Digital Commons Network^™

Research On Simulation Technology Of Sea Yawing Test For Amphibious Vehicles, Yue Zhong, Wenlong Ji, Shiqi Feng, Feng Xu, Shuangping Ye

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Addressing the challenges of achieving extreme operating conditions and understanding the boundary conditions of yaw performance in offshore yaw tests for amphibious vehicles, a heading-flow direction angle mapping analysis method based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and a three-dimensional hydrodynamic stratified model is proposed. Under environmental conditions of second-level (wave height of 0.5 m, wind speed of 3.3 m/s) and third-level (wave height of 1.0 m, wind speed of 5.1 m/s) sea states, a hundred-meter yaw test is simulated to reveal the nonlinear evolution law of yaw displacement and heading-flow direction angle. The research indicates that the extreme …

Vibration Characteristics Of Compact Hydraulic System Pipelines Based On Two-Way Fluid- Structure Interaction, Lichen Shi, Xujia Feng, Weitao Dou, Yanyan Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Amid growing demands for green manufacturing, equipment miniaturization, and high efficiency, compact hydraulic systems are critical in disassembly, assembly, and transport operations due to their high power density and flexibility. However, severe vibration in the pipeline systems significantly compromises equipment reliability. This study investigates the dynamic response mechanism of a compact on-board hydraulic pipeline system, using a specific piece of disassembly and assembly equipment with spatially constrained clamp placement as a case study, through a two-way fluid-structure interaction method, and optimizes the clamp layout. The results show that resonance occurs when the excitation frequency of the hydraulic oil pressure …

Research On Automated Generation Method Of Data-Based Architectural View Products, Kui Wang, Tianrong Gao, Cheng Chen, Mengyin Cui, Ping Wang, Xiaoping Wang, Huaijin Ge

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To address the issue of insufficient consistency among view products in the architectural design process, this paper proposes an automatic view product generation method based on the architecture metamodel. To enhance the consistency of view products, the method abandons the traditional post-design verification approach. Instead, it uses the information flow/data flow defined in the metamodel as the benchmark, and through explicit associations among architectural data as well as mapping relationships between view products and data, automatically derives and generates behavioral view products from structural and classificational view products. A prototype tool developed based on this method has been validated …

Research Of Data-Model Integrated Digital Twin-Based Health Intelligent Monitoring For Multi-Stage Centrifugal Compressors, Xiaomo Jiang, Jigang Meng, Huaiyu Hui, Wenqing Meng, Haibin Yang, Huize Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To address the challenges of insufficient real-time monitoring capability and weak coupling between physical entities and virtual models in the long-term safe and reliable operation of multi-stage centrifugal compressors under complex operating conditions, this paper proposes a digital twin construction method based on data-model fusion for intelligent health monitoring. A unit-system-component hierarchical virtual twin model is established to achieve the coordinated mapping of geometric structure, operational behavior, and monitoring data of the compressor. By integrating a terminal-edge-cloud collaborative architecture, data-driven models are dynamically coupled with the virtual twin to construct a digital twin-based health monitoring platform, enabling operating state …

Design Of A Simulation Dataset For Fine-Grained Detection Of Space Target Sequence Images, Shiyan Wang, Danpu Zhao, Haikun Hong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract:

With the increasing number of space objects such as satellites, there is a growing need for fine-grained detection and recognition of distant space targets. However, obtaining real observational data remains difficult due to high costs and insufficient annotation detail. To overcome these limitations, asynthetic dataset generation system based on multi-module collaboration is developed. Using joint simulation with STK and Blender, the proposed system simulates optical imaging conditions of space targets and automatically produces sequential images along with corresponding fine-grained labels. A large-scale simulation dataset is constructed for fine-grained detection in space target image sequences. It contains …

Robotic Digital Twin Modeling Method Integrating Mbse And Modelica, Zaiwu Mei, Jiangman Zhou, Cong Zhang, Yiping Gao, Zerun Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To address the issues of disconnection between system architecture design and dynamic simulation, as well as the limited reusability and scalability of models in robotic digital twin modeling, a modular modeling approach integrating MBSE (model-based systems engineering) and Modelica is proposed. The method employs MBSE for system architecture design and requirement traceability, and combines Modelica for multi-domain dynamic simulation, forming a full-chain digital twin model from system design to physical behavior simulation. Standardized interfaces and a generic component model library are developed to decouple and integrate mechanical, electrical, and control subsystems, enabling rapid model assembly and functional expansion. A …

