responses from 400 participants, together with the survey. The data were collected to assess perceived safety conditions, adequacy of construction-phase safety measures, effectiveness of traffic diversions, and the effects of construction activities on road users and nearby communities. No personally identifiable information is included in the shared files.

Design Of A Sequential Logic Control System For Water Recycling In Car Wash Operations For Minimising Utility Costs, Enock W. Nshama, Mussa Iddi Mgwatu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The car wash sector in Tanzania is expected to expand in the next few years, since the trend of imported cars is increasing. However, the traditional method of washing cars is subjected to water overuse and environmental pollution. This study presents a design of water recycling sequential logic control system to come up with a cost-effective car wash operation aimed at effectively utilising water and electricity resources. Data were collected at 78 car wash stations in Dar es Salaam region to determine water and electricity costs. Data were analysed using MS Excel and Minitab to establish the trend of utility …

Techno-Economic Analysis Of Captive Solar Power Systems For Tanzania’S Manufacturing Sector: Barriers, Opportunities, And Feasibility, Edson Uhale, Sarah P. Ayeng'o

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This study provides a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of the barriers, opportunities, and feasibility of adopting captive solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Tanzania’s industrial manufacturing sector. Despite Tanzania’s high solar irradiation potential, averaging 4.5 to 7.0 kWh/m²/day, the uptake of captive solar systems remains minimal, with only 2.3 percent of surveyed firms currently using solar energy, primarily for non-productive uses such as security lighting. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 43 manufacturing firms in the Dar es Salaam and Pwani regions through structured questionnaires, supported by PVSyst simulations and financial modelling to assess two system configurations: grid-connected PV systems …

A Solar Pv System For Industrial Application- A Case Study Of A Cement Industry In Tanzania, Santos Kihwele

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This study presents an implementation of the largest behind-the-meter solar photovoltaic (PV) system for a cement industry in Tanzania. The project aims to supply energy for the industry’s own use, without any energy injection into the utility grid, for the purposes of cutting energy-related expenditure and reducing reliance on the utility grid. The project also aims to contribute to the efforts towards the application of renewable and alternative energy sources as a means to reducing carbon footprints, towards achieving the net-zero CO₂ emission goal. A comprehensive site assessment was conducted, analyzing factors such as location, land availability, climate data, …

The Use Of Local Materials For The Interior Quality Of Swahili Building Design In Tanzania, Luiana Makundi, Jacob Lutta

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Swahili architecture in Tanzania is recognized by spatial capacity to adapt environmental changes. This research explores the role of locally available materials in shaping the interior quality by focusing on functional, aesthetic appeal and supporting sustainable environment. A mixed-methods approach was applied which, involves field surveys, case study and interviews with different local professionals in building industry. Dar-es-Salaam was used as a case study area that was critically analysed to identify construction practices and applications of local materials in building interior spaces. A particular focus was placed on materials durability, aesthetic, ecological, environmental balance and thermal efficiency which seems to …

Optimization Of Welding Parameters For Carbon Steel Fabrication: A Trade-Off Between Tensile Strength And Heat-Affected Zone, Melkiory B. Njawala, Simon I. Marandu, Enock W. Nshama

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This study focused on optimizing gas metal arc welding (GMAW) parameters for AISI 1045 carbon steel to balance the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and heat affected zone (HAZ) size of the weldment. Using a full factorial design of experiments (27 trials), the influence of welding current, arc voltage, and travel speed on UTS and HAZ size of AISI 1045 carbon steel weldments were investigated. From the analysis of results, using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique, the results revealed that current, travel speed and arc voltage contributed 74.41%, 19.05% and 0.04%, respectively, to the total percentage of variations on UTS data. …

Combined Optimisation Of Machining Parameters, Tool Wear, Dimensional Errors And Quality Deviations In Multi-Pass Turning Operations, Mussa I. Mgwatu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Measurements of on-line tool wear and part dimensional accuracy in machining operations are not readily available in machining shop floor because they involve higher investment such that the decisions of tool wear and part quality for intermediate cutting passes cannot be justified. This paper demonstrates how the optimisation of machining parameters can be made together with tool wear and part quality for turning operations. Two optimisation models were developed for maximum material removal rate and minimum production cost. A theoretical framework was initially presented before the two models were formulated. Input data for the models were adopted from previous studies …

Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods In The Organisations' Maturity Assessment: Prisma And Delphi Techniques Perspectives, Jailos Mrisho Mzumile, Victoria Mahabi, Ismail W. R. Taifa

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Researchers often find it challenging to identify the appropriate Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods (MCDM) to employ in various research areas that involve prioritising conflicting alternatives or criteria. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA technique to determine the most frequently and commonly employed MCDM methods in assessing organisational maturity across its functional areas. A total of 120 articles were identified for review, and a bibliometric analysis was conducted to map the relationships within the identified articles using VOSviewer 1.6.20 software. Moreover, frequent content analysis was performed to determine the most frequently employed MCDM methods in assessing an organisation’s …

Analysing The Impact Of Bi-Directional Application Of Iliceto Shield Wire Scheme For Rural Electrification In Tanzania: A Chalinze-Hale Transmission Line Case Study, Santos Kihwele, Prisca Paul

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Clean energy accessibility including electricity remains a major challenge in Tanzanian villages despite the many efforts made by its government.  The primary obstacle is that these villages are located more than 100 kilometres away from high-voltage to medium-voltage (HV/MV) transformer stations. Therefore, electrifying these villages by conventional method is financially not feasible. One of the low-cost rural electrification techniques that can be used to solve the issue is the "Iliceto Shield Wire Scheme" (ISWS) technology, In Tanzania, the application of ISWS technology seems to be very promising.  However, the technology can be integrated with locally available renewable energy sources ( …