Digital Commons Network^™

A Quad-Port Dual-Band Elliptical Patch Mimo Antenna For 5g And Wlan Applications, Livingstone L. Kimaro, Hashimu Uledi Iddi, Mussa M. Kissaka, Neema S. Joseph

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

A dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation new radio (5G NR) band n104 applications is presented. Two U-shaped slots interconnected back to back are etched on an elliptical shaped patch, four identical patch elements are then arranged orthogonally to form a quad-port antenna that resonates at 5.8 GHz and 6.7 GHz. Without additional extrinsic decoupling structures, the proposed design achieves measured isolation levels above 25.13 dB and 21.31dB, realized gains of 7 dBi and 7.2 dBi and -10 dB impedance bandwidths of 155.4 MHz and 90 MHz in the lower and upper frequency …

Design Of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor For Railways Traction Application, Anna S. Mwang'onda, Jackson J. Justo, Francis Mwasilu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This paper presents the design of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SMPMSM) intended for traction applications in standard gauge railway (SGR) for passengers. The proposed motor is rated 350 kW with a base speed of 3000 rpm. Moreover, speed control strategy with stability analysis is incorporated in the design to validate the performance of the SPMSM. The simulation results achieved a torque of approximately 1115 Nm at a terminal voltage of 800 V. The flux linkage of 150 mVs which ensures effective electromagnetic pertinence while maintaining safe magnetic loading because the flux density is less than 1.5 T. The …

Recent Advances In Bioethanol Production From Water Hyacinth: A Critical Review, Umuamina A. Matola, Mahir Mohammed Said, Olga-Ioanna Kalantzi, Abraham K. Temu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Water hyacinth (WH) is a highly invasive tropical aquatic weed with high holocellulose and low lignin content, making it a promising lignocellulosic feedstock for second-generation bioethanol production. Producing bioethanol from WH offers a sustainable approach to simultaneously managing invasive biomass and producing renewable energy. This review critically evaluates recent advancements in bioethanol production from WH by examining pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation technologies reported between 2014 and 2024. A PRISMA-guided literature search was conducted using the Scopus and Web of Science databases, and fifty-nine original research articles were selected for analysis. The reviewed studies were comparatively assessed based on pretreatment strategies, …

Exploring Consultancy-Related Variations In Public Building Projects: A Review Towards A Management Framework, Grayson Bambaza, Ismail W. R. Taifa, George S, Mwaluko

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Consultancy-related variations remain one of the leading causes of cost overruns, schedule delays, quality deficiencies, and contractual disputes in public building projects. Although various studies have been undertaken to document the causes of variations in construction works, the same level of interest has not been shown for consulting services variations across the consulting services spectrum and their consequences for effective management. This study explores variations in consulting services for public works by systematically reviewing the existing literature using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses) guidelines. Relevant articles published from 2020 to 2026 were retrieved from …

Urban Spatial Development Control In Tanzania: Analysis Of Factors Influencing Gis Application Using Structural Equation Modelling (Sem)., Happiness Protas Mmanda, Nestory Yamungu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has intensified urban expansion, creating challenges for sustainable development. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enhance spatial planning, but empirical evidence on factors influencing their effectiveness remains limited. This study examines determinants of GIS application in Urban Spatial Development Control (USDC). The objectives are to (1) identify and categorize factors affecting GIS use, (2) assess relative strength, and (3) develop a validated structural model explaining GIS adoption in USDC. Data were collected from 103 LGAs by a mixed sampling method. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis classified influencing factors into technology-related (α = 0.869, CR = 0.881), process-related …

Decision Support Tool For The Maintenance Of Meter Gauge Railway Permanent-Way Infrastructures: A Concept Paper, Hamisi J. Maulid, Beatus A.T Kundi, Juma M. Matindana, Ismail W. R. Taifa Dr