Modeling And Simulation Of Multi-Hop Routing In 3d Tunnel Wireless Sensor Networks, Fang Cao, Jiguang Yang, Jiuyuan Huo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To address the unbalanced energy consumption and short network lifetime caused by the complex topology and strong energy coupling of three-dimensional tunnel wireless sensor networks, this study constructs a system-level operating model integrating spatial topology, energy evolution, and routing decision-making, and proposes an energy management for balanced and efficient routing (EMBER) algorithm based on the competition of tribes and cooperation of members (CTCM) algorithm. The optimal number of cluster heads is derived through tunnel spatial modeling. Clustering is performed using a Gaussian mixture model optimized by CTCM, and efficient cluster-head selection is achieved by combining data envelopment analysis. An …

Rrt*-Based Robotic Manipulator Path Planning With Artificial Potential Field Guidance And Accumulator-Based Adaptive Adjustment, Fangzheng Gao, Xu Guo, Quan Sun, Jiacai Huang, Zhongcai Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To address the problems of blind sampling, slow convergence, and path redundancy in robotic manipulator path planning in cluttered and unstructured three-dimensional environments, An RRT* algorithm integrating artificial potential field guidance and accumulator-based adaptive adjustment, namely APGA-RRT* (artificial potential field guidance and accumulator adaptive adjustment-RRT*). The proposed algorithm improves the overall planning performance from three aspects: sampling, expansion, and path optimization. In the sampling stage, a potential-field-guided sampling strategy based on target-distance weighting and virtual-target switching is constructed, obstacle suppression and safe-distance gating mechanisms are incorporated to dynamically adjust the guidance intensity, thereby enhancing target directivity and local escape …

Online Fine-Tuning Of Binocular Camera Extrinsic Parameters Based On Position-Iteration Dual Perception, Qian Long, Tuerhong Dilixiati, Qi Zheng, Lijun Shen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In long-term operation of binocular systems, small drifts in extrinsic parameters may occur due to temperature changes, vibration, and mechanical shocks. As these drifts accumulate, the ranging error increases with distance and seriously degrades long-range measurement performance. Because online compensation is difficult, such small drifts are often neglected. To address this problem, an online fine-tuning method based on position-iteration dual perception is proposed. A multiplicative coupling weighting model is established by integrating spatial reliability with an iteration-stage modulation function. A three-stage progressive optimization algorithm is designed to balance convergence speed and robustness. A simulation framework for offline calibration and …

Review Of Evaluation Metrics For The Credibility Of Autonomous Driving Test Scenarios, Jiwei Li, Runmin Wang, Yu Zhu, Jingjun Cheng, Xiangmo Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Currently, scenario-based simulation testing has become a core technical approach for verifying autonomous driving system functionality. However, due to the absence of unified evaluation standards for simulation scenarios, significant differences exist among the metrics constructed and adopted by different studies, each with its own limitations. This hinders mutual recognition of research outcomes and prevents scientific measurement of scenario quality. This study systematically reviews relevant research from the past five years, categorizing autonomous driving test scenarios into four types: parameter-descriptive, trajectory-driven, environment-simulation, and perception-data-driven. It clarifies the core characteristics, application objectives, and generation mechanisms of each scenario type. Subsequently, focusing …

Hybrid Attention For Low-Overlap Point Cloud Registration, Huaijun Wang, Zonghua Yu, Chenxin Xu, Junhuai Li, Chenzhi Li, Junjie Yin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To address the significant registration errors caused by large initial pose deviations in low overlap ratio point cloud, this paper presents a two-stage optimization method that integrates selfattention and cross-attention mechanisms. Orientation feature representation is enhanced using equivariant self-attention, semantic alignment is achieved through invariant cross-attention, and rotational equivariance is modeled with an octahedral group for coarse registration. Various attention variants are employed to aggregate features along the anchor dimension, and a local-to-global module is utilized for fine registration. On the 3DLoMatch dataset, the proposed method achieves a registration recall of 77.0% and an inlier ratio of 44.3%. Even …

Numerical Simulation Study On Flow-Induced Vibration Energy Harvesting Characteristics Of Piezoelectric Energy Harvester With Elliptical Cylinder Bluff-Body, Jiechao Lei, Long Li, Ji Yao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To improve the self-powering efficiency of miniature internet of things devices, this paper establishes a fluid-structure-electric multi-field coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the ANSYS Fluent platform. It conducts a numerical simulation study on the flow-induced vibration energy harvesting characteristics of a piezoelectric cantilever beam energy harvester with an elliptical cylinder bluff-body. A systematic analysis is performed on the influence mechanism of flow velocity within the range of 0.1~0.5 m/s on the output power. The results indicate that the output power of the harvester exhibits phased growth with increasing flow velocity. In the range below 0.15 m/s, …

A Neutrosophic Memory-Integrity Calculus For Contradiction-Preserving Persistent Ai Agents, Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain, Saalam Ali

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Persistent AI agents increasingly convert interaction histories into long-lived memory, making memory transformation not retrieval alone—a central reliability problem. NMIC (Neutrosophic Memory-Integrity Calculus) formalizes the integrity of write, merge, consolidation, revision, and retrieval operations over persistent memory. Each proposition is represented through an evidence ledger carrying independent truth, indeterminacy, and falsity degrees together with reliability, provenance, temporal validity, contextual applicability, and inter-evidence dependence. A dependence-normalized hazard aggregation preserves simultaneous support and opposition while making the resulting state invariant to exact evidence duplication. Pure consolidation is governed by five integrity conditions: no support invention, no opposition invention, no manufactured certainty, contradiction …

Neutrokoopman: Channel-Preserving Koopman Spectral Analysis Of Nonlinear Dynamics With Truth, Indeterminacy, And Falsity Evidence, Ahmed Samy, Mohamed M. Abdelhafeez, K Venkatachalam, Mohamed Abouhawwash

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Modern dynamical systems increasingly operate with evidence that is not merely noisy but incomplete, contradictory, or only partially trustworthy. Conventional Koopman methods represent nonlinear dynamics through linear evolution of observables, while robust and adaptive variants address parameter and model uncertainty. They do not, however, preserve the semantic distinction between support, indeterminacy, and counter-support when those conditions are compressed into a single uncertainty variable. This paper develops NeutroKoopman, a channel-preserving Koopman framework in which the physical state is augmented by a single-valued neutrosophic evidence state ν_t = ( T_t,I_t,F_t ). Deterministic and Markovian formulations are …

Fast Sparse Image Reconstruction Models In Through-The-Wall Radars: A Review, Aude Kileo, Hashimu U. Iddi, Abdi Abdalla

Tanzania Journal of Science

Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging (TWRI) is a modern technology that uses electromagnetic waves to detect objects behind walls, with key applications in surveillance, rescue operations, and reconnaissance. Achieving high resolution in both down-range and cross-range requires ultra-wideband signals and long apertures, resulting in large data volumes, increased acquisition time, and high memory demands. TWRI employs Compressive Sensing (CS) to reduce computational time, which has proved its significance in many recent TWRI applications. However, in CS, image reconstruction approaches shift the computational burden from the sensing stage to the recovery stage, which prolongs the reconstruction times, making it unsuitable in time-sensitive applications. …

Feasibility Of Acetylated Icacina Trichantha Oliv. Tuber Starch As Viscosity And Fluid Loss Control Agents In Water-Based Drilling Mud. A Comparative Assessment With Commercial Starch, Kennedy I. Ogunwa, Theresa O. Uchechukwu, Ozioma Achugasim, Leo C. Osuji, Onyewuchi Akaranta