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

A Decision Support Tool (DST) represents a transformative way of modernising maintenance practice on the permanent-way infrastructure of Meter Gauge Railway (MGR). Maintenance practice remains largely reactive, as the MGR plays a strategic role in transporting both freight and passengers, resulting in inefficient resource allocation, high operational risk, and growing Lifecycle expenses. This concept paper explores the potential and the design challenges for a DST that combines fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (Fuzzy-AHP) modelling, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and predictive machine learning (ML) analytics for evidence-based, future-oriented maintenance management. The paper draws on peer-reviewed studies from …

Effect Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Incorporated With Limestone Calcined Clay Cement On Geotechnical Properties Of Swelling Soils Relevant To Road Applications, Horris K. Nangulama, Siya P. Rimoy, John E. Elvis

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This study aims to investigate the use and effect of sugarcane bagasse ash (BA) incorporated with limestone calcined clay cement (LC³) as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for stabilizing swelling soils. Therefore, BA incorporating LC³ was added to black cotton soil (BCS), known for its high swelling potential. Series of laboratory tests including free swell index (FSI), compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), and shear strength were conducted to evaluate the performance of BA incorporating LC³ binder-stabilized BCS. Additionally, microstructural analyses using pore size distribution (PSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to …

Hydro-Chemical And Bacteriological Assessment Of Zanzibar Groundwater Resources, Subira Munishi, Andrew Kimati

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Groundwater is the primary freshwater source in Zanzibar, sustaining domest ic, agricultural, and tourism needs. Increasing demand has intensified the pressure on this limited resource and has led to over-abstraction and contamination. Amid the growing demand and contamination pressures, this study examines the quality of groundwater in Zanzibar to clarify current conditions and emerging risks, and inform resource management and public health priority interventions. Particularly, the present hydro-chemical and bacteriological quality and variability was examined for both Unguja and Pemba Islands. A total of seventy-two samples were collected using a stratified random sampling approach, with the first field campaign focusing …

Skin Carotenoid Scores Reflect Immune Status Among Children Living With Hiv In Tanzania, Wilbert Mbuya, Thobias Boniphace, Michael Mwagala, Peter Agrea, Nazareth M Mbilinyi, Nancy E Moran, Andrew R Dinardo, Mkunde Chachage

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Many individuals living with HIV experience persistent inflammation despite antiretroviral treatment, increasing their risk for cardiovascular diseases, cognitive decline, and other noncommunicable diseases. Carotenoids can inhibit this inflammation by reducing lipid peroxidation. Carotenoid intake and plasma concentrations can be approximated using a noninvasive cutaneous spectrophotometer. This study quantified skin carotenoid levels in Tanzanian children ages 5 to 15 years old (N = 185) both with and without HIV. Over 95% had low to moderate skin carotenoid scores (< 400 units). In children living with HIV, higher viral loads were linked to lower skin carotenoid scores (rho = -0.57, P < 0.001), whereas higher CD4 counts correlated with increased skin carotenoid scores (rho = 0.52, P < 0.001). Overall, carotenoid levels were low and associated with immune status, suggesting that elevated carotenoid scores correlate with lower inflammation in children living with HIV. Future studies investigating dietary carotenoid interventions to support immune function are warranted.

The Influence Of Entrepreneurial Marketing On Sustainable Competitive Advantage In Tanzanian Smes: A Lower-Order Dimensional Analysis, Omari Khalifa Mbura

Business Management Review

Although entrepreneurial marketing is increasingly recognised as multidimensional, limited understanding remains of whether its individual behaviours exhibit equivalent relationships with competitive advantage, particularly when behaviours associated with the same broad dynamic-capability process are considered separately. This study examines the associations between five lower-order dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing (EM)—proactiveness, innovativeness, resource leveraging, customer intensity and value creation—and sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) among food-processing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Guided by Dynamic Capability Theory (DCT), cross-sectional survey data from 255 SMEs were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in the SEMinR package in R. …