Tanzania Journal of Science

The need for sustainable, non-food drilling fluid additives has prompted the feasibility assessment of acetylated Icacina trichantha tuber starch as a viscosity modifier and fluid loss control agent in water-based muds. Native starch was acetylated to obtain two derivatives (Degree of Substitution DS = 0.38 and 0.68) and characterized using FTIR, swelling power, and physicochemical analyses. Drilling mud performance was assessed through rheology, gel strength, filtration loss, sorptivity, and model fitting. Acetylation improved swelling and reduced gelatinization temperature. The optimal formulation, Mud-ITO-ACS2 (DS = 0.68), exhibited the most favorable performance, combining low plastic viscosity (6 cP vs 9 cP for …

Thermo-Entropic Analysis Of Unsteady Mhd Nanofluid Couette Flow: A Classical Spectral Approach With An Exploratory Quantum Linear-Solver Application, Serai Israel Mosala, Oluwole Daniel Makinde, Azwinndini Muronga

Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications

This study presents a thermo-entropic analysis of unsteady MHD nanofluid Couette flow, combining a classical bivariate spectral quasilinearisation (BI-SQLM) and Crank--Nicolson solution with an exploratory application of quantum linear solvers. An incompressible, electrically conducting nanofluid flows between parallel plates under partial slip and convective heat exchange; the discretised linear systems are additionally solved via the Harrow--Hassidim--Lloyd (HHL) algorithm and the Variational Quantum Linear Solver (VQLS). Results are presented for Pure Water, Cu-Water, and Al₂O₃-Water across seven parameter variations. The Hartmann number dominates velocity suppression and entropy amplification, while velocity slip reduces upper-wall entropy generation more than …

Effects Of Co-Rotating Cylinders And Boundary Conditions On Heat And Mass Transfer In A Trapezoidal Enclosure, Olalekan Adebayo Olayemi, Olalekan Tajudeen Popoola, Leke Thaddeus Oladimeji, Isaac Kayode Adegun, Taofiq Omoniyi Amoloye, Oluwatayo Babatope Ojo, Benjamin Ohida Daniel, Michael Olabode Ibiwoye

Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications

This study investigates the effects of rotational speed $(\Omega)$, Richardson number $\left(Ri\right)$, and Lewis number $\left(Le\right)$ on heat and mass transfer (HMT) around two co-rotating cylinders symmetrically situated in a trapezoidal enclosure. In the double-diffusive mechanism, the bottom wall of the trapezium is at a high temperature $\left(T_h\right)$ and concentration $\left(C_h\right)$, while the top wall is at a low temperature $\left(T_c\right)$ and concentration $\left(C_c\right)$. The side walls are perfectly insulated with zero mass flux, while the buoyancy ratio $\left(Br\right)$ is fixed at 1.0.  Two thermal-mass boundary scenarios are considered. Scenario 1: Cylinders are thermally insulated with zero mass flux, and …

Biosensor Development In East Africa: A Systematic Review Of Technologies, Applications, Challenges, And Future Directions, Ally Mahadhy

Tanzania Journal of Science

Biosensors integrate biological recognition elements with signal transduction systems to generate quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information and have applications across healthcare, food safety, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and wildlife health. Despite substantial global advances, biosensor development in East Africa remains poorly characterized. This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, evaluated published evidence from 1995 to 2025 within a predefined East African Community geographical scope. Eligibility was based on IUPAC-aligned operational criteria requiring an integrated biological recognition element, transduction mechanism, and quantitative or semi-quantitative signal output. Three locally developed biosensors met the criteria: an electrochemical nano-biosensor for schistosomiasis diagnosis in …

Effect Of Acid Pretreatment On The Adsorption Of Phenol Red By Cellulose Isolated From Sandbox (Hura Crepitans L.): Kinetics, Isotherms And Thermodynamics, Muibat O. Alabi-Abass, Najeem A. Adesola Babarinde, Adeola A. Ibikunle, Nurudeen O. Sanyaolu

Tanzania Journal of Science

The removal of synthetic dyes from wastewater remains an urgent environmental concern due to their persistence and toxicity. This study evaluates cellulose from Hura crepitans (HC) and its acid-modified form (AHC) for the adsorption of phenol red (PR) dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents were characterized using FTIR to identify functional groups responsible for dye binding, XRD to determine the crystalline structure, SEM to examine surface morphology, and BET/BJH analyses to measure surface area and pore distribution. Acid modification enhanced surface roughness, porosity, and the abundance of active functional sites, leading to improved adsorption efficiency. Optimal conditions were pH 9.0 …