Green Information Systems Adoption And Business Outcomes In Ugandan Smes: An Extended Theory Of Planned Behaviour Approach, Sonny Juma Nyeko, Samali Mlay, Cosmas Ogenmungu, Abdallah Ibrahim Nyero

Business Management Review

The study assesses the relationship between TPB antecedents and GIS business outcomes in SMEs, using an expanded TPB framework. Researchers gathered data from SMEs via a survey and analysed it using PLS-SEM. The framework used in the study explains 58.5% of the differences in GIS business outcomes. The results reveal that subjective norms, attitude, benefits, and obstacles are significant predictors of GIS business outcomes such as ecological IT practices, although perceived behavioural control displays an insignificant negative relationship. The study extended the TPB model by incorporating GIS benefits and GIS obstacles as additional factors influencing GIS adoption, business outcomes, …

Do Dynamic Capabilities Moderate The Effect Of Managerial Attitudes On E-Marketing Adoption? Evidence From Small And Medium Tourism Enterprises In Zanzibar, Hilal Maabad Ame, Omari Khalifa Mbura, Amani Gration Tegambwage

Business Management Review

This study examines the influence of managerial attitudes and dynamic capabilities on e-marketing adoption among Small and Medium Tourism Enterprises (SMTEs) in Zanzibar. Grounded in the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour (DTPB) and Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT), the study tests the effects of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, compatibility, and perceived security on e-marketing adoption, with dynamic capabilities examined as a moderating factor. Data were collected from 216 SMTEs operating in the Urban and South Regions of Zanzibar and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that perceived ease of use and perceived security …

The Effect Of External Auditors’ Competence And Independence On The Cost-Saving Of Audit Recommendations: Evidence From Tanzanian Local Government Authorities, Lenatusi Leonard L. Munyangabi, Henry Zeno Chalu, Keregero M. Chirongo

Business Management Review

This study examined the effect of external auditors’ competence and independence on the cost-saving of audit recommendations among Tanzanian Local Government Authorities (LGAs). Persistent non-implementation of audit recommendations in developing countries raises concerns regarding the extent to which audit reports contribute to fiscal prudence and resource efficiency. Grounded in the Theory of Inspired Confidence and Stewardship Theory, the study hypothesized that competent and independent auditors enhance the cost-saving potential of audit recommendations. A descriptive-explanatory design was employed, involving 345 respondents drawn from 126 selected LGAs. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through multiple regression analysis. Both independent variables …

The Influence Of Budgeting And Financial Reporting On Financial Accountability In Religious Organisations: Evidence From Selected Churches In Tanzania, Plasidi Marcel Bayno, Helena Thomas Haule

Business Management Review

Budgeting processes and financial reporting are widely recognised mechanisms for enhancing financial accountability, yet empirical evidence on how these mechanisms influence financial accountability within faith-based non-profit organisations remains limited. Guided by Stewardship Theory and Stakeholder Theory, this study examines the influence of budgeting processes and financial reporting on financial accountability in religious organisations. Using a deductive approach, empirical data were collected from 173 Catholic and Lutheran parishes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, yielding a total of 471 valid responses aggregated at the parish level for analysis using Partial Least Square Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that both budgeting processes …

The Impact Of Mobile Financial Inclusion On The Performance Of Savings And Credit Cooperative Societies (Saccos) In Tanzania, Penina Benjamin Waryoba

Business Management Review

This study examined the influence of Mobile Financial Inclusion (MFI) on the Performance of SACCOs business (PSB) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Through the Resource-Based View (RBV), the study assessed how the ability to save money (SM), transfer money (TM), and access to financial information Access (FIA) shape PSB as guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The data were collected from 226 SACCOs using mail survey self-administered questionnaires, and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in Smart-PLS. The findings reveal that all three independent variables SM, TM, and FIA positively and significantly, enhanced PSB. The results further show …

The Influence Of Managerial Attitudes And Dynamic Capabilities On E-Marketing Adoption Among Small And Medium Tourism Enterprises, Hilal Maabad Ame, Omari Khalifa Mbura, Amani Gration Tegambwage

Arab Economic and Business Journal

This study examines how managerial attitudes and dynamic capabilities shape e-marketing adoption among Small and Medium Tourism Enterprises (SMTEs) in Zanzibar, using PLS-SEM on survey data from 216 SMTEs in the Urban-West and South Regions. Drawing on the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour and Dynamic Capabilities Theory, the study finds that perceived ease of use and perceived security significantly increase adoption, while perceived usefulness and compatibility significantly decrease it suggesting that recognising a technology's value is insufficient without the operational capacity to act on it. Supporting this, dynamic capabilities significantly strengthen the usefulness–adoption and compatibility–adoption relationships, but show no moderating …

Flexible Power Point Tracking For Active Frequency Regulation In Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Plants, Castor K. Haule, Sophia D. Kigodi, Emmanuel S. Matee, Francis Mwasilu

Tanzania Journal of Science

The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into modern power grids necessitates advanced control strategies capable of supporting grid stability. Traditional PV systems rely on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to maximize energy extraction, limiting their ability to participate in grid-support functions such as frequency regulation or power curtailment. This paper presents a flexible power point tracking (FPPT) control strategy that enables PV systems to operate at arbitrary points along the power–voltage (P–V) curve. A multi-mode power management scheme is proposed, integrating conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT with FPPT, allowing the system to switch dynamically between energy maximization and …

Influence Of Silar-Deposition Cycle On The Tunable Optical Property Of Thallium Sulphide Thin Films Through Copper Doping And Variable Concentration, Qasim A. Adeniji, Surajudeen O. Azeez, Khadijat K. Babalola, Temitope O. Fowodu, Muhammad A. Salihu, Lateefah O. Adebayo

Tanzania Journal of Science

The study reported the effect of SILAR-deposition cycle on the tunable optical property of Thallium Sulphide Thin films through copper doping and variable concentration. TlS:Cu thin films were prepared using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique from the aqueous solution of thallium chloride (TlCl), copper (II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl 2 .2H 2 O), thiourea, and trisodium citrate (TSC) while ammonia (NH 3 ), triethanolamine (TEA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) were used as pH adjuster and complexing agent, respectively. The detailed characterization of the Optical properties of the thin films were investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The optical results studies revealed …

Optimization Of Gas Consumption, Cost And Production Rate For Computerized Numerical Control Oxy-Acetylene Flame Cutters, Eustace K. William, Simon I. Marandu, Enock W. Nshama

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study examined the impact of flame cutting parameters (i.e., cutting speed, plate thickness and nozzle diameter) on oxy-acetylene gas consumption, cost and production rate. A full factorial design of experiments was used to generate 27 experiments, which were conducted using a CNC flame cutter. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) method was used to determine significant process parameters, followed by regression analysis using the MINITAB ® software. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solutions (TOPSIS) was used to determine the optimal cutting parameters for minimizing the consumption and cost estimation of oxy- acetylene gas and maximizing the …

Mitigation Of Power Quality Problems In Songwe Power Distribution Line Using A Static Distribution Compensator, James Mhame, Emmanuel Matee, Francis Mwasilu, Sophia D. Kigodi

Tanzania Journal of Science

The Songwe electrical distribution system is prone to severe voltage drops that lead to frequent power outages in long feeders, light flickering, and the multi-operation of equipment and other appliances. The voltage at the switching station averaged 27.6 kV, 28.21 kV, and 25.79 kV in the years 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Additionally, the maximum was 32.2 kV, below the nominal voltage, and the feeder has a very low power factor, which drops to 0.6 during peak hours. Currently, TANESCO uses automatic voltage regulators connected to a distant location from the switching station to two feeders with critical voltage drop …