Neutrosophic Indeterminacy-Transport Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks For Structured Uncertainty, Hafiz Muhammd Bilal, Kiran Naz, Anjum Ijaz

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) replace fixed node activations with learnable univariate edge functions, but standard KAN inference treats two equal-valued features identically even when one is accompanied by an explicit quality warning. NIT-KAN introduces a neutrosophic indeterminacy-transport mechanism for this setting. Each node carries an indeterminacy state in [0, 1]; a monotone gate g(I)=⁽1-I)^α attenuates uncertain evidence on the predictive path, while a sensitivity-weighted transport rule carries indeterminacy through the underlying KAN computation. A terminal audit maps signed evidence to truth-support, falsity-support, and conflict-augmented indeterminacy without interpreting these quantities as class probabilities. We …

Preparation Of Liposomes And Evaluation Of Their Toxic Properties, Aygul M. Yarilkaganova, Oybek N. Ashirоv, Otabek U. Allaev, Nigora А. Tosheva, Shakhnoz S. Azimova

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Liposomes are nanoscale vesicular systems composed of phospholipid bilayers capable of encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. The present study investigates the effect of temperature and repeated freeze–thaw (F/T) cycles on liposomal size, polydispersity and evaluates their cytotoxicity on MDSK cell lines using the MTT assay. Liposomes were prepared by the reverse-phase evaporation method and hydrated at different temperatures (30, 40, 50, and 60 °C). The samples were subjected to multiple F/T cycles (1–9×) to study their particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) were analyzed using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Cytotoxicity was tested using the MTT method on MDSK cell …

Settling Method For Decolorization Of Low Molecular Weight Polyethylene, Adham E. Norkobilov, Ravshan I. Adilov, Bobur B. Aykhodjaev, Saparboy B. Yuldoshev, Lobar Sh. Kholmirzayeva

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

This study investigates the bleaching of low molecular weight polyethylene (LMWPE) by the settling (sedimentation) method. LMWPE is a by-product of polyethylene production whose discoloration is associated with trace amounts of conjugated, oxidized, and polar micro-fractions. The research was conducted in three stages: selection of the appropriate sample grade, determination of the optimal settling time, and evaluation of the temperature effect on the settling process. Results showed that only Grade-1 LMWPE samples are suitable for the settling method; Grade-2 samples yielded insufficient results and are recommended for bentonite adsorption treatment instead. Optimal settling conditions were established as 150 °C for …

Structural And Physico-Mechanical Properties Of Geomembranes Based On Recycled Polyolefins Modified With Argillite From The Sherabad Deposit, Munisa N. Davronova, Furqat B. Eshkurbonov, Azim P. Khamidov, Asal A. Ashurova, Raykhona I. Abdullayeva

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

This study investigated the effect of argillite, sourced from the local Sherabad deposit and modified with maleic anhydride, on the physical and mechanical properties of geomembranes based on recycled high-density polyethylene (r-HDPE), recycled low-density polyethylene (r-LDPE), and recycled polypropylene (r-PP). Maleic anhydride was used as a compatibilizer to ensure interfacial adhesion between the polymer matrix in the hydrophilic filler and the layered aluminosilicates, and to promote the uniform distribution of mineral particles. The experimental results showed that hybrid modification makes it possible to elevate the strength properties of all types of recycled polymers to the level of their virgin (pure) …

Physical-Chemical Properties Of Nmgca-Fertilizers Obtained On The Basis Of Ammonium Nitrate And Vermiculite, Madiyar J. Jabbarbergenov

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Although ammonium nitrate (AN) ranks second after urea among nitrogen fertilizers in terms of production and application volume, it remains the leading agent regarding plant nutrient uptake efficiency. This is primarily because nearly the entire total nitrogen content is assimilated in both ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) forms. However, the widespread agricultural utilization of AN is significantly constrained by several disadvantageous factors, including its physiological acidity, high hygroscopicity, caking tendency, low granule strength, thermal instability, and high explosive hazards. In this study, to enhance the commercial and physical-chemical properties of AN, a vermiculite mineral modifier was incorporated. The chemical composition …

Valorization Of Spent Vanadium Pentoxide Catalyst From The Sulfuric Acid Industry As An Economical Adsorbent For Crystal Violet Removal, Ibrahim Hamad Mr., Saddam Alaskary Mr., Abdel El-Mohsen Turky Prof., Nasser Mostafa Prof., Mai Hassan Roushdy Dr.

Chemical Engineering

Around 150 000–200 000 tons of spent vanadium pentoxide catalyst (SVC) are generated annually by sulfuric acid plants and are landfilled for $80–150 per ton. It is demonstrated here as an unmodified, zero-cost adsorbent achieving 94.5% ± 0.3% crystal violet (CV) removal at an adsorbent dose of 6.3 g L−1 and an initial concentration of 38.5 mg L−1 , corresponding to a working capacity of 6.1 ± 0.2 mg g−1 with zero material cost and no pretreatment requirement. Physicochemical characterization by XRF, XRD, BET analysis, DLS, SEM-EDX, FTIR spectroscopy, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and zeta potential analysis …

Survey Data For Decision Support Tool Development With A Focus On Emerging Design Spaces, Tyson Humphrey, Chris Mattson, Michael L. Anderson, Colin C. Engebretsen

ScholarsArchive Data

This dataset contains the survey responses and PASE matrix used to support the derivation of nine development principles for decision support tools in emerging design spaces. The survey captures observations from a multidisciplinary DST development team, while the PASE matrix documents relationships among desired DST outcomes, architecture strategies, effects, and supporting literature.

Chacahoula 2026, Volume 93, Pawan Khatri, Alayna Pellegrin

Chacahoula

The 2026 issue of Chacahoula, There's No Place Like Home, emphasizes the way in which our university becomes a home to students.  Featuring prize-winning poetry from Allyson Gee, Nick Fredrick, Amaris Kendall and Anmol Subedi, the book includes December 2025 and May 2026 graduating classes, as well as stunning photography of  campus life on the banks of Bayou Desiard. With features covering students, faculty, and staff, this year's time capsule preserves an academic year in the life of the University of Louisiana at Monroe. This edition includes a video message from President Carrie Castille. Download the PDF to your device …

Increasing The Density Value Of Composite Propellant Ap/Htpb/Al For Rocket Performance Using The Sphere Packing Model, Muhammad Iqbal Alfikri, Bayu Prianto, Ariadne Lakshmidevi Juwono

Makara Journal of Science

This research employs the sphere packing volume (SPV) model to optimize the density of composite propellants thereby enhancing rocket performance. We systematically varied the diameters of spherical ammonium perchlorate (AP) particles (50 and 400 µm) and aluminum powder (Al) particles (10 and 30 µm). These particles were incorporated at an ideal AP:Al ratio of 4:1 into a matrix of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene and toluene diisocyanate. By adjusting the AP ratio for each Al particle size and considering theoretical and tap densities, we precisely calculated the SPV value for each composition. The composition with the highest SPV value yielded remarkable results. This …

Dense Platinum Nanoparticles Confined In Mn-N-C Nanocages For Robust Heavy-Duty Pemfcs, Lei Zhao, Zhen-Min Cao, Jia-Yu Zuo, Ming-Liang Yang, Hong-Yan Qiao, Jun-Song Chen, Rui Wu

Journal of Electrochemistry

High-loading Pt cathodes are essential for heavy-duty proton exchange membrane fuel cells but suffer from a critical tradeoff between ionomer sulfonate poisoning and nanoparticle instability. Herein, we report a spatial confinement strategy to encapsulate dense Pt nanoparticles (~51.8 wt%) within Mn/N-co-doped mesoporous carbon nanocages (denoted as Pt-MnNC). This architecture excludes bulky ionomers to create an ionomer-shielded environment against sulfonate poisoning, while Mn-N_x-mediated strong metal-support interactions anchor the Pt nanoparticles to prevent agglomeration and further boost durability. In the 5 × 5 cm² membrane electrode assembly tests, the Pt-MnNC catalyst delivers an exceptional power density of 1.26 W·cm …