Hydrogeophysical Assessment Of Groundwater And Saltwater–Freshwater Interface In A Quaternary– Neogene Coastal Aquifer, Kilwa Kisiwani Island, Southeast Tanzania, Simon R. Melchioly

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study aims to identify and explore new potential sites of groundwater resources using geophysical methods, and to demarcate the depth to the saltwater-freshwater interface. Kilwa Kisiwani Island is geologically covered mostly by Neogene and Quaternary alluvial sediments, sand and gravel. The geophysical techniques employed during the research include Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), and Transient Electromagnetics (TEM). The Island has the potential for groundwater occurrences, but the layer with fresh water is shallow and thin. Out of the 18 VES sites, 2 (11%) points have shown non-potential, but the remaining 16 (89%) of the VES sites …

Improving The Concrete Compressive And Flexural Strength With A Low Fraction Addition Of Carboxylated Nitro-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils From Banana Rachis, Ngesa Ezekiel Mushi, Emmanuel Kagya

Tanzania Journal of Science

Conventionally, concrete strength depends on the bonding interface, especially in hydrated products such as calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). As a result, concrete is sensitive to tensile load. With its unique properties, a low fraction of carboxylated nitro-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (NOCNF) from the banana rachis is employed to improve the mechanical performance of the concrete nanostructurally. Compressive and flexural strength using the NOCNF content at 0, 0.05, and 0.1 wt.%, cured for 7 and 28 days, were evaluated. Notably, the compressive strength increased by 16 % and the flexural strength by 13 % at 0.1 wt.% NOCNF compared to plain concrete …

Simulated Versus Non-Simulated Imputed Data: A Comparison Of Handling Missing Data Techniques For Numerical Covariates, Rahibu A. Abassi, Rocky R.J. Akarro

Tanzania Journal of Science

Missing data poses a great challenge in much research, and if not appropriately handled, can negatively impact the analysis and bias the results and study conclusions. This article assesses the performance of numerous methods used to impute missing data by using Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) under various missing data proportions and two common missingness mechanisms, namely Missing at Random (MAR) and Missing Completely at Random (MCAR). RMSE values were used to judge the accuracy of imputation techniques using real data and across different simulation settings. The results showed magnitude of RMSE increased with increased proportions of missing data, regardless …

Aeroradio-Spectrometric Geothermal Analysis Of Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria, Fidelis O. Ogunsanwo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Weathered basement terrains of Precambrian origin are increasingly recognized as important targets for geothermal assessment and renewable energy exploration; yet systematic assessments integrating airborne radiometric data remain limited in south-western Nigeria. This study applies an aeroradio-spectrometric approach to evaluate and quantify the radiogenic heat production, geothermal gradient, and lithospheric heat flow associated with the diverse lithological assemblages of the Abeokuta area, southwestern Nigeria. The study area comprises of six lithological units, namely; biotite–garnet gneiss and schist, porphyroblastic gneiss, migmatite, pegmatite intrusions, and sedimentary successions of sand-clay-shale and sandstone–limestone. The concentrations of uranium (238U), thorium (232Th), and potassium (40K) were extracted …

Assessment Of The Radionuclide Concentration Levels Of Water And Sediments Along The Mara River, Gasper Kachenge, Abubakary Salama, Abdalah Kileo, Furaha Chuma

Tanzania Journal of Science

For many years, several factors have impacted the water quality of the Mara River, including population growth, agricultural expansion, livestock keeping, mining, and industrial activities. These factors have intensified water pollution and climate change effects around the river. While previous studies have mainly focused on assessing heavy metal pollution risks on the Mara River, this study evaluates the concentration levels of radionuclides in boreholes, water, and sediments along the river and its tributaries. Naturally occurring radioactive materials, including 226Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K, were evaluated. A high-purity germanium radiation detector (HPGe) with a coaxial detector system coupled with Gamma Vision software …

Multidrug Resistance, Extended-Spectrum Β-Lactamase (Esbl) Production, And Colistin Resistance In Escherichia Coli From Retail Chicken Meat In Fresh Markets In Bangkok, Thailand, Htet Lin Oo, Nawaphorn Roongrojmongkhon, Suwanee Chalermchainukul, Sirawit Pagdepanichkit

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Contamination of chicken meat with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, particularly multidrug-resistant (MDR), colistin-resistant, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli), threatens its safety for human consumption. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, particularly ESBL production and colistin resistance in E. coli isolated from retail chicken meat in fresh markets in Bangkok, Thailand. A total of 200 (81.6%) E. coli isolates were recovered from 245 chicken meat samples collected from fresh markets across six regions of Bangkok. Among the isolates, 189 (94.5%) exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent tested, with the …

Rethinking Women, Peace And Security In Southern Africa: Patriarchy, Policies, And Perspectives, Kgomotso Komane

The Journal of Social Encounters

Southern Africa is a relatively peaceful region, however, it has witnessed a range of diverse, multiple and ongoing conflicts that have prompted various peace interventions from the Southern African Development Community (SADC), neighbouring countries and international actors. An astounding pattern is revealed when observing the involvements of all the actors in the peace interventions. What is revealed is that, till present day, women remain marginalised in peace processes despite existing structures and policies that reaffirm their rightful participation in these processes. Rethinking women’s role in peace and security is necessary because existing approaches to peace are shaped by patriarchal norms. …

Lessons From Tanzania’S Ujamaa For Smart Settlements In Nepal: Social Justice And Economic Development, Keshav Bhattarai, Ambika P. Adhikari

Himalayan Research Papers Archive

Nepal’s constitutional commitment to a “socialism-oriented” state places social justice, equitable access to resources and housing, and protection of marginalized populations at the center of national development discourse. However, persistent landlessness, informal settlements, unemployment, youth outmigration, and unequal access to infrastructure reveal a significant gap between constitutional aspirations and socioeconomic realities.

This article examines lessons Nepal can draw from Tanzania’s experience with Ujamaa, the African socialist development model initiated by President Nyerere in 1967. Using comparative policy analysis, published research, official documents, and exploratory field observations from selected Tanzanian locations, including the capital and villages in the Iringa Region, the …

Alma Matters April - June 2026 Vol. 01 Issue 02, Aga Khan University Alumni Association

The Aga Khan University Newsletter and Magazine for Alumni (AKU-NAMA)

• Advancing Healthcare Through Global Collaboration
• AKU and Sindh Govt Launch Historic Nursing Partnership
• New Dean for Faculty of Arts and Sciences
• AKU Showcase Explores AI in Research for Global Impact
• Aga Khan University and LUMS Forge Strategic Partnership
• Alumni Affairs Launches ‘AKU Connect’ – A Mentorship Platform for Students
• The Power of Alumni Giving
• Gift Signing Ceremony with AKU MBBS Class of ‘05
• NEWS , HIGHLIGHTS AND UPDATES
• AKU ENTITIES

How Prior Exposure To Cyber Threats Shape Cyber Hygiene Practices Among Mobile Internet Users In Accra, Jefferson Sigfred Seyeram Bansa, Date Barrigah-Benissan, Martin Yaw Osei Mintah

African Conference on Information Systems and Technology

Mobile internet usage in Ghana has revolutionized communication, financial activities, and commercial operations, as Accra residents increasingly rely on mobile devices as their primary digital tool. Users face multiple cyber threats, including phishing, malware, and identity theft, as their online activity outpaces their cybersecurity knowledge. This study employs a qualitative case study design to examine how mobile internet users in Accra experience and respond to cyber threats. It draws on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and Technology Threat Avoidance Theory (TTAT) to explain how users’ threat perceptions, coping strategies, and contextual conditions shape their online safety behaviour. Data will be collected …